气象条件对梅州城区臭氧浓度的影响研究

利用2014—2017年梅州城区的O3监测数据和相关气象观测资料,对本地区的O3的变化特征及影响O3的气象条件进行了相关分析。分析表明:梅州地区2014—2017年O3超标日数维持稳定水平,O3二级超标日数全部集中在春季和夏季; O3二级超标天数占AQI超标日数的比例快速上升,O3二级超标主要发生在3—8月,最多的是4月,O3是影响梅州市区空气质量重要因素。O3的月平均浓度与同期气温、日照显著正相关,与同期的气压呈显著负相关; O3污染过程中,O3的逐日浓度与同期气温、日照显著正相关,与同期的总云量、低云量、湿度呈显著负相关; O3污染过程中,O3浓度与地面及高空天气形势配置关系密切,O3浓度变化是多种气象要素共同作用的结果。     

近2年阿克达拉臭氧浓度特征及气象因素的影响

利用2017~2018年阿克达拉逐时臭氧浓度监测数据和同期气象观测资料,分析了阿克达拉近地面臭氧浓度的日変化和年季变化特征,并分析了臭氧浓度与气象条件之间的关系。结果表明：臭氧浓度日变化呈现单峰型,下午16点前后达到最高值,最高值分别为42.86 ppb和38.37 ppb；2017和2018年阿克达拉臭氧最高月分别出现在3月和2月,月平均臭氧浓度为49.37 ppb和37.94 ppb,最低月出现在12月,浓度为18.36 ppb和18.90 ppb；2017~2018年阿克达拉近地面臭氧浓度的季节变化规律为：春季＞夏季＞冬季＞秋季；阿克达拉的主导风向是NW和E,夏季主导风向为NW,冬季则以偏东风为主；夏季受西北气流影响,阿克达拉西北方向的污染源对当地近地面臭氧浓度影响较大。     

Results of surface ozone monitoring in the atmosphere over Ulan-Ude

Presented are the results of surface ozone monitoring in the atmosphere over Ulan-Ude during the period from 2000 to 2012. Revealed are seasonal and diurnal variations of surface ozone. The analysis of the seasonal variability of surface ozone concentration indicates the presence of the clearly pronounced maximum in spring-summer period. A statistical model of forecasting single concentrations of the surface ozone is considered using the multiple regression analysis. Temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed, turbulence factor, temperature gradient, velocity of vertical flow, and concentrations of minor gas admixtures such as nitrogen oxides are used as predictors. Analyzed are statistical relationships, where observed ozone values are presented in the form of the regression function of the most significant predictors.     

Long-term measurements of surface ozone in the German Democratic Republic

The ozone concentration near the earth's surface has been measured at some stations in the GDR for more than 30 yr using the wet chemical method. Even at rural stations the ozone data show a significant linear increase by about 1–3% yr^–1. The ozone increase being stronger in summer than in winter is assumed to be due to photochemical ozone production from increasing anthropogenic emissions of trace gases that are transported over long distances. A weaker ozone increase by only about 0.2% per year was observed in the free troposphere (5.5 km) from balloon-soundings at Lindenberg within the period 1975–1984. If the ozone trends continue, the ozone concentration near the surface and its seasonal amplitude will have doubled around the turn of the century as compared to the mid-fifties.     

Surface ozone concentration variability in Moscow and Kiev

The comparison is represented of the results of surface ozone concentration measurements in two megalopolises, Moscow and Kiev. A temporal course of ozone concentration and temperature in both cities is close by the shape and is typical of medium-polluted plain stations. In both megalopolises, two maxima are observed within the seasonal ozone concentration variability, in spring and summer, and during the day, a usual ozone concentration maximum (approximately in 2–3 hours after the local noon) and the night one being typical of big cities. An average ozone concentration and an average temperature in corresponding periods are higher in Kiev than in Moscow. Evidently, the summer maximum is associated with photochemical ozone generation processes, and the spring one, with dynamic processes of its transport in the atmosphere. In both megalopolises, the episodes are observed in the warm period under meteorological conditions being unfavorable for the pollutant scattering in the atmosphere when the ozone concentration exceeds the threshold limit value and is dangerous for health. The repeatability of such episodes is the highest one in July-August. In Kiev, such episodes are more frequent than in Moscow. An effective statistical model is constructed for both megalopolises in which the observed ozone concentration is represented in the form of regression function of temperature and relative humidity.     

香河地基观测臭氧柱总量数据分析及臭氧变化趋势研究

大气臭氧变化在全球气候和环境中具有重要作用,是当今大气科学领域的重要研究对象之一。对比分析了中国科学院大气物理研究所河北香河大气综合观测试验站2014～2016年Dobson和Brewer两种臭氧总量观测仪器探测结果的一致性,并使用1979～2016年Dobson观测数据分析了香河地区臭氧总量的长期变化趋势。结果表明:进行有效温度修正后,两种臭氧总量仪器观测结果一致性较好,平均偏差仅为-0.14DU(多布森单位),平均绝对偏差为8.00 DU,标准差为36.09 DU,相关系数达0.964。整体来说,两类仪器观测臭氧总量吻合较好。SO2浓度对Dobson仪器数据精度有一定影响,两组仪器数据在SO2浓度为0～0.2DU、0.2～0.4DU和0.4DU大气条件情况下的平均偏差分别为4.8 DU、7.0 DU和8.0 DU,平均偏差随SO2浓度升高而增大。过去38年香河地区的臭氧总量季节差异性强,春、冬两季臭氧总量高,夏、秋两季臭氧总量相对低,季节变化趋势差异明显。从长期变化上看,臭氧总量变化波动有不同的周期,在4个大的时间段变化趋势不同,2000～2010年臭氧层有显著恢复,但最近几年又有变薄的趋势。     

清洁地区气象因子与地面O3关系的初步研究

文章分析了地面O3和不同气象因子之间的关系。资料取自1991年8～11月在浙江临安本底站进行的中美大气化学联合考察。结果表明总辐射强弱是决定地面O3浓度的关键因子之一。     

Impact of Air Transport on Seasonal Variations and Trends of Surface Ozone at Kislovodsk High Mountain Station

The impact of air transport on the surface ozone variations is analyzed at Kislovodsk High Mountain Station for the period 1989–1996 on the basis of 2D back trajectories. It was shown that the contribution of photochemical and dynamical processes is different for the different seasons. In summer months the surface ozone concentration is governed by photochemical ozone production in semi polluted air from the regions of Northern Caspian, Southern Ural and Volga region. Time of the seasonal ozone maximum appearance is defined by joint influence of the processes of photochemical production and destruction in the eastern sectors and advection from Ukraine and Central Europe. The value of the seasonal minimum is determined by the processes of ozone destruction in the air coming from northeastern direction in the stable frontal zone. Distribution of sectors of the air transport changes from year to year and it can partly explain strong negative trend of the surface ozone concentration at the site.     

Surface ozone values in anomalous summer 2010 measured in Obninsk

Given and analyzed are the results of the measuring of concentration of ozone O₃, nitrogen oxides NO_x, and carbon monoxide CO at the surface as well as the sum of hydrocarbons and the aerosol optical depth in Obninsk (Kaluga oblast) during the warm period 2010 and 2011. The relationship between the air temperature and the maximum daily ozone values in May–September 2010 are characterized by the higher correlation coefficient than in May–September 2011: 0.82 ± 0.05 versus 0.64 ± 0.07. Increased concentration of surface ozone in Obninsk in July–August 2010 as compared to the similar period in 2011 were caused by the higher concentrations of the compounds-predecessors of ozone. The concentration of O₃ in August 2010 exceeded 200μg/m³ and was never registered in Obninsk during the observation period of 2004–2011. This is associated with the air masses that came to Obninsk from the areas with peat and forest fires that resulted in the dramatic increase in surface concentrations of NO_x, CO, and hydrocarbons.     

Connection between ozone concentration and atmosphere circulation at peak Moussala

Connection between ozone concentration and atmosphere circulation is investigated based on measurements at BEO station, peak Moussala (2,925 m a.s.l.), for the period 09 August 2006 to 29 January 2008. Ozone concentration data are collected with UV-analyzer “Environnement O₃ 42” and meteo data with weather station “Vaisala”. There are measurements of ⁷Be. Data from NOAA HYSPLIT model for particle trajectories are also used. Eight wind directions and three ranges of wind velocities are employed in the analysis. A comparison of ozone concentrations in upward and downward air transport according to HYSPLIT model is made. The number of cases with ozone concentration above 63 ppb has been counted. Mann–Whitney nonparametric test is employed as a basic statistical method. Correlation between atmosphere pressure and tropospheric ozone content is made. The same is done for ⁷Be and ozone. The main conclusion is that there is not any local or regional pollution effect detectable at peak Moussala, but most of the ozone measured is due to emissions of hydrocarbons and NO _x over a larger region. There could be some regional sources of ozone building substances in southwest direction from peak Moussala. Air transported from the north quarter has higher ozone concentrations compared to the south quarter. In vertical direction, upward transport of air masses shows higher values of ozone concentration. Higher wind velocity is associated with low ozone concentrations at peak Moussala. The annual course of ozone concentration has summer maximum and winter minimum. There is right connection between air pressure and ozone concentration. The same is valid for the correlation between ⁷Be and ozone. Diurnal ozone course shows daytime maximum in winter and nighttime maximum in summer.     

Periodic variability of surface ozone concentration over western and central Europe from observational data

Characteristics of periodic variability of surface ozone concentration at 98 western and central European stations participating in the EMEP program for at least 7 (up to 14) years are determined. Daily and hourly model concentrations of surface ozone for each station are given in an analytical form that presents a sum of a constant constituent and basic harmonics that determine ozone concentration variability throughout a year and a day. A 12-month harmonic, whose maximum is observed in the spring period (in Northern Europe it is observed 1 to 2 months earlier than in Southern Europe) dominates in the energy spectrum of seasonal variability of daily mean ozone concentration at most stations. The energy part of higher (6-and 4-month) harmonics is the largest at the stations close to the sea and ocean coasts. Higher harmonics largely influence the time of the ozone extremum formation, shifting it towards the summer, or even forming a second (summer) maximum, whose magnitude at a number of stations (in Italy, Hungary, in the south of Germany, and in some others) exceeds the spring maximum. A 24-hour harmonic dominates in the energy spectrum of daily ozone variability. The maps of a “normal” distribution of surface ozone fields and their standard deviations for different seasons and time of the day have been compiled based on the model characteristics. The “norms” derived can be used to detect anomalies in the temporal trend of the surface ozone and to validate its climate changes.     

江门市城区臭氧浓度变化特征及气象影响因素分析

基于2015—2017年广东省江门市城区臭氧浓度监测数据和气象观测数据,结合应用统计分析、聚类分析等方法,分析了江门臭氧浓度特征及气象影响因素,探讨了2017年江门臭氧严重超标的气象成因。2015—2017年,江门臭氧污染程度逐年加重,秋季臭氧浓度均值高于其它季节;37%的臭氧浓度超标日与西北太平洋或南海热带气旋活动有关,显著高于其它天气类型下超标日占比。臭氧浓度与白天气象要素相关性高于夜间,对臭氧浓度影响较大的气象要素有日照、相对湿度、气温。聚类分析得到6类气流轨迹,当气流轨迹为偏东(陆地)和偏北路径时,其受体臭氧浓度均值和污染气流轨迹占比显著高于平均值。2017年臭氧严重超标的气象成因是达到利于臭氧生成的气象条件阈值时数和日数显著高于以往,且途经江门以北和以东陆地的气流数目明显多于以往。      

北京奥运会期间CBM-Z化学机制的模拟应用

利用CBM-Z化学机制模拟了中国科学院大气物理研究所气象塔站在北京奥运会期间高臭氧时段O3浓度的日变化,评估了气象条件、北京奥运会加强控制措施以及O3前体物浓度对近地面O3生成的影响。结果表明:(1)CBM-Z化学机制较好地模拟了北京奥运会期间典型时段气象塔站O3、NO、NO2日变化特征。(2)有利于局地高臭氧事件发生的气象条件非常相似;北京奥运会加强控制措施的实施显著减少了NOx及VOCs的排放量,导致近地面O3浓度的明显下降。(3)奥运会期间VOCs和CO是影响气象塔站O3生成量的关键因素。     

A Possible Photochemical Link Between Stratospheric and Near-Surface Ozone on Swiss Mountain Sites in Late Winter

Record high near-surface ozone concentrations at two elevated sites (Chaumont, 1140 m asl, and Rigi, 1030 m asl) in Switzerland were observed simultaneously with extremely low total ozone during a fair weather period in mid-February 1993. An analysis of ozone, temperature, humidity, and wind profiles suggests that the surface ozone peaks were most possibly generated within the region in a layer between about 1000 and 1500 m asl. Mean diurnal cycles of ozone concentration during the period shows a strong increase from late morning to late afternoon at Chaumont and at the same time a decrease at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl). The different diurnal ozone cycles can both be explained photochemically by taking into account the large difference in NOx concentrations (about two orders of magnitude) between the sites. Photochemical processes are also indicated by the diurnal cycles of NO2 and NO concentration. As a strong photochemical activity is not expected in mid-February at 47°N, we hypothesize that the extremely low total ozone played a role. Total ozone controls the amount of UV-B radiation reaching the troposphere and thus influences photochemical processes. Using a radiation model, we calculated an increase in ozone photolysis at Chaumont and Jungfraujoch of 73% and 83%, respectively, on the day with the lowest total ozone (243 DU) compared to average February conditions (335 DU). It is suggested that total ozone changes have the potential to stimulate photochemistry sufficiently to produce the observed surface ozone peaks at Chaumont and Rigi of 61 and 64 ppbv, respectively. A fog layer just below Chaumont during these days probably also influenced photochemistry, but on a smaller spatial scale. Our empirical results on the influence of changing UV radiation on tropospheric photochemistry are in close agreement with model studies of other groups. Although this case study represents unique conditions, a distinct anticorrelation between near-surface ozone at Chaumont and total ozone also appears in other years (1992–1997) when selecting fair weather days in mid-February. However, other influences cannot be excluded. The selected days provide evidence of a significant photochemical source of ozone in the mid-latitude lower troposphere in late winter.     

杭州市区大气臭氧浓度变化及气象要素影响

利用2005-2007年杭州市区大气O₃连续监测资料, 分析了O₃浓度变化特征, 在此基础上结合气象观测资料, 分析了大气O₃与天气系统间的关系, 建立了O₃与气象要素间的多元回归方程。结果表明: 2007年O₃平均浓度和最大小时浓度分别为44 μg.m-3和348 μg.m-3, 比上一年增加20%左右, 超标现象也越来越严重; O₃浓度有明显的季节变化, 夏季高、冬季低; 大气O₃浓度超标主要出现在高压后部和高压控制等天气类型。在紫外线强度较强时O₃浓度也高, 二者呈显著正相关; 对O₃与各种气象因子进行多元回归分析表明: O₃主要受到温度、相对湿度、日照等因素影响。     

气象因子对近地面臭氧污染影响的研究

本文通过对１９９３年春季和春夏之交的O3浓度逐日变化、日变化和气象因子关系的分析，提出了影响O3浓度的主导气象因子和不同情况下形成高浓度O3的主要因子，提出了大风速对逐日变化中O3浓度特高及浓度日变化峰值的重要作用，并指出高温、低湿、小风并不是在所有情况都是促成高浓度O3的因子。另外，雾也可以成为近地面O3浓度增值的因素，主要原因是雾内湍流发展将高浓度O3大量输向下方。     

影响北京夏季O3污染的O3前体物浓度及天气条件分析

根据2003年北京夏季近地面大气光化学污染物观测资料,对中国气象局培训中心(代表站)O3超标日浓度、O3前体物浓度、不同天气条件下O3浓度分布特征等进行分析。结果表明:中国北京夏季NO2,NO,CO的浓度特征与日本神奈川县相似,白天(16:00以前)如果NO2/NO超过29,则容易出现O3超标;VOC浓度的高低影响O3浓度;当处于暖湿气流控制,地面为小风或静风、气温较高、湿度较大的多云天气时,易出现O3超标情况。这些污染物发生的特点和规律对北京大气光化学污染的研究和防治具有借鉴意义。     

2020年新冠肺炎疫情管控期江苏省大气污染物浓度变化特征北大核心

利用江苏省大气环境监测站点的大气污染物监测数据,分析了2020年初新冠肺炎疫情管控期间(2—3月)主要大气污染物浓度的变化特征。结果显示,相比于2019、2020年疫情管控期间PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_(2)、SO_(2)、CO浓度的全省平均降幅分别为37.5%、36.9%、31.9%、28.2%和21.2%。严格管控期的2月和生产恢复期的3月,江苏省十三市PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度同比降幅大致相当,呈现出较好的时间连续性和空间均匀性。但各市臭氧浓度同比变化呈现出较大的时空差异。空间上,沿江以南城市南京、无锡、常州、苏州和镇江五市臭氧浓度明显上升,而其他城市臭氧浓度以下降为主;时间上,2月南京等九市臭氧浓度上升,3月徐州等八市臭氧浓度持平或者下降。假设未发生新冠肺炎疫情以及未采取为阻断疫情蔓延而实施的种种举措,在仅考虑近年来大气污染防治政策持续实施的情况下,与预期降幅相比,疫情管控对NO_(2)实况浓度降幅的影响最大,其次是PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)。     

北京冬季低层大气O3垂直分布观测结果的研究

给出了2001年2月26～28日在北京市方庄小区用系留气艇观测大气边界层O3垂直分布的结果.结合相关资料,对边界层O3的变化机制进行了初步分析.研究表明,冬季边界层O3主要受边界层气象条件、尤其是逆温层的影响比较大.在逆温层以下O3都维持极低值分布,超过仪器所能观测的最低极限.在逆温层向自由大气过渡的高度区域,O3浓度明显的梯度变化与风速垂直切变有关.观测还表明冬季城市市区大量排放的氮氧化物、水汽参与的化学反应是影响边界层O3变化的重要因素.     

西宁夏季对流层臭氧垂直分布变化与气象要素的关系

根据臭氧、气象探空观测数据,分析了1996年7月5日至8月3日西宁（36°44’N,101°45＇E,海拔高度2296m）上空对流层臭氧垂直分布变化与气象要素之间的关系。对流层臭氧浓度的增加（减少）总伴随着干、冷（暖、湿）气流的输送变化,而这又与大气垂直方向的运动是紧密联系在一起的。分析表明天气动力输送过程对对流层臭氧垂直分布变化有重要作用。