江苏观山铜铅金矿床成矿流体地球化学和成因

观山铜铅金矿矿石中含有4种类型的流体包裹体:(Ⅰ)纯液相水溶液包裹体;(Ⅱ)富液相气液两相水溶液包裹体;(Ⅲ)富气相气液两相水溶液包裹体;(Ⅳ)纯气相包裹体。它们的气相分数变化较大,显示成矿过程中可能发生过沸腾作用。流体包裹体的显微测温结果显示,成矿流体的冰点温度为-0.3℃~-4.7℃,流体盐度w(NaCleq)变化范围为0.48%~7.39%,均一温度为133~304℃,对应流体密度为0.70~0.98g/cm3。同位素测定显示成矿流体的氢氧同位素组成分别为δD水=-81.0‰~-90.0‰,δ18O水=0.1‰~2.3‰,说明成矿流体主要为大气降水,但在矿体深部可能有少量岩浆水的加入。热液方解石碳同位素δ13C方解石=-1.2‰~2.9‰,显示其中的C主要来源于流体对流循环过程中对基底岩石中碳酸盐地层的溶解。综合成矿地质特征、成矿流体的证据与围岩蚀变类型,初步推断观山铜铅金矿为高硫型浅成低温热液金属矿床,沸腾作用可能是引起矿质发生沉淀富集成矿的重要因素之一。     

湘中锑矿带断裂体系分维及其对成矿流体运移和矿床定位的指示作用

根据分形理论计算了湘中各锑矿带断裂体系的计盒维数和信息维数。通过对各矿带断裂体系分维特征与锑矿分布之间关系的分析,发现断裂体系的分维高值区与锑矿分布密集区相对应,这不仅表明断裂是成矿流体运移的主要通道,同时也表明断裂体系分维特征是定量描述锑矿床定位及成矿流体运移,聚集条件的一个重要参数。     

黑龙江金厂岩浆穹隆内金矿体成矿流体地球化学及其矿床成因探讨

黑龙江金厂金矿是一大型金矿床，近年来又在矿区的岩浆穹隆内发现了层状金矿体。文章主要对其中ZK04钻孔石英的流体包裹体进行研究。文象花岗岩、石英晶洞以及伟晶结构，石英中富气、富液、熔流和熔体包裹体，包裹体中黄铜矿和黄铁矿等子矿物等证据表明，岩浆演化过程中曾发生了流体出溶，这将有利于Au、Cu等成矿元素的迁移、富集和成矿。表明岩体具有良好的成矿潜力。成矿流体呈现高盐度和高温和具有沸腾的特征。推断岩浆穹隆构造内的金矿可能具有斑岩Au、Cu矿床的特征。     

Study on the multi-sources of ore-forming materials and ore-forming fluids in the Huize lead-zinc ore deposit

TheHuizelarge sizedPb ZndepositinYunnan ProvinceislocatedinthecenteroftheSichuan Yun nan GuizhouPb Zn Agpolymetalmineralizationzone(SYGPb ZnMMD)inwesternYangtzePlateandis oneofthefamousPb Zn GebasesinChina(Wang Jiangzhenetal.,2003;WangXiaochunetal.,2000).Thisdeposit,whichischaracterizedbylarge scale(Pb+Znmetallicreservesarehigherthan5mil liontons),highPb+Zngrade(thePb+Zngradesof mostoresare25%-35%),highabundanceofuseful associatedelements(Ag,Ge,Cd,Ga,etc.)and someimportantbreakt…     

Deep fluids in subduction zones

The fluid inclusions preserved in high and ultrahigh pressure rocks provide direct information on the compositions of fluid phases evolved during subduction zone metamorphism, and on fluid–rock interactions occurring in such deep environments. Recent experiments and petrologic studies of eclogite–facies rocks demonstrate that stability of a number of hydrous phases in all rock systems allows fluid transport into the mantle sources of arc magmas, as well as into much deeper levels of the Earth's mantle. In eclogite–facies rocks, the presence of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earths (LREE)-bearing hydrous phases such as epidote and lawsonite, together with HFSE repositories as rutile and other Ti-rich minerals, controls the trace element budget of evolved fluids and fluid-mediated cycling of slab components into the overlying mantle.

Studies of fluid inclusions in eclogite–facies terrains suggest that subduction mainly evolves aqueous solutions, melts being produced only locally. Eclogite-facies rocks diffusely record processes of fluid–melt–rock interactions that exerted considerable control on the element and volatile budget of subduction fluids. Trace element fractionation during such interactions needs to be tested and quantified in more detail to achieve the ultimate compositions actually attained by fluids leaving off the slab. Variably saline inclusions with minor CO₂ and N₂ are trapped in rock-forming high pressure minerals; brines with up to 50% by weight dissolved solute are diffusely found in veins. The latter inclusions are residues after fluid–rock interactions and deposition of complex vein mineralogies: this evidence suggests increased mineral solubility into the fluid and formation, at a certain stage, of silicate-rich aqueous solutions whose geochemical behaviour and transport capacity can approach that of a melt phase. This is supported by experimental work showing high solubility of silicate components in fluids at high pressures. However, natural examples of inclusions trapping such a fluid and quantitative analyses of its major and trace element composition are not yet available.

Fluids in high and very high pressure rocks do not move over large scales and the channelways of fluid escape from the slab are not yet identified. This suggests that only part of the slab fluid is lost and returned to the surface via magmatism; the remaining trapped fraction being subducted into deeper levels of the upper mantle, to renew its budget of substances initially stored in the exosphere.     

花垣铅锌矿床成矿流体特征及动态

花垣铅锌矿床是近年来发现的产于上寒武统清虚洞组藻灰岩－鲕粒灰岩中的大型密西西比型（ＭＶＴ）铅锌矿床。根据矿床中大量流体包裹体的详细研究,成矿流体为高盐度的低温 水,流体报相组分中,Ｈ２Ｏ占有主要部分,ＣＯ２＋ＣＨ４约为５％,１ｇｆｏ２稳定在－４８．０￣－４９．００之间,ｐＨ为４．３￣５．８,Ｅｈ为－０．０７￣－０．１ｅＶ,此外,流体组分中,钠离子的含量大于甲离子,钙离子大于镁离子,而氯离子大于氟离     

皖南东源钨钼矿成矿流体特征和成矿物质来源

皖南东源钨钼矿位于安徽省祁门东源境内,是该地区目前已知规模最大的钨钼矿床。钨钼矿体主要产于花岗闪长斑岩体内及其接触带附近,以细脉浸染状和浸染状矿化类型为主。流体包裹体地球化学研究表明,气相成分主要为H2O和CO2,含少量C2H4、N2、CH4等,液相成分以Ca2+、Na+、SO24-、Cl-为主,K+、F-次之,并含少量Mg2+、NO3-、Br-。矿床氢、氧、硫、铅稳定同位素组成研究表明,流体包裹体中水的δ18O水的含量范围为-0.498‰～3.102‰,δD水的含量范围为-85‰～-66‰,成矿流体主要为岩浆水与大气降水的混合物;黄铁矿的δ34SV-CDT值介于2.6‰～5.8‰,硫可能是由成矿流体从东源花岗闪长岩体中淋滤而来;铅同位素变化范围小,其来源具有明显的混合特征。成矿流体在成矿过程中,经历了不混溶或沸腾作用及其与被加热的大气降水的混合作用,改变了成矿流体系统的物理化学条件,引起体系含W和Mo络合物的不稳定,从而造成大量的成矿物质析出、沉淀,富集成矿。     

江西银山铜铅锌金银矿床成矿流体及成矿机制研究

银山铜铅锌金银矿床住于江西省德兴市乐德成矿带中段,是我国南方规模巨大的铜铅锌金银矿化集中区。区内构造复杂、岩浆活动频繁,具有独特的成矿环境和有利的区域成矿背景。本文主要研究了银山矿床成矿流体种类、成矿温度、流体盐度、成矿物质来源和成矿机理。根据包裹体均一温度、盐度、成分和氢氧同位素等资料,推断本区成矿流体早期以岩浆热液为主,与铜金矿化关系密切。岩浆热液演化过程中与富含有机质的大气降水不断混合,由于有机质的作用,带来了从围岩中活化、萃取的有用元素,晚期铅锌银矿化与富含有机质的热液流体关系密切。研究表明流体的沸腾对矿质沉淀意义有限．而多种流体的混合在成矿过程中起了重要作用．其中有机流体在成矿中的作用不容忽视。     

Geochemistry and evolution of ore-forming fluids of the Yueshan Cu–Au skarn- and vein-type deposits, Anhui Province, South China

The Yueshan mineral belt is geotectonically located at the centre of the Changjiang deep fracture zone or depression of the lower Yangtze platform. Two main types of ore deposits occur in the Yueshan orefield: Cu–Au–(Fe) skarn deposits and Cu–Mo–Au–(Pb–Zn) hydrothermal vein-type deposits. Almost all deposits of economic interest are concentrated within and around the eastern and northern branches of the Yueshan dioritic intrusion. In the vicinity of the Zongpu and Wuhen intrusions, there are many Cu–Pb–Zn–Au–(S) vein-type and a few Cu–Fe–(Au) skarn-type occurrences.Fluid inclusion studies show that the ore-forming fluids are characterised by a Cl⁻(S)–Na⁺–K⁺ chemical association. Hydrothermal activity associated with the above two deposit types was related to the Yueshan intrusion. The fluid salinity was high during the mineralisation processes and the fluid also underwent boiling and mixed with meteoric water. In comparison, the hydrothermal activity related to the Zongpu and Wuhen intrusions was characterised by low salinity fluids. Chlorine and sulphur species played an important role in the transport of ore-forming components.Hydrogen- and oxygen-isotope data also suggest that the ore-forming fluids in the Yueshan mineral belt consisted of magmatic water, mixed in various proportions with meteoric water. The enrichment of ore-forming components in the magmatic waters resulted from fluid–melt partitioning. The ore fluids of magmatic origin formed large Cu–Au deposits, whereas ore fluids of mixed magmatic-meteoric origin formed small- to medium-sized deposits.The sulphur isotopic composition of the skarn- and vein-type deposits varies from − 11.3‰ to + 19.2‰ and from + 4.2‰ to + 10.0‰, respectively. These variations do not appear to have been resulted from changes of physicochemical conditions, rather due to compositional variation of sulphur at the source(s) and by water–rock interaction. Complex water–rock interaction between the ore-bearing magmatic fluids and sedimentary wall rocks was responsible for sulphur mixing. Lead and silicon isotopic compositions of the two deposit types and host rocks provide similar indications for the sources and evolution of the ore-forming fluids.Hydrodynamic calculations show that magmatic ore-forming fluids were channelled upwards into faults, fractures and porous media with velocities of 1.4 m/s, 9.8 × 10^− 1 to 9.8 × 10^− 7 m/s and 3.6 × 10^− 7 to 4.6 × 10^− 7 m/s, respectively. A decrease of fluid migration velocity in porous media or tiny fractures in the contact zones between the intrusive rocks and the Triassic sedimentary rocks led to the deposition of the ore-forming components. The major species responsible for Cu transport are deduced to have been CuCl, CuCl₂⁻, CuCl₃²⁻ and CuClOH, whereas Au was transported as Au₂(HS)₂S²⁻, Au(HS)₂⁻, AuHS and AuH₃SiO₄ complexes. Cooling and a decrease in chloride ion concentration caused by fluid boiling and mixing were the principal causes of Cu deposition. Gold deposition was related to decrease of pH, total sulphur concentration and fO₂, which resulted from fluid boiling and mixing.Geological and geochemical characteristics of the two deposit types in the Yueshan mineral belt suggest that there is a close genetic relationship with the dioritic magmatism. Geochronological data show that the magmatic activity and the mineralisation took place between 130 and 136 Ma and represent a continuous process during the Yanshanian time. The cooling of the intrusions and the mineralisation event might have lasted about 6 Ma. The cooling rate of the magmatic intrusions was 80 to 120 °C my^− 1, which permitted sufficient heat supply by magma to the ore-forming system.     

江西武山矽卡岩型铜矿床成矿流体演化及其成矿意义

江西武山铜矿床是长江中下游多金属成矿带内重要的矽卡岩型矿床之一。文章对该矿床中的流体包裹体进行了详细研究,重点分析了成矿流体的演化过程及其成矿意义。根据野外地质产状和室内岩相学特征,将武山矽卡岩型铜矿床热液成矿过程分为气成-高温热液期和热液期,前者包括矽卡岩阶段和磁铁矿阶段,后者包括石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。其中,石英-硫化物阶段是该铜矿形成的主要阶段,可进一步细分为辉钼矿-石英和黄铁矿-黄铜矿-石英2个阶段。岩相学观察显示,包裹体类型有Ⅰ型含子矿物包裹体(L+V+S)、Ⅱ型气液两相包裹体(L+Ⅴ)和Ⅲ型气相包裹体(Ⅴ)。气成-高温热液期的石榴子石中流体包裹体数量不多,但Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型包裹体都有;而热液期的石英与方解石中流体包裹体数量众多,以Ⅱ型包裹体为主。从早期矽卡岩阶段至碳酸盐阶段,成矿热液经历了从高温(378~518℃)、高盐度[ω(NaCl_(eq))介于17.3%~45.1%)向低温(113~250℃)、低盐度[ω(NaCl_(eq))介于3.4%~11.9%]的持续演化。热液演化过程中发生了流体沸腾作用和岩浆热液与大气降水的混合作用。其中,矽卡岩阶段的水-岩作用、沸腾作用与矽卡岩的形成密切相关,而成矿阶段的沸腾作用与混合作用可能是铜矿床形成的重要机制。H、O同位素研究表明,各成矿阶段的成矿流体以岩浆水为主,但随着成矿作用的进行,大气降水在成矿流体中的体积质量逐渐增大。     

桃山大布铀矿床成矿流体特征

正花岗岩型铀矿床是重要的铀矿类型,国内外学者提出了多种花岗岩型铀矿的成矿机理。地质流体的来源、运移和卸载是厘定铀成矿过程的重要指标。流体包裹体是地质时期流体的"活化石",关于流体包裹体的特征研究是探讨成矿流体特征以及成因的重要分析手段(苟学明等,2017)。目前缺乏对大布铀矿床成矿流体特征的深入研究,笔者通过对大布矿床成矿期流体包裹体的显微观察、测温、气相成分、同位素分析等,总结了大布矿床的成矿流体特征,初步探讨了成矿流体来源。     

浅论黄玉的成因与成岩-成矿模式

根据含黄玉岩石的矿物学、地质和地球化学以及黄玉中的流体包裹体特征研究，借鉴富F酸性岩体系的成岩成矿实验新成果，推出了新的黄玉成岩-成矿模式，力证黄玉是以富氟低熔岩浆结晶为主的多成因产物，不否定黄玉的交代蚀变和变质成因，认为盲目滥用和过分夸大变质（含交代）作用及其成岩、成矿的极端重要性和普适性不可取。     

Gold ore-forming fluids of the Tanami region, Northern Australia

Fluid inclusion studies have been carried out on major gold deposits and prospects in the Tanami region to determine the compositions of the associated fluids and the processes responsible for gold mineralization. Pre-ore, milky quartz veins contain only two-phase aqueous inclusions with salinities ≤19 wt% NaCl eq. and homogenization temperatures that range from 110 to 410°C. In contrast, the ore-bearing veins typically contain low to moderate salinity (<14 wt% NaCl eq.), H₂O + CO₂ ± CH₄ ± N₂-bearing fluids. The CO₂-bearing inclusions coexist with two-phase aqueous inclusions that exhibit a wider range of salinities (≤21 wt% NaCl eq.). Post-ore quartz and carbonate veins contain mainly two-phase aqueous inclusions, with a last generation of aqueous inclusions being very CaCl₂-rich. Salinities range from 7 to 33 wt% NaCl eq. and homogenization temperatures vary from 62 to 312°C. Gold deposits in the Tanami region are hosted by carbonaceous or iron-rich sedimentary rocks and/or mafic rocks. They formed over a range of depths at temperatures from 200 to 430°C. The Groundrush deposit formed at the greatest temperatures and depths (260–430°C and ≤11 km), whereas deposits in the Tanami goldfield formed at the lowest temperatures (≥200°C) and at the shallowest depths (1.5–5.6 km). There is also evidence in the Tanami goldfield for late-stage isothermal mixing with higher salinity (≤21 wt% NaCl eq.) fluids at temperatures between 100 and 200°C. Other deposits (e.g., The Granites, Callie, and Coyote) formed at intermediate depths and at temperatures ranging from 240 to 360°C. All ore fluids contained CO₂ ± N₂ ± CH₄, with the more deeply formed deposits being enriched in CH₄ and higher level deposits being enriched in CO₂. Fluids from deposits hosted mainly by sedimentary rocks generally contained appreciable quantities of N₂. The one exception is the Tanami goldfield, where the quartz veins were dominated by aqueous inclusions with rare CO₂-bearing inclusions. Calculated δ ¹⁸O values for the ore fluids range from 3.8 to 8.5‰ and the corresponding δD values range from −89 to −37‰. Measured δ ¹³C values from CO₂ extracted from fluid inclusions ranged from −5.1 to −8.4‰. These data indicate a magmatic or mixed magmatic/metamorphic source for the ore fluids in the Tanami region. Interpretation of the fluid inclusion, alteration, and structural data suggests that mineralization may have occurred via a number of processes. Gold occurs in veins associated with brittle fracturing and other dilational structures, but in the larger deposits, there is also an association with iron-rich rocks or carbonaceous sediments, suggesting that both structural and chemical controls are important. The major mineralization process appears to be boiling/effervescence of a gas-rich fluid, which leads to partitioning of H₂S into the vapor phase resulting in gold precipitation. However, some deposits also show evidence of desulfidation by fluid–rock interaction and/or reduction of the ore-fluid by fluid mixing. These latter processes are generally more prevalent in the higher crustal-level deposits.     

锡矿山锑矿床成矿流体的热场研究

根据湘中盆地的水文地质特征，建立了热．重力驱动型的流体运移模型；选择有代表性的龙山-锡矿山剖面，在不同的假设条件下进行锡矿山锑矿床成矿时期流体的热场数值模拟；结合包裹体的研究结论，确定了锡矿山锑矿床的成矿模式：锡矿山锑矿床成矿时期流体主要来源于盆地边缘的大气降水，在运移过程中流体不断被加热，同时淋滤地层中的成矿物质成分，搬运到泥盆系灰岩中卸载成矿。模拟表明在锡矿山锑矿床的下部应有一个隐伏的岩体，它提供的热流值约0．2W／m^2。模拟结果还表明，在锡矿山地区成矿作用时期地温梯度约86℃／km，成矿部位的温度约180～200℃，古流体的密度为865～887kg／m3，在成矿部位的流速接近0．5m／a。     

Geochemistry and origin of massif-type anorthosites

Samples of Proterozoic anorthosite complexes from the Adirondack Mountains of New York, Burwash Area of Ontario, and the Nain Complex of Labrador, ranging in composition from anorthosite to anorthositic gabbro, have been analyzed for major elements, Rb, Sr, Ba and nine rare-earth elements (REE), in order to set limits on the compositions and origins of their parent magmas. Similar rock types from the different areas have similar major and trace element compositions. The anorthosites have high Sr/Ba ratios, low REE abundances (Ce about 10, Yb about 0.5–1.5 times chondrites) and large positive Eu anomalies. The associated anorthositic gabbros have lower Sr/Ba ratios, REE abundances nearly an order of magnitude higher than the anorthosites, and small to negligible positive Eu anomalies.Model calculations using the adcumulate rocks with the lowest REE abundances and published distribution coefficients yield parent liquids having REE abundances and patterns similar to those of the associated anorthositic gabbros with the highest REE abundances. Rocks with intermediate REE abundances are the result of incorporation of a liquid component by a plagioclase-rich cumulate similar to the adcumulate samples. The analytical data and model calculations both suggest parent liquids having compositions of 50–54% SiO₂, greater than 20% Al₂O₃, about 1% K₂O, atomic Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺) ratios (Mg No.'s) of less than 0.4, 15–30 ppm Rb, 400–600 ppm Sr and 400–600 ppm Ba, 40–50 times chondrites for Ce and 8–10 times chondrites for Yb.The low atomic Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺) values for these rocks combined with geophysical evidence suggesting there are not large quantities of ferromagnesian material at depth, indicate that the anorthositic masses are not products of fractional crystallization of mafic melt derived from melting of the mantle. Rather, it is suggested that they are a result of partial melting of tholeiitic compositions at depths shallower than the basalt-eclogite transformation, leaving a pyroxene-dominated residue.     

Characteristics and origin of ore-forming fluids of Jinchangqing gold （copper） ore deposit （s） in Xiangyun, Yunnan Province

On the basis of results of the studies of primary fluid inclusions, and the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data, the authors concluded that the early-stage ore-forming fluid from the Jinchangqing gold(copper) ore deposit is a kind of sulfate type hot brine characterized by medium temperature and salinity,genetically related to the late-stage ore-forming fluid derived from an acidic and more reduetive environment. However, the late-stage ore-forming fluid is a sort of low temperature and low salinity chloride-type hot brine which originated from a lower pressure, acidic and more oxidative environment. In general, the ore fluids were derived from the late-stage, or largely from the early-stage groundwater-derived meteoric water, which has a 12‰-17‰ heavier oxygen isotopic composition than the original rain water (δ^18O=- 15.3‰), and were formed during gold mineralization as a product of oxygen isotope exchange during the reaction between ore-forming fluid and wall rocks under a lower water/rock ratio condition.     

准噶尔北部希勒库都克斑岩钼铜矿床地质与成矿流体

希勒库都克斑岩铜钼矿床铜钼矿化与安山玢岩脉、英安玢岩脉有关,蚀变有钾长石化、绢云母化、绿帘石化等,向外发育绿泥石化、深部发育夕卡岩型蚀变。浅部以钼矿化为主,向深部铜钼矿化并存。与典型的斑岩型矿床相比,其石英中流体包裹体少而小,气体包裹体少,含CO₂包裹体及含子矿物包裹体发育,子矿物以NaCl为主,基本不出现KCl子矿物。钼富集处出现了富CO₂流体的沸腾,铜富集处出现了成群分布的含大子矿物包裹体,沸腾消失。钼的成矿主要与富CO₂成矿流体沸腾及斑岩型蚀变和夕卡岩蚀变有关,钼主要源于地壳,成矿温度为280~530℃,集中在300~400℃左右。铜主要与直接从深源基性岩浆出溶的高盐度流体及夕卡岩型蚀变有关,铜主要源于上地幔,主要成矿温度低于350℃。晚期流体的成矿温度为180~300℃左右。希勒库都克矿床成矿流体特征反映了壳源与幔源流体混合、岩浆热液与天水混合的特征。     

新疆忠宝钨矿床成矿流体特征与演化

文章对忠宝钨矿床矽卡岩和石英脉中白钨矿、石英、透辉石、萤石、方解石等矿物中的流体包裹体进行了研究,明确了成矿流体对其成矿的有利温度、盐度、压力及成矿深度,并佐证了划分的成矿期和成矿阶段,对每个阶段的成矿特征进行了对比,从而确定了流体的演化特征.最终判断忠宝钨矿床的最佳成矿温度区间为250～360℃,盐度w(NaCleq...