中国大陆科学钻探主孔中磷灰石的磁黄铁矿出溶结构

在中国大陆科学钻探主孔中部的榴辉岩样品B1021R642P40a、B1039R646P47a、B1046R648P4c和B1053R649P74k中,我们发现了磷灰石的磁黄铁矿出溶结构。磷灰石是该榴辉岩的主要副矿物,其自形程度较高,与石榴石共生。样品中几乎所有磷灰石均发育出溶结构,至少存在两组相互垂直的出溶棒。出溶棒形状规则,一样宽(<1μm),但长度变化大(5～50μm)。利用高分辨能谱仪测定表明,出溶棒主要由Fe和S两种元素组成。由于还不能准确地确定其Fe/S比值,初步确定其为磁黄铁矿(Fe_(1-x)S)。磷灰石由于含大量稀土元素和挥发性组分如OH、F、Cl和S,它的深循环因此可能对地球的水、硫以及其它挥发性组分的全球平衡具有重要影响。     

胶东荣成榴辉岩中含铜磁黄铁矿出溶结构的磷灰石的发现及其意义

在苏鲁超高压变质带东北部胶东荣成地区的退变金红石榴辉岩中,我们发现了具含铜磁黄铁矿出溶结构的磷灰石。磷灰石在该榴辉岩中含量较高(≈5%),多为不规则形状,颗粒大小不一,粗大者可达1．2mm×0．6mm。样品中几乎所有的磷灰石均发育出溶结构,出溶棒可能分为相互垂直的两组,各自分别沿同一方向分布,出溶棒密度大,形状规则,宽度相似,长度最长可达0．1mm。在扫描电子显微镜下,利用X射线能谱仪测定出溶棒主要由Fe、Cu和S三种元素组成。由于很难准确确定三者的比例,暂将其定为含铜磁黄铁矿((Fe_(1-x)Cu_x)S)。报道的磷灰石含铜磁黄铁矿出溶结构,与江苏赣榆地区磷灰石的磁黄铁矿出溶结构,同产于苏鲁超高压变质带中,具有可对比性；磷灰石中Cu、Fe的溶解度可能是温压条件的函数；因此进一步精确研究磷灰石中这些出溶结构的成分和成因,将为深入探讨苏鲁超高压变质带不同地体变质条件、成因的差异及俯冲折返机制等问题提供重要线索。     

苏鲁三清阁榴辉岩中柯石英的发现及其地质意义探讨

在苏鲁三清阁多硅白云母榴辉岩中发现了柯石英包体,该榴辉岩与超高压含菱镁矿大理岩共生。石榴石中存在的柯石英残晶和多晶石英假相包体表明榴辉岩的变质压力超过2.8 GPa。运用石榴石–单斜辉石Fe2+–Mg温度计和多硅白云母压力计估算结果表明,矿物核部的平衡压力为3.1～3.5 GPa（T ＝650～689℃）,边部的平衡压力为2.9~3.3 GPa（T＝652～671℃）。与石榴石伴生的绿辉石普遍发育石英出溶结构。在磷灰石中观察到金属硫化物出溶体。磷灰石富含OH,F,Cl和S等挥发份,这些挥发性组分的深循环对地壳和地幔之间的相互作用研究具有重要意义。通过磷灰石,苏鲁—大别俯冲带能够将大量（～80 000 Mt）OH,F和Cl携带到地幔深处。     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床磁黄铁矿矿物学特征及成因意义

金川铜镍硫化物矿床矿石类型主要为浸染状矿石、海绵陨铁状矿石及块状矿石。采用矿相显微镜观察、磁性胶体浸润与电子探针分析等方法,对3种类型矿石中磁黄铁矿的结构状态、共生组合与成分特征作了研究,探讨了矿石成因及成矿过程。在浸染状矿石与海绵陨铁状矿石中,磁黄铁矿为单纯的六方(NC型)磁黄铁矿,或者六方与单斜(4C型)磁黄铁矿构成的不规则状交生体。这2类矿石中磁黄铁矿的成因很可能是岩(矿)浆中S含量低,且高温结晶后缓慢降温,后期又受到了富硫和/或高氧逸度流体的交代作用。在Ⅱ矿区块状矿石中,单斜与六方磁黄铁矿构成平行叶片状交生体,表明六方磁黄铁矿在高温下结晶后温度曾快速下降,这期间仅出溶了微量的黄铁矿,而当温度下降到254℃以下时,发生了六方磁黄铁矿中单斜磁黄铁矿出溶作用。磁黄铁矿的结晶类型、金属原子(Fe、Ni、Cu、Co)与硫原子比值M/S演化等佐证了块状矿石晚期贯入成因。依据Fe-S系统相图拟合曲线计算得到块状矿石中六方磁黄铁矿结晶温度为743~518℃,且在结晶过程中,硫逸度logf(S2)曾从0.427降至-3.767。     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）UHP岩石石英脉中磷灰石团块独居石出溶物的U-Th-Pb化学定年

CCSD主孔榴辉岩等UHP岩石石英脉中存在团块状到不规则脉体状的磷灰石集合体,显微镜下观察发现其中存在四种出溶物:磁铁矿和赤铁矿的连生体、赤铁矿、独居石和锶重晶石;出溶物的长轴和生长方向均基本平行于磷灰石之C轴,显示它们可能是基本同时出溶的。其中独居石出溶体多为菱形到板状自形晶体,宽约6—10μm,长约50～75μm。运用CHIME化学定年方法对CCSD磷灰石团块中的独居石出溶物进行了年代学研究,获得其Th-Pb等时线年龄为202±28．3Ma,表明磷灰石团块形成于榴辉岩在折返过程中的重结晶和退变质,时代为晚三叠世。该年龄可能也代表了CCSD中UHP岩石中包裹磷灰石团块的石英脉的形成时代。     

江苏青龙山磷灰石中出溶体的初步研究

最近的研究证实，在大别-苏鲁超高压变质带的多硅白云母榴辉岩和超基性岩中的磷灰石矿物内普遍发育有针柱状出溶晶体，初步研究证明这些出溶晶体多为各种硫化物：如黄铁矿、黄铜矿等。本文重点研究苏鲁青龙山地区的多硅白云母榴辉岩和退变榴辉岩中磷灰石内的出溶晶体，通过扫描电镜、电子探针和X-光能谱的线扫描分析，确认这些出溶晶体是铜的硫化物，并根据无标样定量的分析结果初步推测有可能是CuS2晶体。目前已知的CuS2晶体都是在高温高压（T=700-1000℃和P=4．5-5．0GPa）条件下人工合成的。这样的温压条件与青龙山榴辉岩的超高压变质条件是吻合的。在磷灰石中能保存超高压的硫化物，可能是由于磷灰石自身的稳定性和化学惰性。因此推测在超高压变质作用中，磷灰石晶体中易于保存硫化物出溶体与石榴石和绿辉石中易于保存柯石英和金刚石的作用相类似。     

CCSD主孔榴辉岩中磷灰石的矿物化学特征及对榴辉岩中F、Cl、Sr等元素地球化学行为的影响

为探讨榴辉岩中磷灰石的矿物化学特征及榴辉岩中某些相关元素的地球化学行为,对中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔500~540m深度的榴辉岩样品进行了岩石化学及磷灰石的矿物化学分析。这些榴辉岩具有不同的矿物组成和化学成分,并可据此分为上下两段,上段500~530m为正常榴辉岩,下段530~540m为高Ti榴辉岩和高Ti-Fe榴辉岩,其原岩可能为类似于辉长质和苦橄质的基性—超基性岩石。其中的磷灰石成分没有明显差别,均为氟—磷灰石,其富F贫Cl的特征可能是造成榴辉岩中高盐度流体包裹体和全岩高F低Cl的主要原因。磷灰石普遍含有一定的Sr、S、Fe元素,多数还含有Cu、Pb、Zn等元素。榴辉岩中P2O5含量与其F、Cl、Sr、S元素的相关程度表明,磷灰石是榴辉岩中F元素的最主要储存库,也是Sr元素的重要储存库之一,而对于Cl元素则只是部分控制,与S元素则没有相关性。榴辉岩中F、Sr及Cl元素的地球化学行为主要受控于磷灰石,因此,在榴辉岩从进变质—退变质过程中,这些元素的活动性直接受控于磷灰石的稳定性。     

云南羊拉铜矿床磁黄铁矿标型矿物学特征及成矿意义

羊拉铜矿床是三江成矿带中段重要的大型铜矿床之一,其矿床成因一直没有明确界定。里农矿段是羊拉铜矿床最主要的组成部分,该矿段矿石中黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿发育,其中,磁黄铁矿矿石是矿床中含量最高的硫化物矿石。本文选取里农矿段的磁黄铁矿矿石样品,利用矿相学、电子探针和X射线衍射对磁黄铁矿形态、成分和结构标型特征进行分析,探讨其形成环境和沉淀机制,为揭示矿床成因提供有效约束。研究结果表明:羊拉铜矿床矿体具有典型的矽卡岩型矿床特征,多呈层状、似层状产出,且与花岗闪长岩岩体关系密切,受花岗闪长岩岩体和大理岩、变质石英砂岩等地层以及断裂构造的共同控制;磁黄铁矿矿石呈铁黑色、古铜色、铜褐色,块状和浸染状构造;镜下为黄白色、黄褐色,无内反射色,非均质性不明显,他形-半自形粒状结构。局部可见磁黄铁矿被石英±黄铜矿±黄铁矿±方解石脉切断,也见闪锌矿中有乳滴状、叶片状黄铜矿发育。磁黄铁矿中Fe元素含量为59.25%~60.25%,平均为59.71%,S元素为39.10%~39.97%,平均39.52%,化学分子式为Fe6S7~Fe8S9;晶胞参数平均值为a0=11.912,b0=6.859,c0=12.813,磁黄铁矿的粉晶X射线衍射曲线呈强度大致相等的双峰,表明羊拉铜矿床的磁黄铁矿以单斜磁黄铁矿为主。据此判断该区成矿作用过程中富硫、并经历快速降温变化,非均匀应力作用使六方磁黄铁矿转化成了单斜磁黄铁矿;磁黄铁矿中的硫是以S2-的形式存在,在六方磁黄铁矿向单斜磁黄铁矿的转化过程中,磁黄铁矿晶格中的Fe离子略有减少,Fe1-xS的电负性稍有增加,还原性增强;在Fe-S相图中,磁黄铁矿位于单斜磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿共生相区,表明成矿温度在250℃左右。即羊拉铜矿床的磁黄铁矿主体是形成于富硫、非均匀应力、中温的还原环境。该区磁黄铁矿富Co贫Ni,Co/Ni值范围较大,分布于矽卡岩型铜矿床范围附近,与典型矽卡岩型铜矿有相似的矿床地质和矿物学特征,表明羊拉铜矿床属于矽卡岩型矿床。据此综合羊拉铜矿床的构造背景和地球化学特征,推断了其可能的成矿作用过程:晚三叠世早期,该区由挤压环境逐步转换为伸展环境,使得之前的一些逆断层叠加张性特点。含矿岩浆沿这些断裂裂隙上侵,与低温围岩(主要为里农组大理岩)接触并有大气降水的加入,使得岩浆及成矿热液快速降温。冷凝的岩浆和热液堵塞了围岩的裂隙,原本开放的环境逐渐变得封闭、高压和还原。后续岩浆在此封闭的环境中降低了冷凝速度,而在还原性条件下,流体中铜元素的溶解度比在氧化性流体中低,更有益于铜元素的沉淀成矿,从而形成羊拉铜矿。     

榴辉岩磷灰石中出溶体成因的一种新解释

目前,在大别-苏鲁榴辉岩的磷灰石中已经观察到多种出溶现象,出溶体矿物主要是独居石和铁、铜硫化物,个别有硅钍石[1]、铁氧化物和重晶石[2,3].对于出溶体现象的解释,一般认为是超高压变质条件下形成的磷灰石在退变质减压、降温作用以及氧逸度fO2变化下,其中的LREE与[PO4]3-结合形成独居石,而S、Fe、Cu等元素结合形成硫化物,并沿着一定的晶格方向出溶.     

攀西基性岩中共生的陨硫铁和磁黄铁矿的穆斯堡尔效应研究

使用穆斯堡尔效应研究攀西基性岩中共生的陨硫铁和磁黄铁矿。陨硫铁的分子式为Fe_(1.009)S,晶胞参数a_0=5.96,c_0=11.74,根据Wuensch表示法,可以把它归结为1B,1C型。与陨硫铁共生的磁黄铁矿的分子式为Fe_(0.892)S,属于六方磁黄铁矿。本文确定了共生的陨硫铁和磁黄铁矿的穆斯堡尔参数,它们的谱分别是由一组磁六线谱和三组磁六线谱组成。比较攀西陨硫铁和人工合成陨硫铁及陨石中陨硫铁,可以得出结论,它们之间没有明显差别。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861