瞬变电磁测深法

瞬变电磁测深法是一种人工源的电磁方法,适用于寻找火山岩覆盖区以及逆掩推覆体下部的含油气构造、圈定碳酸盐岩地区的低阻和中等电阻的沉积岩系构造。与其它电磁方法比较,有抗干扰能力强、信噪比高、受横向不均匀性的影响小等优点。本文简述了该方法的物理原理、野外测量技术、数据处理及其解释方法     

Future Directions of Electromagnetic Methods for Hydrocarbon Applications

For hydrocarbon applications, seismic exploration is the workhorse of the industry. Only in the borehole, electromagnetic (EM) methods play a dominant role, as they are mostly used to determine oil reserves and to distinguish water from oil-bearing zones. Throughout the past 60 years, we had several periods with an increased interest in EM. This increased with the success of the marine EM industry and now electromagnetics in general is considered for many new applications. The classic electromagnetic methods are borehole, onshore and offshore, and airborne EM methods. Airborne is covered elsewhere (see Smith, this issue). Marine EM material is readily available from the service company Web sites, and here I will only mention some future technical directions that are visible. The marine EM success is being carried back to the onshore market, fueled by geothermal and unconventional hydrocarbon applications. Oil companies are listening to pro-EM arguments, but still are hesitant to go through the learning exercises as early adopters. In particular, the huge business drivers of shale hydrocarbons and reservoir monitoring will bring markets many times bigger than the entire marine EM market. Additional applications include support for seismic operations, sub-salt, and sub-basalt, all areas where seismic exploration is costly and inefficient. Integration with EM will allow novel seismic methods to be applied. In the borehole, anisotropy measurements, now possible, form the missing link between surface measurements and ground truth. Three-dimensional (3D) induction measurements are readily available from several logging contractors. The trend to logging-while-drilling measurements will continue with many more EM technologies, and the effort of controlling the drill bit while drilling including look-ahead-and-around the drill bit is going on. Overall, the market for electromagnetics is increasing, and a demand for EM capable professionals will continue. The emphasis will be more on application and data integration (bottom-line value increase) and less on EM technology and modeling exercises.     

长偏移距瞬变电磁测深甚晚期响应及视电阻率的数值计算

文中讨论了提高长偏移距瞬变电磁测深甚晚期响应计算精度及相应的全区视电阻率的计算方法。在频率域 ,利用直接数值积分结合连分式展开提高低频段响应的计算精度 ,从而提高时间域甚晚期响应的计算精度。同时 ,利用连分式渐进展开 ,将均匀半空间电阻率表示为该模型长偏移距瞬变电磁测深响应的反函数 ,利用迭代方法求出适合全时间段的全区视电阻率。数值结果表明 ,文中的方法可有效地提高长偏移距瞬变电磁测深 (甚 )晚期数据的模拟与解释精度     

Grounded-source TEM modelling of some deep-seated 3D resistivity structures

Long-offset transient electromagnetics (LOTEM) is now regarded as a suitable electrical method for deep exploration along with magnetotellurics (MT). In this method, the vertical magnetic-field impulse response and, occasionally, the horizontal electric-field step response of a grounded-wire source on the surface of the earth are measured. Here, these two responses are computed for 3D models of three deep resistivity structures of interest in hydrocarbon exploration: (i) a faulted graben in a resistive basement rock at a depth of 4 km beneath a conductive overburden; (ii) a facies change in a resistive layer buried at a depth of 2 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement; and (iii) an anticlinal uplift of a resistive layer at a depth of 1 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement. The results show that the sensitivity of the electric-field response to model perturbation is generally greater than that of the magnetic-voltage response. Further, the electric-field sensitivity is confined to early and intermediate times while that of the magnetic-voltage response is confined to intermediate and late times. Hence it is recommended that both electric and magnetic recordings are made in a LOTEM survey so that the final results can be presented as apparent-resistivity curves derived from the two responses jointly as well as separately.     

Shear-wave splitting in a critical crust: III. Preliminary report of multi-variable measurements in active tectonics

This is a preliminary report on two sets of recent observations from a region of active tectonics that provide comparatively direct evidence for the critical state of the fluid-saturated microcracked crust. The first data set from crosshole seismics in a controlled source stress-monitoring site (SMS) shows that the crust of the Earth is highly compliant and responds to low-level changes of tectonic stress at substantial distances. The second set of data from earthquake seismograms shows that the seismically active Húsavík–Flatey Fault plane is pervaded by critically high pore-fluid pressures, which cause 90° flips in the polarisations of seismic shear waves. We suggest that both sets of observations confirm previous hypotheses for a compliant crack-critical (CCC) crust. This is a new understanding of low-level pre-fracturing deformation that has fundamental implications for a range of applications in solid earth geophysics. These applications range from monitoring hydrocarbon production with time-lapse seismics to monitoring tectonic stress in in situ rock and stress-forecasting the times and magnitudes of impending large earthquakes.     

Petroleum Electromagnetic Prospecting Advances and Case Studies in China

Remarkable progress has been made in electromagnetic (EM) techniques as applied to the petroleum industry in instruments, data acquisition, and processing and interpretation in China. Included here is equipment, such as high-power Controlled Source EM (CSEM) acquisition systems, acquisition methods, such as the three dimensional small-bin Continuous Electromagnetic Array acquisition method, Time and Frequency Domain Controlled Source Electromagnetic, Borehole-to-surface Electromagnetic technique and marine magnetotelluric method. Data processing methods, such as fast three dimensional inversion using nonlinear conjugate gradients, and data interpretation methods, like Induced Polarization and Resistivity anomalies for hydrocarbon detection, are also included. These new techniques have been applied in petroleum survey and many cases are in complicated areas. They have successfully served the investigation of deep igneous rock reservoirs, and prediction of potential hydrocarbon targets. The cases indicate that electromagnetic techniques can help seismic survey to effectively detect hydrocarbon reservoir and remarkably improve drilling successes.     

The influence of induced polarization on long-offset transient electromagnetic data

The diffusion of electromagnetic fields is dependent not only on conductivity, but also on magnetic permeability, dielectric permittivity and polarizability, i.e. dispersive conductivity. The long‐offset transient electromagnetic (LOTEM) method is mainly used to determine the spatial distribution of conductivity in the subsurface. However, earlier work on loop‐loop TEM suggests that transient EM methods can also be affected by induced polarization (IP). Numerous 1D forward calculations were carried out to study the IP effect on LOTEM data, using the Cole‐Cole relaxation model to simulate the polarizability of the ground. Besides the polarizability of each layer, the IP effect depends on the LOTEM field set‐up and the spatial distribution of conductivity in the ground. In particular, near‐surface layers with high chargeabilities can significantly distort the late time transients of the electric field components in the vicinity of the transmitter. The influence of polarizable layers on the magnetic field components can be neglected under normal circumstances. In 1997 and 1999, LOTEM measurements were carried out at Mt. Vesuvius in Italy to explore the geological structure of the volcano. Sensitivity studies on the effect of polarizable layers suggest that high chargeabilities in connection with conductive layers at greater depths would result in a detectable distortion of the electric field transients. Although the simultaneous IP measurements revealed high chargeabilities in a near‐surface layer, no evidence of IP effects could be found in the measured LOTEM data. We conclude that the observed chargeabilities are local and that 3D effects are probably present in the data. Another aspect is the measurement of the system response, which is usually measured by placing a receiver very close to the transmitter. Therefore, large distortions can be expected if near‐surface polarizable layers exist. This was verified in practice by field measurements in an area with high chargeabilities in Longerich, Cologne.     

A comparison of helicopter-borne electromagnetics in frequency- and time-domain at the Cuxhaven valley in Northern Germany

Two different airborne electromagnetic methods were applied in the same area: the frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) system operated by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany, and the time-domain SkyTEM system of the HydroGeophysics Group at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. For verification of and comparison with the airborne methods, ground-based transient electromagnetics and 2-D resistivity surveying were carried out. The target of investigation was the Cuxhaven valley in Northern Germany, which is a significant local groundwater reservoir. The course of this buried valley was revealed by drillings and the shape was determined by reflection seismics at several cross sections.We applied electrical and electromagnetic methods to investigate the structure of the valley filling consisting of gravel, sand, silt and clay. The HEM survey clearly outlines a shallow conductor at about 20m depth and a deeper conductor below 40m depth inside the valley. This is confirmed by 2-D resistivity surveying and a drilling. The thickness of the deeper conductor, however, is not revealed due to the limited investigation depth of the HEM system. The SkyTEM survey does not resolve the shallow conductor, but it outlines the thickness of the deeper clay layer inside the valley and reveals a conductive layer at about 180m depth outside the valley. The SkyTEM results are very consistent with ground-based transient electromagnetic soundings.Airborne electromagnetic surveying in general has the advantage of fast resistivity mapping with high lateral resolution. The HEM system is cost-efficient and fast, but the more expensive and slower SkyTEM system provides a higher depth of investigation. Ground-based geophysical surveys are often more accurate, but they are definitively slower than airborne surveys. It depends on targets of interest, time, budget, and manpower available by which a method or combination of methods will be chosen. A combination of different methods is useful to obtain a detailed understanding of the subsurface resistivity distribution.     

LONG-OFFSET TRANSIENT EM SOUNDING NORTH OF THE RHINE-RUHR COAL DISTRICT,GERMANY1

During the past two decades electromagnetic methods have been increasingly applied to problems in hydrocarbon exploration. It has been shown that EM methods achieve satisfactory results which can be supplementary to results of the seismic method. We extend the application of the Long-Offset Transient ElectroMagnetic Sounding (lotem ) to exploration problems in the coal mining industry. A survey was conducted north of the Rhine-Ruhr coal district using a grounded dipole source and receivers laid out along several profile lines giving areal coverage. The strong noise from cultural as well as natural electromagnetic sources was reduced using prestack data processing techniques resulting in reliable data with a good signal-to-noise ratio. The interpretation is self-consistent and matches the well logs and the geological information of the area quite well. The high station density permitted the mapping of the top of the Carboniferous formation to a depth of between 800 and 1000 m below surface.     

APPLICATION OF REFRACTION SEISMICS TO SUBSALT TECTONIC PROBLEMS IN A DEEP SALTDOME BASIN*

Despite the use of CDP and digital methods the Zechstein base is still the deepest horizon in the vast salt-dome basin of Central Europe for which continuous information can be obtained by reflection seismics. Thus in North-western Germany, in addition to reflection seismics, the refraction seismic method has been increasingly used for a reliable survey of deeper horizons. The first part of the paper deals with the investigation of the various possibilities and limitations of refraction seismics with regard to the investigation of Pre-Zechstein layers in a basin with a tectonically very complicated overburden. The recording techniques specially developed for continuous profiling of the desired refraction seismic arrivals and the data processing methods are described. The main problems of interpretation are then discussed, in particular with regard to depth representation. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods, e.g. Gardner's, Hales' and Wyrobek's, and of the wave-front method, are compared. On account of the tectonically complicated overburden Thornburgh's wave-front method proved to be the most useful. In a further section the various possibilities for velocity determinations are mentioned, e.g. Wyrobek's determination of the overburden velocity, for which the wave-front method automatically furnishes the necessary corrections to a deep datum. Finally, some examples are given for the results obtained, including some incidental information on the deeper crust.     

Appraisal of a new 1D weighted joint inversion of ground based and helicopter‐borne electromagnetic data

In order to couple spatial data from frequency‐domain helicopter‐borne electromagnetics with electromagnetic measurements from ground geophysics (transient electromagnetics and radiomagnetotellurics), a common 1D weighted joint inversion algorithm for helicopter‐borne electromagnetics, transient electromagnetics and radiomagnetotellurics data has been developed. The depth of investigation of helicopter‐borne electromagnetics data is rather limited compared to time‐domain electromagnetics sounding methods on the ground. In order to improve the accuracy of model parameters of shallow depth as well as of greater depth, the helicopter‐borne electromagnetics, transient electromagnetics, and radiomagnetotellurics measurements can be combined by using a joint inversion methodology. The 1D joint inversion algorithm is tested for synthetic data of helicopter‐borne electromagnetics, transient electromagnetics and radiomagnetotellurics. The proposed concept of the joint inversion takes advantage of each method, thus providing the capability to resolve near surface (radiomagnetotellurics) and deeper electrical conductivity structures (transient electromagnetics) in combination with valuable spatial information (helicopter‐borne electromagnetics). Furthermore, the joint inversion has been applied on the field data (helicopter‐borne electromagnetics and transient electromagnetics) measured in the Cuxhaven area, Germany. In order to avoid the lessening of the resolution capacities of one data type, and thus balancing the use of inherent and ideally complementary information content, a parameter reweighting scheme that is based on the exploration depth ranges of the specific methods is proposed. A comparison of the conventional joint inversion algorithm, proposed by Jupp and Vozoff ( 1975 ), and of the newly developed algorithm is presented. The new algorithm employs the weighting on different model parameters differently. It is inferred from the synthetic and field data examples that the weighted joint inversion is more successful in explaining the subsurface than the classical joint inversion approach. In addition to this, the data fittings in weighted joint inversion are also improved.     

瞬变电磁快速成像解释系统研究

为了提高瞬变电磁测深法对地探测的垂向分辨能力,文中研究了磁偶源瞬变电磁法快速成像的方法.详细讨论了电磁波与地震波在介质中的传播规律,分析了磁偶源瞬变电磁场在远区的响应特性.根据磁偶源瞬变电磁场与反射地震波的传播规律的相似性,提出了TEM资料拟地震快速成像解释的思路.理论模型正、反演计算结果表明方法理论是可行的,野外实测资料处理结果进一步说明了该方法是有效的.     

An Attempt to Integrate Reflection Seismics and Balanced Profiles

—Different techniques in Geophysics and Geology are used to derive the structure of the subsurface. They are based on different data sets, i.e., seismic and geological data, and a combination of these techniques should produce better earth models. The case study presented in this paper is based on data of the German Continental Reflection program (DEKORP) collected in the Münsterland basin and the Rhenish Massif located at the northern border of the Rhenohercynian fold and thrust belt of the Mid-European Variscides. In this study we present an attempt to integrate balanced profiles, i.e., structural geology, and reflection seismics. The integration is performed by synthetically modelling seismic waves according to the acquisition of the field data, where the velocity model is based on the balanced profile. The synthetic data are compared with the field observations. Differences between observed data and field data are either caused by velocity errors in the model or by errors in the balanced profile. Criteria are developed to interpret these differences in order to improve the joint model of geologists and geophysicists. The case study presented in this paper shows that the combination of balanced profiles and reflection seismics may lead to shortcuts in the determination of seismic velocities of the subsurface. These shortcuts can reduce processing times and processing costs of reflection seismic data.     

短偏移距电磁探测技术概述

由于人工源电磁探测效果与收发距离有一定关系,本文首先分析了收发距离为零的中心回线源瞬变电磁法（Transient Electromagnetic Method,TEM）视电阻率定义和算法特点,回溯了从圆形回线到矩形的修正式中心回线装置的发展过程;概述了从中心回线发展到接地导线源短偏移瞬变电磁（Short-Offset TEM,SOTEM）理论上的可行性;列举了将LOTEM（Long-Offset TEM）从数倍于探测深度的观测区推进到近源区后的探测实例.对于频率域人工源电磁法,介绍了起源于MT（Magneto-Telluric）的CSAMT（Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magneto-Telluric）与电磁频率测深法不同发展道路.电磁频率测深将观测区从远区推进到了中区;广域电磁法通过全区视电阻率新定义不仅提高了解释精度,而且将传统CSAMT远场观测模式推进到中区探测模式;最后指出,如能采用新的点微元假设计算方法,可有望分离自有场和辐射场,实现频域电磁近源探测.     

Very high resolution 3D marine seismic data processing for geotechnical applications

The processing of a small-scale, very high resolution (VHR) shallow marine 3D data volume is described. The data were acquired over a small clay diapir, on the river Schelde, in 1990. Using an array of 12 dual-channel microstreamers towed from a catamaran, a network of 1 m × 1 m bins could be produced over an area of 50 m × 180 m (< 100 m penetration). Positioning was performed with an auto-tracking laser ranging system, assuring an absolute accuracy of a few decimetres.
Preliminary processing steps included tidal correction and multiple removal. An important step concerned the application of 3D prestack Kirchhoff depth migration. Indeed this processing allows easy handling of the exact positions of both source and receivers as the latter were not set out on a conventional regular grid due to navigation difficulties. Because of the restricted data volume and the more-or-less stratified medium, a 1D velocity model could be used. This allowed a considerable simplification of the migration algorithm, based on summation. Traveltimes were calculated only once, using a 2D time grid with 0.1 m intervals.
This migration method proved very efficient, greatly improving the seismic image, and involved only limited CPU time on a small computer (Sparc 10 workstation). It clearly demonstrates that advanced seismic processing can form a valuable and economically feasible tool for VHR shallow subsurface 3D seismics, as long as the velocity field is not too complex. This method should therefore no longer be restricted to large computers and hydrocarbon exploration, but should also become a routine for VHR 3D shallow seismic work.     

地面瞬变电磁法（TEM）研究进展

较详细地介绍了近年来国内外地面瞬变电磁法（TEM）的基本原理、特点、影响因素、测量仪器、数据处理、数据解译（数据的正演和反演）方面的研究状况和所取得的进展,简要介绍了其应用前景,由于具有探测深度大、空间分辨率高等优势,TEM在地质灾害、建筑工程、水文地质工程特别是在深部找矿等方面得以广泛应用。     

地震数据处理解释一体化在隐蔽油气藏勘探中的应用

Nowadays, it becomes very urgent to find remain oil under the oil shortage worldwide.However, most of simple reservoirs have been discovered and those undiscovered are mostly complex structural, stratigraphic and lithologic ones. Summarized in this paper is the integrated seismic processing/interpretation technique established on the basis of pre-stack AVO processing and interpretation.Information feedbacks occurred between the pre-stack and post-stack processes so as to improve the accuracy in utilization of data and avoid pitfalls in seismic attributes. Through the integration of seismic data with geologic data, parameters that were most essential to describing hydrocarbon characteristics were determined and comprehensively appraised, and regularities of reservoir generation and distribution were described so as to accurately appraise reservoirs, delineate favorite traps and pinpoint wells.     

地形对长偏移距瞬变电磁测深的影响研究(英文)

用基于张量格林函数的体积分方程法对三维异常体进行瞬变电磁响应的正演模拟,首先在频率域内计算电磁场分量的频率域响应,然后利用快速数字滤波技术将计算结果转换到时间域。设计和计算了水平电偶极子源激发下层状水平地层模型背景下的常见地形如山谷、山峰地形的模型,并考察分别把源和接收器放于这些地形中的瞬变电磁场响应,详细分析了这些地形对长偏移距瞬变电磁测深(LOTEM)的影响。结果表明,山谷和山峰地形对LOTEM的结果均有不同程度的影响。当电偶极子源放在山谷谷底时,地形对观测异常场的畸变非常严重;当接收器放在山谷中时,接收器处地形的影响强烈但该影响在空间和时间上只是局部的。总体来讲,不论山峰地形位于何处,其对LOTEM的影响相对较小。当地形处于发射源与接收器之间时,地形对LOTEM的影响非常小,表明在进行LOTEM勘探时,选择发射源的放置比接收器的位置更加重要,野外勘探是尽量把发射源选择在开阔的平坦位置。     

矿井瞬变电磁法超前探测合成孔径成像研究

在矿井瞬变电磁超前探测数据处理和解释中,为了更好地识别巷道前方含水体电性分界面,利用扩散场与波动场间的函数关系,将矿井瞬变电磁法超前探测中瞬变电磁波场转换为拟地震波场,实现波场转换.同时,为了解决波场转换后信号幅值偏弱,以增加信噪比利于解释,利用雷达的合成孔径方法对波场转换后的拟地震信号进行相关叠加处理.将矿井瞬变电磁法巷道超前探测的同一测点不同探测方向的数据作为孔径数据进行合成孔径成像,以突出弱异常而提高信噪比,结合应用实例验证了方法的效果.研究表明,矿井瞬变电磁法合成孔径成像方法能够提高电性界面信息的信噪比和界面几何分辨率,对矿井瞬变电磁法精细超前探测含水构造具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.     

海洋中尺度涡与内波的地震图像

海洋反射地震通常用于调查、研究海底地质构造,勘探油气与天然气水合物资源.近期研究表明多道反射地震方法也可以对水柱的热盐细结构成像.中尺度涡与内波是重要的物理海洋现象,但是常规的物理海洋调查是在间隔若干公里的离散测站上进行的,水平分辨率较低,因此对中尺度涡的结构与内波的横向分布了解较差.本文利用在大西洋东部、南海采集的地震数据给出了低频反射地震可以对中尺度涡与内波清晰成像的新的证据.反射地震方法较传统海洋观测手段,具有明显的优势,主要体现在高的水平分辨率和短时间内对整个海水剖面进行成像方面．从地震剖面上,能够清楚地观测到中尺度涡、内波造成的反射特征变化,从而有助于改进对能量在不同尺度的海水运动之间传递过程的认识.