利用零偏移距VSP资料在小波域计算介质Q值

讨论了地震子波为一般零相位子波情况下,利用零偏移距垂直地震剖面(VSP)资料在时-频域计算Q值方法．以Morlet小波为基本小波,基于单程波传播理论, 在地震子波为一般的零相位子波情况下,推导出了在时-频域计算Q值的公式．通过对横坐标作恰当的非线性变换后,该公式在形式上与地震子波为脉冲时的计算公式类似．文中采用VSP正演记录,验证了本文提出的方法的正确性．文中还讨论了在时-频域恰当地选择有效频带,降低反射波对Q值计算结果影响的方法．     

零偏移距VSP资料层Q反演及其应用研究(英文)

地层品质因子Q的可用于地震资料高分辨率处理,而从VSP资料下行直达波更容易获取准确的地层品质因子。通过对零偏移距VSP资料的监控子波和下行初至波的频谱进行综合分析,仿照Ricker子波频谱的表达式,本文提出了震源子波频谱新的表达式。在震源子波频谱新的表达式基础上,我们介绍了改进的频谱拟合法和改进的谱比法的层Q值反演方法及相应的处理流程。基于本文提出的层Q值反演方法,利用实际的零偏移距VSP资料的下行直达波,反演稳定的层Q值,并用于零偏移距VSP资料及井旁地面地震资料的反Q滤波振幅补偿处理,提高了地震资料的分辨率。     

利用VSP资料直达波的包络峰值处瞬时频率提取介质品质因子

本文采用一个具有4个待定参数的函数去逼近震源子波,利用黏弹介质中单程波传播理论推导出了地震子波包络峰值处瞬时频率(EPIF)和品质因子之间的解析关系;同时,为提高瞬时频率的估计精度和抗噪性能,在小波域中发展了一种计算瞬时频率的方法,并在此基础上提出了估算VSP资料Q值的方法,简称小波域包络峰值处瞬时频率法(WEPIF)．合成的VSP数据衰减估计结果表明,与对数谱比法和中心频率偏移法相比较,WEPIF法受到界面反射波影响相对较小、计算结果稳定、精度相对较高．将WEPIF法用于某气田的单炮零偏6级VSP资料Q值估计,结果表明,吸收强弱与储层含气性高低有良好的对应关系．     

基于两步SVD变换的零偏VSP资料上下行波场分离方法

垂直地震剖面(Vertical Seismic Profiling,VSP)资料处理中波场分离是关键问题之一.随着属性提取技术的发展,新的属性参数(例如Q值)提取技术对波场分离的保真性要求越来越高.本文改进了传统奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)法,给出了一种对波场的动力学特征具有更好的保真性,可以作为Q值提取的预处理步骤的零偏VSP资料上下行波场分离方法.该方法通过两步奇异值分解变换实现:第一步,排齐下行波同相轴,利用SVD变换压制部分下行波能量;第二步,在剩余波场中排齐上行波同相轴,使用SVD变换提取上行波场.在该方法的实现过程中,压制部分下行波能量后的剩余波场中仍然存在较强的下行波干扰,使得上行波同相轴的排齐比较困难.本文给出了一种通过极大化多道数据线性相关程度(Maximize Coherence,MC)排齐同相轴的算法,在一定程度上解决了低信噪比下排齐同相轴的问题.将本文提出的方法用于合成数据和实际资料的处理,并与传统SVD法的处理结果进行对比,结果表明本文提出的波场分离方法具有良好的保真性,得到波场的质量明显优于传统SVD法.通过对本文方法和传统SVD法处理合成数据得到的下行波场提取Q值,然后进行对比可知,本文方法可以有效提高所提取Q值的准确性,适合作为Q值提取的预处理步骤.     

利用零偏移VSP资料估计介质品质因子方法研究

利用峰值频率移动法估算零偏VSP资料的品质因子Q．该方法用Ricker子波和匹配地震子波分别逼近零相位和混合相位的震源子波,得到了峰值频率移动法估计Q值的公式．进而针对常规方法估计的地震子波峰值频率精度不高的问题,提出了估计地震子波峰值频率的特征结构法．通过合成零偏VSP资料的仿真试验,验证了峰值频率移动法估计Q值的正确性．仿真结果表明,与快速Fourier变换和Burg最大熵方法相比较,特征结构法得到的峰值频率和Q值精度高一些．仿真结果也表明,用峰值频率移动法估计Q值时需要选取恰当的子波参数,否则影响Q值估计的精度．     

基于局部斜率属性的VSP波场分离研究

基于垂直地震剖面(VSP)资料中上、下行波视速度的差异,利用地震剖面同相轴局部斜率属性参数,提出了一种分离上、下行波场的新方法.首先利用Fourier变换初步分离上、下行波场,然后利用平面波分解滤波器(Plane Wave Destruction (PWD) Filter)技术估计初始分离波场的同相轴局部斜率属性参数,在此基础上对VSP原始资料波场分离.该方法是一种时间域最小平方优化分离波场的方法,不存在其他滤波方法阈值滤波器边界的影响,减少了因镶边问题带来的假象.模拟和实际资料处理结果表明,该方法与传统方法相比,分离出的上、下行波噪声假象少,振幅保持好,更好地消除了上、下行波的相互影响.     

AVO signatures of actual and synthetic reflections from different petrophysical targets1

We use a marine seismic dataset to examine the reflections from two gas sands, a lignitic sand and a cineritic bed, by means of their amplitude versus offset (AVO) responses. This offset-dependent signature is related to specific petrophysical and thus elastic situations or to peculiar interference patterns and may help to distinguish the nature of the amplitude anomalies on the stack sections. The prestack analysis is carried out on seismic data which have undergone an accurate true-amplitude processing. It is found that the lignitic-sand reflections exhibit a decreasing AVO while the two-gas sands show markedly increasing AVO trends. Also the reflections from the cineritic layer show increasing amplitudes with offset that may be due either to the petrophysical nature of the cinerites or to thin-layer interference or to both. In order to verify the reliability of the actual AVO responses we develop a detailed model from well data and compute a synthetic CMP seismogram. In order to account for mode conversions and thin-layer effects, the synthetic seismograms are computed using the reflectivity method. The wavelets used in the synthetics are retrieved from actual seismic and borehole data by means of wavelet processing. When finely layered structures are present, the estimation of a reliable wavelet is extremely important to get the correct synthetic AVO response. In particular, the AVO responses of the cineritic layer differ substantially if we make use in the computation of the synthetics of a Ricker wavelet or of a wavelet estimated through wavelet processing. The good match between the observed and modelled data confirms the reliability of the processing sequence and of the final AVO signatures.     

子波相位不准对反演结果的影响(英文)

本文重点讨论在振幅谱估计准确的情况下,采用不同相位谱子波作为实际估计子波进行线性最小二乘反演,并对结果进行分析。除子波相位外,所有其它影响反演结果的因素均忽略。稀疏反射系数模型(块状波阻抗模型)反演结果表明:(1)使用不同相位谱子波进行反演,其反演结果合成的记录与原始记录都非常匹配,但反演的反射系数和声波阻抗结果与真实模型有差异;(2)反演结果的可靠程度主要与不同相位子波z变换的根的分布有关,当估计子波与真实子波Z变换的根的分布仅在单位圆附近有差异时,反演的反射系数和声波阻抗与真实模型很接近;(3)尽管反演前后地震记录都匹配了,并且评价反演结果好坏的柯西准则或改进柯西准则(反演参数没有进行自适应处理)已经达到了最优(最小),但反演结果与真实模型仍存在较大差异。最后,针对子波相位估计不准可能导致反演效果较差这个问题,我们提出采用求L1范数、丰度、变分、柯西准则(反演参数进行了自适应处理)或/和改进柯西准则(反演参数进行了自适应处理)的最优值或次优值作为评价准则的一种解决办法,理论上得到了好的效果。     

COMPUTATION OF ZERO-OFFSET VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILES INCLUDING GEOMETRICAL SPREADING AND ABSORPTION*

Synthetic vertical seismic profiles (VSP) provide a useful tool in the interpretation of VSP data, allowing the interpreter to analyze the propagation of seismic waves in the different layers. A zero-offset VSP modeling program can also be used as part of an inversion program for estimating the parameters in a layered model of the subsurface. Proposed methods for computing synthetic VSP are mostly based on plane waves in a horizontally layered elastic or anelastic medium. In order to compare these synthetic VSP with real data a common method is to scale the data with the spherical spreading factor of the primary reflections. This will in most cases lead to artificial enhancement of multiple reflections. We apply the ray series method to the equations of motion for a linear viscoelastic medium after having done a Fourier transformation with respect to the time variable. This results in a complex eikonal equation which, in general, appears to be difficult to solve. For vertically traveling waves in a horizontally layered viscoelastic medium the solution is easily found to be the integral along the ray of the inverse of the complex propagation velocity. The spherical spreading due to a point source is also complex, and it is equal to the integral along the ray of the complex propagation velocity. Synthetic data examples illustrate the differences between spherical, cylindrical, and plane waves in elastic and viscoelastic layered media.     

变阻尼约束层析成像及其在VSP资料中的应用(英文)

初至波走时层析成像已经取得了广泛的应用,然而,由于观测系统的限制,射线在模型中分布不均匀,导致层析结果的分辨能力不足。变阻尼约束方法应用不均匀的先验信息来匹配不均匀的数据分布,可以减小速度模型校正量与射线覆盖程度的相关性。本文将变阻尼约束方法应用于初至波旅行时层析成像中,并将平滑约束方法加入正则化方程组中来避免单独使用变阻尼约束带来的不稳定性,利用阿尔法滤波器对反演中间迭代结果进行平滑和去噪,采用LSQR算法求解线性方程组来提高收敛速度和压制误差传递。本文应用上述层析成像算法对VSP观测系统进行速度反演,分别应用于检测板速度模型数据和实际VSP资料速度反演中,结果表咀变阻尼约束层析成像可以改善射线不均匀覆盖带来的影响,从而提高速度反演结果的质量;VSP资料检波点附近的速度反演结果可靠性高。     

基于高维连续小波变换的地震资料不连续性检测方法研究

断层等不连续性结构的检测在地震勘探中具有重要的意义.本文简单介绍了高维连续小波变换的基本理论,包括:高维连续小波变换的定义、高维小波变换系数的切片以及快速实现方法等,利用典型的合成信号说明了高维连续小波变换具有更好的方向选择性(相比于常用的高维张量积小波变换),将高维连续小波变换引入地震资料不连续性检测,并提出了利用小尺度高维连续小波变换系数检测地震资料不连续性的方法,同时给出了方法的实现流程.合成信号以及实际三维地震数据处理效果验证了本文所提方法的有效性.     

CDP mapping and image reconstruction by using offset VSP data

Because zero-offset VSP (Vertical Seismic Profile) data can only provide the information of rock properties and structure in the area around the Fresnel zone within the well, the scheme of VSP with offset was developed to acquire the reflection information away from the borehole in order to widen the range of VSP survey and to improve the precision of imaging.In this paper, we present a new CDP (Common Depth Point) mapping approach to image the reflecting structure by using offset VSP data. For the processing of offset VSP data, we firstly separated the up-going and down-going wave-fields from VSP data by means of F-K filtering technique, and we can calculate the mapping conditions (position and reflecting traveltime for CDP point) in homogeneous media, and then reconstruct the inner structure of the earth.This method is tested by using the offset VSP data which are used to simulate the case of super-deep borehole by means of finite-difference method. The imaged structure matches the real model very well. The results show that the method present here could accurately image the inner structure of the earth if the deviation of initial velocity model from the true model is less than 10%. Finally, we presented the imaged results for the real offset data by using this method.     

不依赖源子波的跨孔雷达时间域波形反演

波形反演是近年来较热门的反演方法,其分辨率可以达到亚波长级别.在波形反演的实际应用中,源子波的估计十分重要.传统方法使用反褶积来估计源子波并随着反演过程更新,该方法在合成数据波形反演中效果较好,但在实际数据反演过程中存在一系列的问题.由于实际数据信噪比较低,在源子波估计过程中需要大量的人为干涉,且结果并不一定可靠.本文使用一种基于褶积波场的新型目标函数,令反演过程不再依赖源子波.详细推导了针对跨孔雷达波形反演的梯度及步长公式,实现介电常数和电导率的同步反演.针对一个合成数据模型同时反演介电常数和电导率,结果表明该方法能够反演出亚波长尺寸异常体的形状和位置.接着,将该方法应用到两组实际数据中,并与基于估计源子波的时间域波形反演结果进行比较.结果表明不依赖源子波的时间域波形反演结果分辨率更高,也更准确.     

The influence of errors in the source wavelet on inversion‐based surface‐related multiple attenuation

We investigate the influence of source wavelet errors on inversion‐based, surface‐related multiple attenuation, in order to address how the inverted primary impulse response, estimated primaries, and predicted multiples are affected by the estimated wavelet. In theory, errors in estimated wavelet can lead to errors in the upgoing waves. Because of smoothness and the band‐limitedness characteristics of the estimated wavelet, errors in the upgoing waves are usually not white and random. Theoretical analysis and two synthetic examples demonstrate that (i) when the overall amplitude scalar of the estimated wavelet is underestimated, the inversion of the primary impulse response suffers from instability, which will distort the estimation of primaries, and (ii) when the wavelet is overestimated, the estimated primaries will simply mimic the recorded upgoing waves. Nevertheless, the quality of the estimated primaries in the region above the first‐order, water‐bottom multiples is independent of the estimated wavelet. Synthetic results illustrate that inversion‐based, surface‐related multiple attenuation with a known wavelet is stable, since slight inaccuracy in amplitude spectrum and/or phase spectrum of the given wavelet or the corresponding upgoing waves will not lead to considerable deviation in the waveforms of the inverted results from those of the references. Furthermore, shot‐to‐shot wavelet variations, with maximum amplitude difference of 5% and maximum phase difference of 10°, create just slight artefacts in both the inverted primary impulse response and the estimated primaries. Moreover, the sensitivity test of estimation of primaries by sparse inversion method involving wavelet estimation shows that this method can stably and alternately update the wavelet and the primary impulse response; however, different choices of the initial wavelet can lead to different final inverted results.     

基于虚源估计的复杂上覆地层下地震相干成像

在上覆地层比较复杂的情况下,常规地震勘探方法常常难以得到好的成像.本文研究了基于地震相干避开复杂上覆地层对地震波的影响,利用VSP数据估计地震虚源直接对目的地层进行成像的方法.在地震相干成像过程中,震源子波对分辨率有比较大的影响,尤其是存在薄层的条件下,两个非常近的反射同相轴将无法辨认.利用估计出虚源地震子波的性质,对...     

Estimation of Thomsen＇s anisotropic parameters from walkaway VSP and applications

Estimation of Thomsen＇s anisotropic parameters is very important for accuratetime-to-depth conversion and depth migration data processing. Compared with othermethods, it is much easier and more reliable to estimate anisotropic parameters that arerequired for surface seismic depth imaging from vertical seismic profile （VSP） data, becausethe first arrivals of VSP data can be picked with much higher accuracy. In this study, wedeveloped a method for estimating Thomsen＇s P-wave anisotropic parameters in VTImedia using the first arrivals from walkaway VSP data. Model first-arrival travel times arecalculated on the basis of the near-offset normal moveout correction velocity in VTI mediaand ray tracing using Thomsen＇s P-wave velocity approximation. Then, the anisotropicparameters 0 and e are determined by minimizing the difference between the calculatedand observed travel times for the near and far offsets. Numerical forward modeling, usingthe proposed method indicates that errors between the estimated and measured anisotropicparameters are small. Using field data from an eight-azimuth walkaway VSP in TarimBasin, we estimated the parameters 0 and e and built an anisotropic depth-velocity modelfor prestack depth migration processing of surface 3D seismic data. The results showimprovement in imaging the carbonate reservoirs and minimizing the depth errors of thegeological targets.     

Application of Wavelet Transform to Magnetic Data Due to Ruins of the Hittite,Civilization in Turkey

— In the recent years, geophysical methods have been applied successfully in archaeological studies. In this article we have studied the application of wavelet transform to magnetic data in order to estimate boundaries of various synthetic examples and real data. Enhanced Horizontal Derivative (EHD) method is also applied as an alternative method for boundary estimation. The performance of wavelet transform and the EHD method are evaluated using magnetic data of the Sarissa-Kusakli archaeological site. All boundary results are mutually compared. Based on these comparisons, we conclude that the wavelet transform provides reasonable results.This work was supported by the TUBITAK under Project YDABCAG-100Y021.Received: 23 October 2001     

Observation and analysis of frequency-dependent anisotropy from a multicomponent VSP at Bluebell-Altamont field, Utah

In this paper, we present results from the analysis of a multicomponent VSP from a fractured gas reservoir in the Bluebell-Altamont Field, Utah. Our analysis is focused on frequency-dependent anisotropy. The four-component shear-wave data are first band-pass filtered into different frequency bands and then rotated to the natural coordinates so that the fast and slow shear-waves are effectively separated. We find that the polarisations of the fast shear-waves are almost constant over the whole depth interval, and show no apparent variation with frequency. In contrast, the time delays between the split shear-waves decrease as the frequency increases. A linear regression is then applied to fit the time-delay variations in the target and we find that the gradients of linear fits to time delays show a decrease as frequency increases. Finally, we apply a time-frequency analysis method based on the wavelet transform with a Morlet wavelet to the data. The variation of shear-wave time delays with frequency is highlighted in the time-delay and frequency spectra. We also discuss two mechanisms giving rise to dispersion and frequency-dependent anisotropy, which are likely to explain the observation. These are scattering of seismic waves by preferentially aligned inhomogeneneities, such as fractures or fine layers, and fluid flow in porous rocks with micro-cracks and macro-fractures.     

利用基于子波估计的频谱校正方法提高Q值估计精度(英文)

用Q值刻画的地震衰减在地震信号处理和解释中具有很广泛的应用。利用反射地震资料进行Q值估计需要解决地震子波和反射系数序列耦合的问题。从反射地震资料中去除反射系数序列的影响,这个过程称为频谱校正。本文提出了一种基于子波估计的求取Q值的方法,进而设计了一个反Q滤波器。该方法利用反射地震资料的高阶统计量进行子波估计,并利用所估计子波实现频谱校正。我们利用合成数据实验给出了质心频移法与频谱比法这两种常用的Q值估计方法在不同参数设置下的性能。人工合成数据和实际数据处理表明,利用本文提出的方法进行频谱校正后,可以得到可靠的Q值估计。经过反Q滤波,地震数据的高频部分得到了有效地恢复。     

非稳态地震记录时变子波估计

地震子波估计是地震资料处理和解释中的一个关键问题,子波估计的可靠性会直接影响反褶积和反演的准确度.现有的子波估计方法分为确定型和统计型两种类型,本文通过结合这两类方法,利用确定型的谱分析法和统计型的偏度最大化方法,分别提取时变子波的振幅和相位信息,得到估计的时变子波.这种方法不需要对子波进行任何时不变或相位等的假设,具有对时变相位的估计能力.进而利用估计时变子波进行非稳态反褶积,提高地震记录的保真度,为精细储层预测和描述提供高质量的剖面.理论模型试算验证了方法的可行性,通过实际地震资料的处理应用,表明该方法能有效地提取出子波时变信息.