坦桑尼亚马拉-穆索马绿岩带金矿地质特征及成矿规律浅析

坦桑尼亚太古代马拉-穆索马绿岩带位于坦桑尼亚西北部、维多利亚湖东部地区,是坦桑尼亚重要的金矿聚集区。该地区主要金矿床类型为受陡倾或缓倾剪切构造带控制的构造蚀变岩型和石英脉型金矿床。本文通过对亚斯罗利、瑞万科玛和尼亚布隆渡等3个典型金矿床进行对比研究,系统分析了金矿床的成矿地质条件、矿化蚀变特征及矿石结构构造特征,总结了马拉-穆索马绿岩带金成矿规律,认为金矿床的形成与镁铁质火山-沉积岩、韧-脆性剪切构造带及岩浆活动有密切关系,近东西向韧-脆性剪切带是区内最主要的控矿构造,控制着主要工业矿体的分布。     

青海省白日其利金矿构造演化特征及找矿意义

白日其利金矿位于青海省北昆仑岩浆弧带南侧，为一典型构造蚀变岩小型金矿。区内构造-岩浆活动强烈而复杂，主要含矿构造既经历了元古代—中生代大规模岩浆上侵导致向南的推覆作用，又经历了新生代青藏高原抬升拉张环境下导致向北的滑脱作用，显示出张扭性和压扭性双重特征。结合地表观察和音频大地电磁测深反演结果，综合分析认为，研究区主要含矿构造(F₁)地表产状为NE陡倾，深部为SW陡倾，金矿(化)体极可能位于低阻异常带且构造显示张扭性特征膨大部位，其深部找矿前景较大。     

基于三维矿化域数字模型对澳大利亚Camel 1金矿找矿预测研究

Camel 1金矿是澳大利亚Pilbara地台最重要的金矿之一,矿区地表被第四系风成沙和冲积物覆盖,地表矿化信息少,找矿难度大。鉴于此,在该矿区引入"数字矿山"技术手段,结合Camel 1金矿的地质特征,特别是控矿构造特征,使用Surpac软件,建立Camel 1金矿三维矿化域数字模型,综合研究金矿化空间分布规律。Camel 1矿床金矿化总体上沿Mallina韧性剪切带分布,且严格受Mallina韧性剪切控制;金矿化与后期北西向断裂关系密切,矿区在未来找矿工作中应该重视北西向构造,可能会有更好的找矿突破。本文通过对金矿化空间分布规律的研究以及其与构造之间的关系,在矿区圈定了三处找矿预测靶区。三维矿化域数字模型找矿预测方法工作成本低,可作为一种新的找矿思路在该区找矿工作中应用。     

五台山绿岩带主要金矿类型及构造控矿规律探讨

依据构造控矿为成矿主因、矿源层是物质基础,将五台山绿岩带金矿划分为3种主要类型:与次级褶皱有关的条带状铁建造型金矿床、与剪切变形有关的变质中酸性火山沉积岩型金矿床、与剪切变形有关的变质砾岩型金矿床.这些不同类型的金矿床构造控矿特征明显.五台山绿岩带的区域性倒转复式向斜构造制约了含矿带呈NEE向展布,大型紧闭褶皱转折端控制了矿床的定位,与紧闭褶皱伴生的剪切变形及次级褶皱控制着矿体的规模、形态和产状,剪切裂隙控制着金矿脉的分布和金矿化的局部富集.紧闭褶皱倒转翼部(近转折端)的剪切变形是五台山绿岩带金矿构造控矿的普遍规律.矿源层是物质基础,而经历了紧闭褶皱及伴生的剪切变形带叠加改造的矿源层才是最佳的成矿和找矿靶区.文章以构造控矿理论为指导,重点剖析了典型矿床的构造控矿特征,深入探讨了控矿构造对矿床定位、规模大小、矿体形态、富集程度的制约,认为褶皱与剪切变形不仅在于控矿,而且其本身就是一种重要的成矿作用,进而总结了五台山绿岩带金矿构造控矿的普遍规律.     

坦桑尼亚北东部某地金矿地质特征及找矿前景分析

研究区位于坦桑尼亚克拉通NE部太古代绿岩带中,通过工作发现多条含矿蚀变带及金矿(化)体,金矿体受NW向的F1脆-韧性剪切带及旁侧断裂控制,矿体主要赋存于石英脉中,局部可见自然金,具硅化、黄(磁黄)铁矿化、碳酸盐化及粘土化。总结该金矿床基本地质特征,探索其成因及成矿规律,分析研究区金矿找矿前景。     

康古尔韧性剪切带型金矿构造地球化学特征

康古尔金矿床位于一大型韧性剪切带的次级构造中,容矿围岩为石炭系岛弧火山岩.矿体由蚀变千糜岩和糜棱岩化火山岩的矿化富集地段组成.矿体产状与陡倾的糜棱岩带一致,围岩蚀变有硅化、绿泥石化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化等.从矿体中心到围岩存在明显的构造-蚀变-矿化分带现象.成矿作用具多阶段性,成矿物质主要来自火山岩.韧性剪切带不仅控矿,而且韧性变形变质作用是一种重要的成矿作用.提出了康古尔金矿构造地球化学成矿模式.     

甘肃玉门红柳金矿地质特征与控矿因素

红柳金矿床位于天山-阴山纬向构造带西部,属石英脉型金矿床.通过对红柳金矿床地质特征的研究,指出该矿床的主要控矿因素为岩性特征、构造变形和岩浆活动,并总结出矿化富集规律:1)金矿(化)体总体分布在中、高级变质带及其接触部位;2)中级变质岩(片岩)中的金矿(化)体的矿脉走向与地层走向基本一致,矿脉延伸长度大,但Au品位相对较低,常形成规模较大的低品位金矿体;3)分布在高级变质岩(混合岩)中的金矿(化)体的矿脉展布与地层走向近垂直,矿脉延伸长度较小,但Au品位相对较高,常形成小而富的金矿脉;4)当矿带中出现NW与NE两组矿脉交叉时,常形成小而富的矿体即富矿包.     

桐柏山老湾金矿带右行走滑断裂控矿体系的构建及其意义

以老湾金矿带上上河-彭家老庄、老湾-盛老庄金矿床为研究对象,通过野外地表和坑道观察,进行断裂产状统计、配套分析及构造性质与矿化类型耦合关系的研究,确立了老湾金矿带控矿构造体系性质及组合型式。上上河-彭家老庄金矿床以石英脉型矿化较为发育为特点,控矿断裂属走滑构造体系中的R型张扭性裂隙带,向北陡倾,走向(290°~310°)与主剪切带方向(286°)交角约为15°,具右行剪切特征,滑距约10 m。老湾-盛老庄矿床以蚀变岩型矿化为特征,充填脉型矿化不发育,其金矿控矿断裂属P型压扭性裂隙,向南缓倾,其总体走向近东西(约92°),与主剪切带方向的另一端交角约15°。3条规模较大的断裂蚀变带平面上右型侧列特点反映其滑移方向与上上河-彭家老庄控矿断裂滑移方向一致。综合整个矿带断裂产状及矿化信息,认为老湾金矿带控矿构造总体为以老湾和松扒断裂为边界断裂,由里德尔剪切体系中的P型和R型剪切带连结形成的辫状右行走滑剪切带。结合桐柏造山带区域地质演化历史,分析认为该脆性断裂构造带是早期韧性剪切带继承性演化的结果,反映桐柏造山带不同构造块体间斜向碰撞及随后地壳抬升作用的动力学演化过程。老湾金矿带右行走滑构造体系与成矿作用的耦合关系对矿床成因提供重要地质约束。     

湘东北万古地区金矿床成矿构造特征的初步研究

万古地区金矿床的成矿作用受到区域构造成矿的控制,矿区的断裂构造已经成为燕山中晚期金矿的定位构造.矿区北西西向断裂大部分是控矿、容矿构造,北东向断裂构造对矿脉的破坏作用有一定的影响,属成矿期后断裂构造.勘探线剖面图揭示了万古地区金矿床构造成矿具有金矿体侧伏特征、金矿体等距产出特征、金矿构造成矿作用多期性特征.冷家溪群是金的矿源层,万古金矿区的构造成矿作用是主要成矿作用,金矿化是剪切带长期活动的结果.从万古金矿、鲁源洞金矿、大洞金矿矿脉在走向和倾向的产出形态可以看出,富矿体都产出在构造张性扩容空间内.控矿层间破碎带中不同类型构造重叠部位是最有利的赋矿构造.     

广东河台右旋韧性剪切带及其对金矿的控制

广东河台金矿位于广东西部的广宁杂岩体之中,为典型的韧性剪切类型矿床.几何学、运动学分析表明,河台韧性剪切带具有右旋性质,陡倾(＞60.),走向N60.～80.E,与含金矿脉产状近于一致,与区域性N45.E走向韧性剪切带明显不同,为两个N45°E走向的右旋走滑断裂带间派生的右旋伸展走滑构造带.糜棱岩中石英包裹体和多硅白云母温度压力分析表明,韧性变形发生于中等温度压力(300～500℃、0.3～0.6 GPa)的绿片岩相条件下,适宜金矿成矿.糜棱岩中提取的多硅白云母获得了187～192 Ma的40 Ar/39 Ar坪年龄,表明韧性剪切导致的糜棱岩化及金矿化可能发生于早侏罗世.区域构造对比分析显示,河台金矿右旋韧性剪切带可能是太平洋构造域早侏罗世开始阶段诱导的远程斜向应力场的产物.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.