全球平均海温演变的奇异谱分析

用奇异谱分析（ＳＳＡ）研究了１３６年（１８５６－１９９１年）全球平均海温季距平演变特征，并对各主分量作了最大熵谱分析。结果表明，海温演变除了具有８１年周期外，还有一些非常明显的周期振动，这些周期主要是准１０年和２．６－６年。从各主分量的方差贡献来看，前１５个主分量的方差贡献之和是总方差的７８％。从特征向量的分布函数来看，第１、２特征向量表示了海温序列的线性特征，它们的方差之和可以占到总方差的４８％     

用墨西哥帽小波函数研究雅安降水变化

利用1951～2006年月平均降水和年平均降水资料,采用墨西哥帽小波函数,对雅安56年来降水的季节变化和年际变化时间序列进行了小波分析,揭示了雅安降水变化的多时间尺度的复杂结构,分析了不同时间尺度下降水序列变化的周期和突变点,并根据主周期对未来降水变化进行了预测.结果表明,各季节和年降水均存在8～12年左右时间尺度的周期特征;其次,4～6年左右时间尺度的周期特征也较明显.夏季和年降水变化趋势一致,均有1年和12年尺度的主周期,夏季降水完全控制年降水. 经降水变化趋势分析,预测2006年前后雅安降水将偏少,大约在2008～2010年雅安降水将偏多.     

广东春季水资源的时空分布特征和预测研究

取广东分布较为均匀的48个气象观测站50年的月平均气温和降水量资料,用高桥浩一郎公式算得广东春季水资源量,用主分量分析计算它的主分量及相应的特征向量。利用滑动平均、气候变率、趋势分析和功率谱分析等方法较详细分析了该水资源场的前4个主分量的时间变化特征,用主分量逐步回归预测模型对其分布做预测。结果表明：广东春季水资源的平均分布出现3个丰盛中心和2个缺乏中心。它含有4种基本分布类型,即全广东丰盛（缺乏）型,东缺乏（丰盛）西丰盛（缺乏）型,从北到南丰盛（缺乏）、缺乏（丰盛）相间型以及北部到中部丰盛（缺乏）型,东南部和西南部缺乏（丰盛）型。它们的气候变率不明显,第1主分量含有3阶时间幂函数变化趋势,揭示出广东春季水资源1950年代～1960年代初较为缺乏,1970年代初～1990年代中较为丰盛,以后又呈减少趋势。场的时间平均及第1～4主分量没有明显的突变事件存在。功率谱分析表明,第1、3、4主分量存在2．0～5．0a振荡周期。对2004～2006年广东春季水资源的类型和分布预测表明：2004年为Ib型,其分布为全省水资源严重缺乏型态,类型和分布的预测都与实测结果完全一致。预测2005年为丰、缺相间的Ⅲb型,分布形势为南北向丰、缺相间的带状,实测也是Ⅲb型,但具体的丰、缺分布区域与预测的分布区域没有对应。预测2006年为Id型和分布为全省严重缺乏型态,实测是西部缺乏东部丰盛,显然东部的预测是不正确的。后两年预测失败的原因可能与海温的春季障碍有关。     

重庆市气温及降水变化的奇异谱分析

采用奇异谱分析（SSA）方法对重庆市长年代逐月地面气温及降水资料进行了分析，结果表明，重庆市气温序列存在准2年、准4年周期及16个月的年际振荡特征；而降水序列有准4年、准2年周期及8～16个月的年、季振荡特征。     

珠江流域夏半年降水的预测

采用珠江流域1954～2003年月降水资料,以及前期太平洋海温场和北半球500 hPa高度场月平均资料,利用主分量逐步回归预测模型,对该流域夏半年(4～9月)降水分布进行主分量计算和预测.结果表明:对前25个主分量的预测就能很好地预测珠江流域夏半年降水的变化,2004～2006年预测结果与实况较接近.预测因子取自500 hPa高度场和海温场的主分量,为降水的预测提供大量有用信息.该方法在实际业务中有一定的应用价值.     

1998年夏季中国降水多尺度振荡特征的区域气候模拟

利用RegCM3对1998年东亚夏季胍气候进行了季节尺度模拟,并利用小波分解方法对比分析了模式对中国各气候区夏季降水多尺度振荡的模拟能力。结果表明：模式能基本准确模拟1998年夏季中国各气候区逐月平均降水的分布和中国东部雨带推进过程,但模拟和观测的逐日降水演变存在明显区别。模式对各气候区低频降水的模拟准确率一般都是最高的,降水模拟误差主要是由模式对其他各周期分量降水振荡模拟误差造成的,一般对降水高频振荡模拟误差都比较大。各区域降水分别存在主振荡类型,模式对1998年夏季华南地区降水主振荡（低频和8d周期振荡）和长江中下游地区降水主振荡（4d周期振荡）模拟较好是这两个地区降水模拟准确率较高的主要原因。     

中国降水场QBO分布型态及其长期变率特征

采用带通滤波法，奇异谱分析（SSA）和小波分析（WTA）综合研究了近50年中国降水场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）的分布型态及其长期变率特征。结果表明，QBO分量在中国降水场年际振荡中举足轻重，具有显著而稳定的特征：50年代到60年代初期，QBO分量振幅较大，频率较小；60年代中后期到70年代初，振幅有所衰减，频率有所加大；70年代中后期到80年代直至90年代初，频率再次减小，振幅也相对较小；90年代中期，振幅和频率都有增大的趋势。准两年振荡在不同季节主型态中表现有所不同，在冬、夏季表现较强、秋季次之，春季最弱。     

中国东部夏季降水准两年周期振荡的长期演变?

采用中国气象局整编的中国160站月降水量资料 (1951年1月～2005年12月), 研究了中国东部地区夏季降水准两年周期振荡 (TBO) 的长期演变特征。最大熵谱分析和相对最大熵谱分析表明, 中国东部地区夏季降水TBO信号显著, 高值区基本呈带状分布, 方差最大值中心分布在江淮流域及南部沿海地区。根据中国东部夏季降水TBO分量的旋转经验正交函数展开 (REOF), 将东部地区划分为东北地区、 河套地区、 淮河流域、 长江流域、 华南西部、 华南中部及华南东部7个降水区。对各降水区的研究结果表明: (1) 东部夏季降水振幅变化TBO信号明显; (2) 各降水区夏季降水TBO有着不同的长期演变特征, 表现出不同的年代际变化。淮河流域、 长江流域和华南中部降水TBO特征较明显; 华南西部和东北地区降水TBO特征较弱; 河套地区在1990年代以前表现有较显著的TBO特征, 但1990年代后, TBO特征趋于不明显; 华南东部地区在1970年代中期以前TBO特征明显, 以后TBO特征减弱; (3) 淮河流域是中国东部地区由南向北的过渡带, 是夏季降水TBO的敏感地区。     

长江下游地区降水50-80d低频分量的次季节预测研究

用1979-2000年逐日长江下游降水的50-80 d低频分量和全球850 hPa低频纬向风主成分,构建了长江下游降水低频分量的次季节预测的扩展复数自回归模型（ECAR）。这种基于数据驱动建模的气候预测方法,不仅能在复数空间上反映全球环流主要低频主分量和长江下游降水低频分量之间的时滞变化信息,而且能更好地描述气候系统的主要分量在低维空间中的变化规律。对2001-2014年长江下游降水低频分量进行次季节逐日变化回报试验的结果表明,50-80 d时间尺度的长江下游低频降水分量的预测时效可达52 d左右,预报能力明显优于自回归模型（AR）,而且6-8月的预报技巧最高。基于全球环流主要50-80 d振荡型的发展和变化以及与长江下游低频降水相关的时间演变,对于提前50-60 d预报长江下游地区持续多（少）雨过程很有帮助（尤其是夏季）,其中,东亚经向三极子型（EAT）是影响长江下游地区季节内降水变化的最主要的环流因子之一。      

用墨西哥帽小波函数研究雅安降水变化

利用1951~2006年月平均降水和年平均降水资料,采用墨西哥帽小波函数,对雅安56年来降水的季节变化和年际变化时间序列进行了小波分析,揭示了雅安降水变化的多时间尺度的复杂结构,分析了不同时间尺度下降水序列变化的周期和突变点,并根据主周期对未来降水变化进行了预测。结果表明,各季节和年降水均存在8~12年左右时间尺度的周期特征;其次,4~6年左右时间尺度的周期特征也较明显。夏季和年降水变化趋势一致,均有1年和12年尺度的主周期,夏季降水完全控制年降水。经降水变化趋势分析,预测2006年前后雅安降水将偏少,大约在2008~2010年雅安降水将偏多。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.