中国青藏高原特提斯的形成与演化

青藏高原的形成是特提斯演化的结果。本文根据区域大地构造演化和沉积学证据,将青藏高原特提斯在时间上划分为3个阶段,即早期、中期和晚期。早期从震旦纪开始至奥陶-志留纪结束,这个阶段的大洋我们称作“原特提斯”。中期从泥盆纪开始至石炭-二叠纪结束,通常称这个大洋为“古特提斯”。晚期从二叠纪末、三叠纪初开始一直延续到第三纪早期,这个阶段的大洋通常被称作“新特提斯”。在空间上,青藏高原特提斯可以划分为3个区域相,即北区、中区和南区。上述3个阶段完全可以与空间上的3个区域相对应,原特提斯主要发育于北区,大洋消亡后的遗迹残留在青藏高原第5缝合带中,即西昆仑-阿尔金-北祁连缝合带。古特提斯主要发育于中区,大洋消亡后的遗迹残留在青藏高原第3、4缝合带中,即金沙江缝合带和昆仑南缘缝合带。新特提斯主要发育于南区,大洋主洋盆消亡后的遗迹残留在青藏高原第1缝合带中,即雅鲁藏布江缝合带,它的弧后盆地消亡后的遗迹残留在第2缝合带中,即班公湖-怒江缝合带。     

中国青藏高原特提斯的形成与演化

青藏高原的形成是特提斯演化的结果。本文根据区域大地构造演化和沉积学证据,将青藏高原特提斯在时间上划分为3个阶段,即早期、中期和晚期。早期从震旦纪开始至奥陶—志留纪结束,这个阶段的大洋我们称作"原特提斯"。中期从泥盆纪开始至石炭—二叠纪结束,通常称这个大洋为"古特提斯"。晚期从二叠纪末、三叠纪初开始一直延续到第三纪早期,这个阶段的大洋通常被称作"新特提斯"。在空间上,青藏高原特提斯可以划分为3个区域相,即北区、中区和南区。上述3个阶段完全可以与空间上的3个区域相对应,原特提斯主要发育于北区,大洋消亡后的遗迹残留在青藏高原第5缝合带中,即西昆仑—阿尔金—北祁连缝合带。古特提斯主要发育于中区,大洋消亡后的遗迹残留在青藏高原第3、4缝合带中,即金沙江缝合带和昆仑南缘缝合带。新特提斯主要发育于南区,大洋主洋盆消亡后的遗迹残留在青藏高原第1缝合带中,即雅鲁藏布江缝合带,它的弧后盆地消亡后的遗迹残留在第2缝合带中,即班公湖—怒江缝合带。     

FORMATION AND EUOLUTION OF TETHYS IN THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

FORMATION AND EUOLUTION OF TETHYS IN THE TIBETAN PLATEAU     

中国早石炭世四射珊瑚动物地理分区

 以中国主要地区早石炭世四射珊瑚化石资料为依据,采用传统的综合比较法与二态聚类分析方法相结合,把中国早石炭世四射珊瑚归为两大动物地理区,即特提斯大区和岗瓦纳大区,其中特提斯大区东部中国部分可再分为四个亚区:(1)华南亚区;(2)滇西亚区;(3)西南亚区;(5)北方亚区。     

中国早石炭世四射珊瑚动物地理分区

以中国主要地区早石炭世四射珊瑚化石资料为依据,采用传统的综合比较法与二态聚类分析方法相结合,把中国早石炭世四射珊瑚归为两大动物地理区,即特提斯大区和岗瓦纳大区,其中特提斯大区东部中国部分可再分为四个亚区:(1)华南亚区;(2)滇西亚区;(3)西南亚区;(5)北方亚区。     

复合成矿系统理论:揭开西南特提斯成矿之谜的关键

本文总结了"三江特提斯复合造山与成矿作用"和"中国西南特提斯典型复合成矿系统及其深部驱动机制"两轮国家重点基础研究发展规划项目研究进展及其重大突破,主要内容包括以下四个方面:(1)构建了西南特提斯从原特提斯、古特提斯、中特提斯到新特提斯增生-碰撞造山演化模式,揭示复合造山与构造体制转换机制;(2)创建复合成矿系统理论体系,揭示复合造山带巨量金属富集机理。通过对西南特提斯成矿域典型矿床系统剖析,厘定了增生造山海底喷流型Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag、增生-碰撞造山岩浆热液型Cu-Mo-Sn-W、碰撞造山盆地卤水-热液型Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu和碰撞造山斑岩-矽卡岩型Au-Cu-Mo四类复合成矿系统;(3)通过同位素地球化学、地球物理场和成矿系统等综合研究,分析了西南特提斯岩石圈结构以及大规模成矿作用,解析深部动力学机制和成矿机制;(4)构建矿床成因模式和勘查模型,理论指导找矿取得突破。     

Implication of the Middle Jurassic pholadomyoids of Kachchh in the palaeobiogeography of the Middle East and South Asia: A review

The Kachchh basin is known world over for its rich occurrence of the Middle to Late Jurassic mollusks. The Middle Jurassic sediments in Kachchh range in age from Bajocian (possibly Aalenian) to Callovian. Amongst the Middle Jurassic benthic communities of Kachchh, the pholadomyoid bivalves are one of the dominant groups in both diversity and number. These are represented by 13 genera and 30 constituent species. Distribution of these bivalves was much affected by the evolutionary history of the basin which has been created due to inundation by Tethys sea owing to the opening of Arabian sea sometime in Middle Jurassic. By and large these fauna are typical of the southern Hemisphere and belonged to east African biochore of the Tethyan realm or to the so called Ethiopian faunal province. Analyzing the (palaeo-) autecological behavior of the studied pholadomyoid bivalves and their distribution pattern, an attempt has been made to ascertain the usefulness of these pholadomyoids in evaluating the Middle Jurassic paleobiogeography.     

Enrichment of redox-sensitive trace metals (U,V, Mo,As) associated with the late Hauterivian Faraoni oceanic anoxic event

The Faraoni Level is a short-lived oxygen-deficient event that took place during the latest Hauterivian. In order to improve our understanding of the palaeoenvironmental conditions that occurred during this event, we have analysed the contents of several redox-sensitive trace elements (U, V, Mo, As, Co, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr) from bulk limestone samples of late Hauterivian–early Barremian age from three reference sections. U, V, Mo and As show consistent and significant enrichments during the Faraoni event whereas the other redox-sensitive trace elements analysed here are not systematically enriched. In order to explain this discrepant behaviour, we propose that the Faraoni Level was deposited during a period of anoxic conditions near the sediment–water interface. The distinctive peaks in U, V, Mo and As contents are traceable throughout the three studied sections and represent a good correlation tool which helps to identify the Faraoni Level and its equivalents in the western Tethyan realm and outside of the Tethys. For example, a peak in U contents in upper Hauterivian sediments of the northwestern Pacific realm (ODP leg 185, site 1149) may well be an expression of the Faraoni event in this particular basin.     

藏南深反射测线附近地表地质观察研究成果

本文简要介绍了ＩＮＤＥＰＴＨ项目地质组１９９４年和１９９５年间沿ＩＮＤＥＰＴＨ—Ｉ路线进行的野外填图工作的初步研究成果。它们是：①在帕里西北确定了高喜马拉雅与特提斯喜马拉雅之间拆离带的存在；③在帕里北发现了一套特提斯沉积，从而提出帕里西北的拆离带有可能穿过南北方向的亚东－谷露裂谷，而没有大规模错开；③在特提斯喜马拉雅带中确定了两条具一定规模的逆冲断裂；④发现康马穹窿存在两期构造变形，早期为上盘向北运动，晚期为横弯造穹作用。最后，结合深反射资料进一步讨论了康马穹窿与藏南拆离带之间的关系。     

海扇类（pectinoids）在侏罗纪原大西洋的古地理分布

海扇类（pectinoids (s.l)）是一类具浮游异养幼虫类型生态特征的表生双壳类。这种生态特征决定了其大部分组成分子具世界性分布。但是,在侏罗纪原大西洋地区海扇类中仍有不少属/亚属显示出地区性特征,其地理分布主要受纬度气候带控制,即显示出南北差异。这些地区性海扇贝类是认识侏罗纪生物地理分区的重要标志。主要分布于高纬度地区的北方型分子由Buchiidae、Pectinidae和Oxytomidae 3科的一些属/亚属组成,它们于中侏罗世晚期和晚侏罗世常见于格陵兰东部,往南止于英格兰南部,是北方生物区的重要代表。适于热带－亚热带的特提斯型分子分异度较高,组成分子来自Pectinidae,Spondylidae和Entoliidae 3科,主要分布于法国以南的较低纬度地区。但是,在特提斯海扩张时期,如侏罗纪巴通期,随着特提斯生物大区北界的北移,特提斯双壳类可散布至英格兰北部。     

Stratigraphic framework and calcareous nannofossil productivity of the Essaouira-Agadir Basin (Morocco) during the Aptian–Early Albian: Comparison with the north-Tethyan margin

In the southern Tethyan margin, the Essaouira-Agadir Basin (EAB), south of Morocco, exhibits well-exposed and fossiliferous sections of Aptian–Albian age. Biostratigraphy by ammonoids and sedimentological analysis have been realized for five sections located along an E-W transect in the EAB. The studied successions were dated from the latest Early Aptian to the Early Albian and are characterized by five major sedimentary discontinuities defining at least four main sedimentary sequences. The Late Aptian–Early Albian succession can be considered a gently westward-dipping ramp, marked by a deepening upward evolution. A quantitative study of calcareous nannofossils and calcium carbonate content has been performed on three of these sections. At this time, the EAB was located in the tropical-equatorial hot arid belt. The decrease in both calcium carbonate content and Nannoconus abundances at the Aptian–Albian transition could be the result of cooler climatic conditions recognized in the EAB, and/or of the associated increasing terrigenous input and nutrients, which hindered carbonate production. In the EAB, the nannofossil productivity is higher below the deposition of dark levels, which are coeval with the Niveau Paquier, recognized as the expression in southern France of the OAE 1b (Early Albian). During the Early Albian, the EAB was characterized by nannofossil fluxes two times lower than the upwelling-influenced Mazagan Plateau (southern Tethyan margin) and eight times lower than the Vocontian Basin (northern Tethyan margin). These results show that, with respect to the northern Tethyan margin, trophic conditions in sea surface waters of the pelagic realm of the southern Tethyan margin were lower. Comparable results obtained by Heldt et al. in the neritic realm of the southern Tethyan margin have been ascribed to more arid climatic conditions.     

特提斯成矿域主要金属矿床类型与成矿过程

作为全球三大巨型成矿域之一的特提斯成矿域目前尚缺少系统的研究和总结。特提斯构造带是欧亚大陆南部一条全球性纬向展布的构造带,夹持于东欧、哈萨克、塔里木、华北、扬子、印度支那地块和印度、阿拉伯、非洲板块之间,由若干个小陆块,如Anatolides、外高加索、Alborz、伊朗中部、鲁特、阿富汗、帕米尔、南羌塘、北羌塘、拉萨、保山、中缅马苏、西缅甸等,及陆块中间的造山带组成,是在晚古生代到新生代期间,古、新特提斯洋扩张与闭合过程中,历经两次大规模的板块俯冲、碰撞形成的。这一过程可主要概括为冈瓦纳大陆的裂解以及欧亚大陆的增生,其中欧亚主动大陆边缘和冈瓦纳被动大陆边缘起了主要的控制作用。特提斯成矿域复杂的地质演化过程注定了其成矿具多金属、多类型的特征,漫长的空间展布决定了其金属堆积的连续成带性,其中的一些重要成矿带全球著名。文章在特提斯成矿域中识别出了6种主要的成矿作用,分别形成斑岩型Cu-Mo-Au、与岩浆热液有关的Sn-W、岩浆型铬铁矿、VMS型Cu-Pb-Zn、浅成低温热液型Au-Hg-Sb及与沉积岩有关的Pb-Zn等矿床。这些矿床都是在洋盆扩张、洋陆俯冲、大陆碰撞等地球动力学背景中形成的。与环太平洋、古亚洲等增...     

PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF THE CENO-TETHYS: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM PELAGIC SEDIMENTS IN THE YARLUNG ZANGBO SUTURE ZONE, SOUTHERN TIBET

PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF THE CENO-TETHYS: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM PELAGIC SEDIMENTS IN THE YARLUNG ZANGBO SUTURE ZONE, SOUTHERN TIBET     

塔里木地块与古亚洲/特提斯构造体系的对接

塔里木盆地为环形山链所环绕,北缘为古亚洲体系的天山弧形山链,南缘为特提斯体系的西昆仑-阿尔金弧形山链。自新元古代晚期以来,塔里木地块及周缘地区经历了古亚洲洋盆和特提斯洋盆的开启、俯冲、闭合以及微陆块多次碰撞造山,发生多期的构造、岩浆及成矿作用。特别是受印度/亚洲碰撞(60~50Ma)以来的近程效应和远程效应影响,使塔里木盆地周缘发生强烈的隆升、缩短及走滑变形,形成了现今复杂的环型造山系,完成了古亚洲体系和特提斯体系与塔里木地块的最终对接。塔里木地块与周缘两大构造体系的焊接是从早古生代开始的。研究表明,早古生代末期塔里木已与西昆仑-阿尔金始特提斯造山系链接一起。此时,塔里木地块东段与中天山增生弧地体碰撞,而西段在晚古生代与中天山增生弧地体碰撞。塔里木盆地周缘早古生代造山系中存在早古生代中期和早古生代晚期的两次造山事件,致使塔里木盆地内映现两个早古生代构造不整合面:晚奥陶世-志留纪之间的角度不整合和中晚泥盆世与早古生代之间的角度不整合。塔里木盆地早古生代的古地理、古环境和古构造研究表明,塔里木早古生代台地位于盆地的中西部,盆地东部为陆缘斜坡和深海/半深海沉积盆地,与南天山早古生代被动陆缘链接。印度/亚洲碰撞导致塔里木盆地西南缘的喜马拉雅西构造结的形成与不断推进,使特提斯构造体系与古亚洲构造体系在西构造结处靠拢及对接,终使塔里木盆地最后定型。     

Diversity and stages in evolution of conodontophorids and bivalve mollusks in Triassic seas of Siberia and the Far East

Comparative analysis of taxonomic diversity dynamics of condontophorids from Boreal (Arctic regions of Russia) and Tethyan (Northwest Pacific) paleobasins showed that they had most favorable habitat environments in tropical seas. In the Boreal realm, condontophorids went through three stages of evolution comprising probably four substages and four phases, whereas three stages with six substages and twelve phases are distinguished in the Tethyan realm. The most important abiotic factors that controlled development of conodontophorids are paleotemperature of seawater and paleogeographic settings. Renewals in taxonomic composition conodontophorids and diversification of their assemblages have been confined to moments of paleotemperature and/or sea level rise. The comparative analysis of stages in evolution of conodontophorid and bivalve assemblages has been carried out. As is established, the peak taxonomic diversity of bivalves in Boreal seas was in the Late Triassic after the diversity minimum of the Early Triassic time. In contrast, conodontophorids were most diverse in the Olenekian Age.     

Paleogene events in Central Eurasia: their role in the flora and vegetation cover evolution,migration of phytochore boundaries,and climate changes

The flora and vegetation of Central Eurasia evolved in the Paleogene to a significant extent in line with the scenario similar to the Late Cretaceous one. The position of high-rank phytochores was controlled by the global climatic zonality, while development stages of the flora depended on interaction between the Arctic and Tethyan water masses and direction of atmospheric flows and were determined by principal geological and paleogeographic events in the Paleogene history of Central Eurasia. Five main stages are definable in development of the Paleogene flora: (1) early-middle Danian with the wide distribution of temperate-thermophilic floras in the middle and high latitudes and their westward and southward expansion from the Pacific and Arctic regions of the Boreal realm; (2) Late Paleocene-Early Eocene with the maximal advancement of the Tethyan flora to the high latitudes and northward migration of phytochore boundaries in response to intense water exchange between the Tethys and Atlantic oceans with its trade currents and atmospheric heat transfer directly from the tropical zone in absence of the Alpine-Himalayan orogen; (3) Lutetian with development of subtropical monsoon-type floras under influence of the water mass exchange between the Arctic Basin and Peritethys with the monsoon-induced currents and atmospheric heat transfer from the Peritethys under conditions of the restricted connection between the Central Asia basins and Tethys; (4) (?) late Lutetian-Priabonian reflecting the climate inversion due to isolation of the West Siberian Sea from the Arctic Basin against the background of its continuing connection with the Peritethys; the formation of the semiclosed West Siberian Sea at that time was accompanied by development of a climate with humid winters, hot dry summers, and deficiency of average annual precipitation in the middle latitudes of Central Eurasia, where luxuriant subtropical Quercus-Laurus forests with Castanopsis that prevailed at the preceding stage were replaced by sclerophyllous arboreal-frutescent maquis; (5) Oligocene marked by the formation of the temperate deciduous mesophyllous coniferous-broad-leaved Turgai flora after definitive desiccation of the West Siberian Sea and Turgai Seaway due to global regression induced by glaciation (transition from the “warm” to “cold” biosphere).     

Tethyan-to-boreal correlation in the Kimmeridgian using high-resolution sequence stratigraphy (Vocontian Basin,Swiss Jura,Boulonnais, Dorset)

Ammonite biostratigraphy plays a central role in the definition of Jurassic stratigraphy. Nevertheless, the strong provincialism of European ammonite species during the Kimmeridgian is a long-standing problem in correlation attempts between the boreal and Tethyan faunal realms. Moreover, the sequence-stratigraphic interpretations for northern and southern Europe given in the Jurassic chronostratigraphic chart of Hardenbol et al. in SEPM Publ. 60 (chart) (1998) are different. The present study aims to resolve this correlation problem in order to better understand the connections between the boreal and the Tethyan realms during the Kimmeridgian. A sedimentological and high-resolution sequence-stratigraphic interpretation is presented for two unpublished sections (Cras d’Hermont and Roche de Mars) in the northern Swiss Jura, where recently discovered ammonites display both boreal and Tethyan influences. Then, these sections are correlated with the same time interval in the central Swiss Jura and Vocontian Basin, which belong to the Tethyan realm. Lastly, a long-distance transect is constructed between the Vocontian Basin, Swiss Jura, northern France, and southern England, the last two areas being part of the sub-boreal realm. The main results of this work are that: (1) third-order depositional sequences, and also higher-frequency sequences, can be correlated from the Tethyan to the boreal realm; (2) the sequence-stratigraphic interpretation given by Hardenbol et al. in SEPM Publ 60 (chart) (1998) for northern Europe seems to be accurate and agrees with the sequence-stratigraphic framework established in the Swiss Jura; (3) the Late Kimmeridgian of the Swiss Jura displays boreal influences; (4) integrated high-resolution sequence-stratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic studies are a valuable approach for bridging the correlation gap between northern and southern Europe.     

西南三江造山带地层区划

西南三江为一复杂造山带,由特提斯大洋板块的怒江-孟连主大洋及欧亚大陆板块的扬子陆块大陆边缘弧盆系、冈瓦纳大陆板块北缘弧盆系构成。随着特提斯大洋怒江-孟连洋俯冲、消亡,后板块发生碰撞、走滑及岩浆岩侵位等,形成了现今由板块缝合带、增生杂岩带构成的西南三江造山带,造就了复杂的地层系统,包含史密斯地层、有限史密斯地层,非史密斯地层。本文突破"传统地层学"概念,按"构造地层学"的现代地层学概念建立了西南三江地层格架,划分出欧亚大陆板块的北羌塘-三江地层大区、特提斯大洋板块的班公湖-怒江-孟连构造-地层大区、冈瓦纳大陆板块的冈底斯-腾冲地层区。     

Palynostratigraphy of a Jurassic–Cretaceous transitional succession in the Himalayan Tethys,southern Xizang (Tibet), China

A palynological analysis of a Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous succession in the Himalayan Tethys, Gyangzê County, southern Xizang (Tibet) provides, for the first time, evidence of changing palynofloras through the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary. Species that are stratigraphically important and potential markers for delineating the boundary include both miospores and dinoflagellate cysts. The presence of the spores Crybelosporites sp. cf. stylosus, Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis, Jiaohepollis verus and Toroisporis welzowense and the cysts Cassiculosphaeridia delicata and Rhynchodiniopsis serrata imply that the J/K boundary is between samples 06-21-1 and 06-21-3. The occurrence of Aequitriradites spinulosus and Cicatricosisporites spp. a little below this level and of ?Dictyotosporites sp. cf. speciosus slightly above it is also significant. These results show that it is possible to locate the J/K boundary in the Himalayan Tethys near top of the Weimei Formation and the lower part of the Gyabula Formation in southern Xizang. This succession also contains various marine invertebrate fossils, including ammonites, bivalves and belemnites, and thus has considerable potential for erecting an integrated biostratigraphy around the J/K boundary in the eastern Tethyan realm. Palynofloristic correlation implies a more northerly location for the fossil locality at Gyangzê than that of northwest Australia during the latest Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous, which can be further constrained to around 43°S.     

青藏高原羌塘地区果干加年山—荣玛乡一带石炭纪—二叠纪古生物研究新进展

在羌塘中部大沙河-果干加年山剖面展金岩群中发现珊瑚化石赫氏鲍斯维耳剌毛虫Chatetes(Boswellia)heritschi Sokolov,说明展金岩群中存在晚石炭世的生物时代证据。但是该化石并不是属于冈瓦纳冷水生物区的,而是来自温水环境的特提斯型生物区。在荣玛乡黑石山剖面中发现大量中二叠世科化石,既出现典型的冈瓦纳相冷水生物,如Wannerophyllam、Monodiexo-dina等,也存在大量暖水型的生物,如田氏朱森Chusenella tieni Chen、散尔多希瓦格Schwagerina sanerduoensis Nieet Song、假孙氏假纺锤Pseudofusulina pseudosuni Sheng等。化石特征属于冈瓦纳相与特提斯相的混合类型。研究表明,羌塘中部的喀喇昆仑—龙木错—双湖一带是石炭纪、二叠纪冈瓦纳和特提斯生物混生区,不存在明显的生物大区界线。推测龙木错-双湖蛇绿岩带所代表的洋盆可能仅为特提斯南缘弧盆系统中的小盆地。