兰州马衔山北缘断裂带的新活动特征

通过详细地质填图研究获得了兰州马衔山北缘断裂带的几何学、新活动性、断错微地貌及滑动速率等的定量资料。马衔山北缘断裂为一条历史悠久的区域性活动断裂 ,其几何形态较简单 ,总体走向N6 0°W ,全长约 115 .5km。根据断裂分叉、拐弯及不连续阶区等几何特征和活动性的差异 ,大致可以将该断裂划分为 4条次级断层段 ,自东向西分别称为内官营段、马衔山段、七道梁段和雾宿山段。断裂的新活动具分段性 ,其中的内官营段为具逆断特性的晚更新世活动段 ,而马衔山段、七道梁段和雾宿山段均为全新世活动段。该断裂早期具逆断特性 ,大约自中更新世以来以左旋走滑为主兼具倾滑运动分量 ,形成了一系列山脊、冲沟、阶地等的左旋断错 ,断距几米至几百米。沿断裂带的水平位移具分组现象 ,可能反映了断裂的黏滑活动特性。根据Ⅰ ,Ⅱ级阶地的左旋断错值及其年代 ,得到了马衔山北缘断裂带晚更新世以来的平均水平滑动速率约为 3.73mm/a。同时沿断裂带还保存有断崖和断坎等 ,其中Ⅰ级阶地上的断坎高 1～ 1.5m左右     

玉龙雪山周缘主要断裂的断层泥中石英碎砾表面SEM特征与丽江地震

对玉龙雪山周缘6条主要断裂的考察及活动年代研究结果表明：其主要活动年代为晚更新世,全新世仍明显活动的断裂只有玉龙雪山东麓山前断裂(F2),其它5条断裂均不活动或活动较弱。1996年丽江7级地震的发震构造为玉龙雪山东麓山前断裂(F2),其地震地表破裂面上、断层泥中石英碎砾约5％的颗粒表面被再改造;断裂最新地表破裂面上的构造岩物质,热释光(TL)测年信号并未“归零”。     

蒙古阿尔泰东缘新发现的地震地表破裂带

阿尔泰构造带的活动断裂主要为NW—NNW向。按构造位置可分为阿尔泰西缘活动断裂带、阿尔泰中央活动断裂带和阿尔泰东缘活动断裂带。阿尔泰东缘活动构造带由科布多(Hovd)活动断裂带、哈尔乌苏湖(Har Us)活动断裂带2条大型右旋走滑活动断裂和中间的挤压盆地带构成。在2条走滑断裂带上,前人发现多处地震地表破裂带。通过对阿尔泰东缘构造带中南段地区的野外调查,在哈尔乌苏湖断裂带中段的Jargalant断裂、科布多断裂带南段的Tugen gol断裂上新发现地震地表破裂带。其中,沿Jargalant断裂地震地表破裂带长约50km,右旋位错量约4~5m,是一次规模大、活动较新的破裂事件。可见,在阿尔泰东缘活动断裂带的不同断裂段上均有保存较好的地震地表破裂,显示阿尔泰东缘是活动强烈的地震构造带     

Comparison of seismotectonic peculiarities of Altai Mountains and Mongolian Altai

The paleoseismogeological studies within the two representative segments of fold systems in the Altai mobile belt (Altai Mountains and Mongolian Altai) have been carried out. These studies revealed the primary seismodislocations (seismic ruptures) of both the ancient historic and prehistoric strongest earthquakes. Based on amplitudes of single displacements (reverse fault and normal fault motions were 0.5–1.6 m) and with the significant strike slip component (more than 1.5 m) taken into account, the magnitude of ancient events in the Altai Mountains was determined at approximately 7.5. The recurrence period is 1400 years on average for the M = 7.0 events and 2100 years for the M = 7.5 ones. In the western Mongolian Altai, reverse fault motions were up to 2 m, corresponding to an earthquake magnitude of about 8.0 (an analog with the 1931 Fuyun earthquake). The recurrence period for the strongest earthquakes in Mongolian Altai was longer than that for the Altai Mountains, about 3000 years. This can be explained by higher magnitude values for western Mongolian Altai. It also can be concluded that the seismic regimes of the Altai Mountains and Mongolian Altai remained almost unchanged during the entire Holocene.     

云南中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段古地震初步研究

中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段位于哈巴雪山北麓及玉龙雪山以北的大具盆地内,总体走向310°～320°,根据卫星影像解译和详细的野外地质地貌调查,认为中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段自第四纪以来长期活动,横跨断裂的水系右旋位错量可分为8.5～12m、22m左右、47m左右、200～280m、500～510m和1000m左右6个等级。在大具盆地内发现了长约600m的地震地表破裂带,这是该断层段在全新世活动的直接地质证据,在破裂带南东端附近开挖的探槽揭示出自晚更新世以来断裂存在三期活动,可能对应3次地震事件,结合前人在该断裂段获得的地质剖面和断错地貌面测年结果,分析认为马家村-大具段自晚更新世以来至少发生了3次古地震事件,发生时间分别为4910～45 a BP、7000 a BP左右和32.93～19.96ka BP,利用垂直同震位移值估算了水平同震位移量,最终得出每次地震事件的震级为7.5级左右。     

TECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BAOTOU UPLIFT IN HETAO DEPRESSION ZONE

The Hetao depression zone, located to the north of Ordos block, is a complex depression basin that consists of two sub-uplifts and three sub-depressions. The depression zone is subject to the regional extensional stress field driven by the Indo-Asian continental collision and the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate. The Baotou uplift that separates the Baiyanhua sub-depression and Huhe sub-depression is mainly composed of Archean gneiss and is overlaid by Quaternary sedimentary strata. The two sub-depressions are bordered by the Wula Mountains and Daqing Mountains to the north, respectively. The bedrock exhumed in Wula Mountains and Daqing Mountains consists mostly of Precambrian granitic gneiss, and the piedmont depressions are infilled by thick Cenozoic strata. The Wulashan piedmont fault and Daqingshan piedmont fault extend along the range front of Wula Mountains and Daqing Mountains, respectively. The subsidence is controlled by the two boundary faults. Previous studies have preliminarily documented the characteristics of the northwest boundary fault of Baotou uplift. Combining shallow seismic exploration, active fault mapping, and geological drilling, this paper presents a detailed study on the tectonic characteristics of the Baotou uplift. The shallow seismic exploration reveals that the Baotou uplift is an asymmetrical wedge with a steep southeast wing and a gentle dipping northwest wing. The Baotou uplift is wider in the northeastern part and narrows down towards the southwest. In seismic profiles, the Baiyanhua sub-depression and the Huhe sub-depression manifest as asymmetric dustpan-like depressions with south-dipping controlling faults. Baotou uplift is bounded by the Xishawan-Xingsheng Fault to the northwest and Daqingshan piedmont fault to the southeast. The two faults exhibit significant difference in many aspects, such as fault geometry, fault displacement, the latest active time, and so on. The southeast boundary fault of Baotou uplift is the Baotou section of the Daqingshan piedmont fault which is a Holocene active fault and the major boundary fault of Huhe sub-depression. East of Wanshuiquan, the fault strikes EW-NEE; west of Wanshuiquan, the strike changes to NW. The Daqingshan piedmont fault appears as a south-dipping listric fault in seismic profiles whose dip decreases with depth and cuts through all the sedimentary strata in Huhe sub-depression; the fault extends along the late Pleistocene lacustrine platform at surface with prominent geomorphological evidences. The Xishawan-Xingsheng Fault is a buried high-angle normal fault that mainly dips to the northwest and strikes NE. The fault strike changes to NNE at the eastern tip. Based on the results of seismic exploration and geological drilling, the Xishawan-Xingsheng buried fault is an early to middle Pleistocene Fault capped by late Pleistocene lacustrine strata. We reckon that the Xishawan-Xingsheng Fault is one of the synthetic faults that dip towards the main boundary fault of Baiyanhua sub-depression. Similarities in lithology, geometry, and structural characteristics of south boundary faults all indicate that Baotou uplift is the western extension of Daqing Mountains. Multiple factors may contribute to the formation of Baotou uplift, such as tectonic subsidence and the development of large-scale river system and mega-lake. We suggest that the upwelling of asthenosphere may play a primary role in the evolution of Wulanshan piedmont fault and Daqingshan piedmont fault. Separated by the Baotou uplift, the Wulashan piedmont fault and Daqingshan piedmont fault can be regarded as independent seismogenic faults. The Hetao depression zone is featured by complex inner structures, and many scientific issues are subject to further researches. Thus, more attention should be paid to the secondary structures within the depression zone for a better understanding on the formation and evolution of Hetao depression zone.     

昌马盆地内发现活动正断层

昌马盆地为祁连山西端的山间盆地,前人一直关注其周边断裂(如昌马断裂)的构造变形,盆地内部变形则鲜有研究。基于遥感解译和野外考察、探槽开挖、差分GPS和放射性碳(¹⁴C)测年等方法,发现昌马盆地西北部的一条活动断层。断层长约4 km,总体走向NEE,倾向SE,倾角陡立,断层地貌表现为陡坎、复陡坎、断层沟槽等,陡坎高度0～5.6 m,由WS向NE逐渐增大。断层运动性质以正断为主,最新活动时代为全新世,并识别出2期古地震事件：6 670～6 885 a B.P.和26 330～26 915 a B.P.。研究结果表明,在青藏高原东北缘向NE方向挤压扩展的背景下,祁连山造山带发生NW-SE向伸展,导致其西端受到SE向拉张作用而形成正断层。     

太行山南缘断裂带新构造活动及其区域运动学意义

基于TM遥感影像的构造地貌解译和野外活动断层滑动矢量的测量和分析 ,阐述了太行山南缘断裂带第四纪左旋走滑活动的构造和地貌标志 ,反演了断裂变形的构造应力场 ,探讨了太行山南缘断裂带左旋走滑活动的区域运动学意义。研究表明 ,第四纪时期太行山南缘断裂带是一条斜张左旋走滑断裂。断层滑动矢量观测显示新近纪以来有 2期引张应力作用 :早期为NE -SW向引张 ,晚期为NNW -SSE向引张 ,这个观测结果与渭河地堑盆地的新近纪—第四纪 2期引张构造应力场一致。根据华北盆地构造资料推断 ,太行山南缘断裂带向东延伸与盆地内的泌阳 -开封 -商丘断陷带相接 ,共同构成了南华北和北华北 2个断陷区的构造边界。指出该断裂带作为南华北块体北缘 ,其新构造时期的斜张左旋走滑活动与南部秦岭断裂系左旋走滑活动一致 ,它们组成了一个宽阔的、向东撒开的、弥散型分布的左旋走滑形变带 ,调节着华南地块相对于华北地块向SEE方向的构造挤出     

太行山断裂带南端的地震纵波速度结构分析

断裂构造的活动是地震的成因之一。断裂构造上的小震速度结构分布为人们准确提供了地下壳质结构模型,为断裂的活动性分析提供了依据。文中结合太行山南端的地震台网监测资料,利用小震P波走时数据,通过震源和速度结构的联合反演,确定了太行山断裂构造南端的三维速度结构模型。结果表明: 太行山山前断裂带的西侧存在NNE向断层,速度结构平面分布显示低速区沿断裂带呈条带状分布,太行山隆起区沉积层厚度由8km左右逐渐减薄为2km左右,同时受西侧作用力的影响地壳厚度逐渐增厚。     

Lithospheric structure and faulting characteristics of the Helan Mountains and Yinchuan Basin:Results of deep seismic reflection profiling

The Helan Mountains and Yinchuan Basin(HM-YB) are located at the northern end of the North-South tectonic belt,and form an intraplate tectonic deformation zone in the western margin of the North China Craton(NCC).The HM-YB has a complicated history of formation and evolution,and is tectonically active at the present day.It has played a dominant role in the complex geological structure and modern earthquake activities of the region.A 135-km-long deep seismic reflection profile across the HM-YB was acquired in early 2014,which provides detailed information of the lithospheric structure and faulting characteristics from near-surface to various depths in the region.The results show that the Moho gradually deepens from east to west in the depth range of 40-48 km along the profile.Significant differences are present in the crustal structure of different tectonic units,including in the distribution of seismic velocities,depths of intra-crustal discontinuities and undulation pattern of the Moho.The deep seismic reflection profile further reveals distinct structural characteristics on the opposite sides of the Helan Mountains.To the east,The Yellow River fault,the eastern piedmont fault of the Helan Mountains,as well as multiple buried faults within the Yinchuan Basin are all normal faults and still active since the Quaternary.These faults have controlled the Cenozoic sedimentation of the basin,and display a "negative-flower" structure in the profile.To the west,the Bayanhaote fault and the western piedmont fault of the Helan Mountains are east-dipping thrust faults,which caused folding,thrusting,and structural deformation in the Mesozoic stratum of the Helan Mountains uplift zone.A deep-penetrating fault is identified in the western side of the Yinchuan Basin.It has a steep inclination cutting through the middle-lower crust and the Moho,and may be connected to the two groups of faults in the upper crust.This set of deep and shallow fault system consists of both strike-slip,thrust,and normal faults formed over different eras,and provides the key tectonic conditions for the basin-mountains coupling,crustal deformation and crust-mantle interactions in the region.The other important phenomenon revealed from the results of deep seismic reflection profiling is the presence of a strong upper mantle reflection(UMR) at a depth of 82-92 km beneath the HM-YB,indicating the existence of a rapid velocity variation or a velocity discontinuity in that depth range.This is possibly a sign of vertical structural inhomogeneity in the upper mantle of the region.The seismic results presented here provide new clues and observational bases for further study of the deep structure,structural differences among various blocks and the tectonic relationship between deep and shallow processes in the western NCC.     

The Rotational Structure along the Eastern Segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault and Its Implications in Dynamics

As a result of the left-lateral strike-slipping of the Altyn Tagh fault in Neotectonic period, a contra-rotational structure, namely the Zhaobishan vortex structure, has developed at the juncture of the main Altyn Tagh fault and the northern fringe fault of the Qilian Mountains.Preliminary analysis on the deformation and evolution of the Zhaobishan vortex structure. In combination with the previous data, suggests that the tectonic transform between the Altyn Tagh fault and the northern fringe fault of the Qilian Mountains attributes to the deformation of the rotational structure. The existence of a series of rotational structures along the Altyn Tagh fault and on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) plateau indicate that as the substance in the northern Qinghal-Xizang (Tibet) plateau moves clockwise around the eastern tectonic knot of the Himalayas, rotational structures become the principal mode on the northern marginal zone of the Plateau of transforming and absorbing tectonic deformation.     

1906年新疆玛纳斯大震区的多层次逆冲构造与深部结构

通过对天山北麓 190 6年玛纳斯 7 7级地震区的浅层地震探测资料、石油地震反射剖面、二维电性结构剖面、深地震反射剖面的研究 ,发现玛纳斯地震区多层次活动构造系统的根带 ,它通过脆 -韧转换带与天山活动构造块体内上地壳中的低速、高导层连为一体。低速、高导层可能是天山地壳内正在活动的韧性剪切带 ,而齐古逆断裂 -褶皱带下的脆 -韧转换带是连接深部活动韧性剪切带与地壳浅部脆性破裂的枢纽 ,也是现今孕育和发生大地震的重要构造部位。 190 6年玛纳斯地震发生在脆韧转换带的底部 ,地震区的活动逆断裂和褶皱只是部分记录了深部韧性剪切带活动的信息     

阿尔金断裂东端的旋转构造及其动力学意义

在阿尔金主断裂与祁连山北缘断裂的交汇部位，发育一个反时针旋转构造——照壁山旋转构造，它是新构造运动期阿尔金断裂左行走滑运动的结果。结合前人资料，对照壁山旋转构造变形及其发育过程进行了初步分析，认为阿尔金断裂与祁连山北缘断裂的构造转换是通过旋转构造变形来实现的。沿阿尔金断裂一系列旋转构造的存在和青藏高原东北缘旋转构造的发育表明，伴随青藏高原北部物质绕喜马拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转运动，使旋转构造成为高原北部边缘带转换、吸收构造变形的重要表现形式。     

柯坪塔格推覆体的新生代变形与扩展

柯坪塔格推覆体位于天山西南麓。新生代以来,由于印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞,天山晚古生代褶皱和断裂构造重新复活隆起,并向南北两侧推挤,在前陆盆地中渐进式地形成多排褶皱-逆断裂带。文中讨论了皮羌近SN向断裂带以西推覆体的新生代变形与扩展特征。结果表明,推覆体的新生代变形为波浪式差异性隆起。从天山南侧到塔里木盆地方向,构成推覆体的各排褶皱-逆断裂带的形成顺序有先后之分,早期形成的靠近天山,晚期形成的靠近塔里木盆地,反映推覆体在形成过程中由北向南的扩展,其扩展距离最大约76km。除此之外,各排褶皱-逆断裂带前缘都由多条断裂组成,它们与褶皱伴生,具有不同的形成和新活动时代。早期形成的断裂靠近山地一侧,晚期形成的断裂靠近盆地一侧,反映褶皱-逆断裂带单排前缘断裂也具有由北向南扩展的性质,其扩展距离为100~500m。最后,对推覆体扩展的形成机制进行了讨论     

活动推覆构造区潜在震源的边界和震级上限——以1902年阿图什8(1/4)级地震构造区为例

1902年阿图什81/4级地震发生在西南天山山前推覆构造体中,逆冲推覆构造由推覆体的根部断裂、推覆体、滑脱断层和前缘逆断裂-褶皱等组成,大地震的发震断裂往往是推覆构造的根部断裂,而地震地表破裂和同震褶皱隆起则位于山前逆断层-褶皱带内。高震级的潜在震源区(MU7.5)对应于低速的天山地块和高速的塔里木地块之间的根带断裂,其长度对应于推覆体根带断裂的长度,宽度对应于根带隐伏逆冲断裂在地表的投影宽度。推覆体前缘的每个活动逆断裂-背斜对应于一个潜在震源(MU≤7.5),其长度与活动逆断裂-背斜的长度相等,宽度应覆盖活动褶皱的两翼。潜在震源的矩震级上限由W-C统计关系式确定,其中发震断裂的面积为活动褶皱的长度与隐伏断坡宽度的乘积。     

新疆南天山库车坳陷晚第四纪以来地壳缩短速率的初步研究

库车坳陷是南天山中段新构造运动异常强烈的地区,发育4排近EW向展布的逆断裂-背斜带。通过野外实地考察及前人资料分析,认为该区晚第四纪以来的构造变形主要集中于喀桑托开逆断裂-背斜带、秋里塔格逆断裂-背斜带和最南缘的亚肯逆断裂-背斜带之上,而且不同构造带之间的变形方式存在较大差异。作者利用全站仪(total station)对上述构造带的变形地貌进行了精确测量,并结合年代学分析,得到喀桑托开逆断裂-背斜的地壳缩短速率为1·0~2·0mm/a,秋里塔格逆断裂-背斜带的地壳缩短速率为2·5~3·0mm/a,亚肯盲逆断裂-背斜的地壳缩短速率为1·5~2·0mm/a。晚第四纪以来,库车坳陷SN向总的地壳缩短速率不<5·0~7·0mm/a     

中秦岭地带重力异常特征及地壳结构的探榷

对陕西榆林—重庆鱼泉综合地球物理大断面中在陕西户县经中秦岭至镇巴测段的重力场给以分析和探讨.文中给出了中秦岭造山带（或中秦岭块体） 的地壳密度结构、Moho界面深度与山根构造特征.并重点分析研究了本测段的重力异常在其地壳结构与构造解释中所明显反应的断裂构造（带）.即中秦岭北侧断裂构造带;中秦岭中部断裂构造系;中秦岭南侧的宁陕断裂构造带;安康（石泉西南）断裂构造带;芭蕉口断裂构造;城口断裂构造带北延段;镇巴断裂构造带;鱼渡断裂构造和铁溪断裂构造.并对各断裂构造带对应的重力异常段计算其水平方向导数V_xz,给出了断裂构造的分布位置、形态、倾向等要素.最后从重力学角度对中秦岭造山带的地壳结构与断裂构造具有的衔接与过渡特征作了相应的探搉.     

阴洼山断裂全新世活动特征与年代学研究

阴洼山断裂属于河西走廊内的断裂带,位于嘉峪关以西28km的阴洼山北侧及附近,呈NW向延伸,长25km,自NW向SE具有活动时代逐渐变新的特点。其西北段仅切错了白垩系和上新统,中段则切错到上更新统(被断最新坡积物22.4kaBP,覆盖坡积物8.6kaBP),而东南段切错了全新统(断层楔堆积物4.8～5.1kaBP)。断裂的活动性质在剖面上表现为西南盘上升、东北盘下降的相对位移,而平面上为右行的走滑。该断裂在晚更新世末(10～11kaBP左右)和全新世中期(5kaBP左右)发生过2次明显的新活动     

Body waveform inversion for the source process of the February 3, 1996 Lijiang, Yunnan earthquake

The source process of February 3, 1996 Lijiang earthquake in Yunnan was studied by body waveform inversion using teleseismic data from IRIS. Two normal double-couple subevents with different strikes were obtained. The difference of the onset time between these two subevents, which are 15 km apart in space, is 7 s. The total seismic moment is 3.81 × 10¹⁸ Nm (M _w=6.3). The total fault area S is about 720 km² from the aftershock data and the average dislocation is about ū=0.18 m. Considering both the result of inversion and tectonic environment around the source, the first rupture might result from the extension along the NNW directed Zhongdian-Yongsheng fault belt where an earthquake of M=6.4 occurred in 1966. Then, the second started along the NE directed the eastern foot of Snow Mountain fault where rupture seemed to be able to propagate more easily.     

南天山柯坪塔格推覆体前缘断裂活动性质及速率

柯坪塔格推覆体位于天山西南麓,由多排NEE—EW向的褶皱-逆断裂带组成。文中介绍了皮羌—巴楚磷矿以西3排褶皱-逆断裂带前缘断裂的活动性质及速率。新获资料表明,各排褶皱-逆断裂带前缘皆由多条断裂构成,都具典型的逆断层性质。其中最新活动断裂位于褶皱-逆断裂带的最前缘,活动时代为晚更新世—全新世。它们切割冲沟T0、T1、T2、T3阶地堆积,形成不同高度的断层陡坎。根据陡坎剖面测量和年龄样品测试,求得T0面形成以来断裂的垂直位移量、位移速率、地壳缩短量和缩短速率分别是0.9～1.1m、0.53～0.65mm/a、1.93～2.56m和1.14～1.52mm/a;T1面形成以来分别是1.4～1.8m、0.36～0.46mm/a、3.00～3.86m和0.77～0.99mm/a;T2面形成以来分别是2.1～3m、0.31～0.45mm/a、4.50～6.98m和0.67～1.04mm/a;T3面形成以来分别是3.4～4.2m、0.28～0.35mm/a、7.29～9.22m和0.61～0.77mm/a。根据T0面形成以来的缩短量和缩短速率,计算柯坪塔格推覆体约1.7ka以来总的地壳缩短量是9.65～12.80m,缩短速率