A STUDY ON DEFORMATIONS OF RAY AND ITS RELEVANT FACTORS

In this paper,the effects of first and second meridional derivative(i.e.h_s~(?),d~2f/dy~2,(?)″)of the Coriolisparameter,Westerly profile and topography structure on ray routes are qualitatively analysed by use of a sim-plified mathematical model.The analysis indicates that the second derivatives of the above relevant factors playan important role in the formation of great circle route.A profile of west wind similar to the real atmospheremay result in a“sine wave pattern”of ray.The effects of west wind shear,β factor and the slope of topographyon the scale of radius of great circle,critical latitude of rays ard the amplitude of wave train of teleconnection aroalso discussed.Additionally,the characters of critical velocity profile for meridionally trapped wave are men-tioned.     

波射线变形及其影响因子的探讨

本文采用简化数学模型,定性分析了科氏参数、西风廓线、大地形结构一阶与二阶经向变率(即(d2f/dy2),u″,hs″)对于波射线路径影响问题。本文研究表明,上述影响因素的二阶经向变率的存在条件对于“大圆路径”形成起了重要作用。类似实际大气西风廓线特征可能导致波射线呈“正弦波型”路径。本文还讨论了西风切变、β因子、大地形坡度对于波射线“大圆半径”尺度、波射线“转向点”以及遥相关波列扰动振幅的影响。另外,本文探讨了拦截波临界风速廓线特征。     

STUDY ON RADAR-RADIOMETER SYSTEM AND ITS RAINFALL OBSERVATION*

In order to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement,a radar-radiometer system has been developed.It could be used to measure the distribution of the rainfall intensity aLld the variation of area rainfall.In field experiment,the accuracy of the rainfall measurement was imporved.In this paper,the error of rainfall measurement by radar will be evaluated and the methods to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement will be discussed.     

ON THE MODELLING STUDY OF MONSOON*

The major advances and achievements of recent studies on monsoon simulation are reviewed.Four aspects are included in the paper and they are simulation of general feature and seasonal to interannual variation of monsoon.simulation of monsoon and ENSO relations,paleo-monsoon simulation,and the predictability study of monsoon and monsoon climate.Concluding remarks are made in the last section.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS OVER CHINA*

By means of a three-dimensional meteorological model (MM5) and a chemical model,the distributions of tropospheric ozone and its precursors over China have been simulated in summer and winter time,16-18 August 1994 and 7-9 January 1995.The distribution of ozone over the Tibetan Plateau in summer time is deeply discussed.The simulated results indicate that thedistributions of surface ozone and NO_x are in good agreement with observed results,and human activities and photochemical reactions are the main factors controlling the surface ozone and NO_x concentrations.In addition,higher ozone concentrations are coincided with the air convergence,and the lower concentrations are related to the air divergence.In summer,over the Tibetan Plateau the strong flow convergence results in higher ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere:and the strong flow divergence results in lower ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere.In winter time ozone concentrations show large-scale characteristics controlled by westerly flow,and in the jet area they are lower than those outside the jet.     

A REGIONAL MODEL STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS ON EASTERN ASIA AND WEST PACIFIC OCEAN REGIONS*

A simulated study of mechanism for variations and distributions of ozone and its precursors was made by using the three-dimensional regional Eulerian model.The results showed that the ozone production was controlled by NO_x,but there is a complicated nonlinear relation between them.The photochemical reactions controlled by solar radiation are the determinative factors affecting the variations of the surface ozone and its precursors.The relations of ozone and CO,PAN were studied.We compared the simulated and observed results during the PEM-WEST A in order to better understand the photochemical processes of ozone and its precursors.     

LIGHTNING DATA AND STUDY OF THUNDERSTORM NOWCASTING*

From June 30 to September 14,1989,about 2000 cloud-to-ground lightning location data have been collected by a three-direction-finder network in Beijing.These data have been used to study the spatial distribution of lightning including thunderstorm day,thunder density and thunderstorm hour.As a result of the terrain elevation,a clearly identifiable influence from the underlying topography was found.The lightning activity was mainly concentrated on the sunny side of the mountain,i.e.,the east slope of Taihang Mountain,then eastward along the south side of Yanshan Mountain.The comparison analysis of lightning data and radar echoes from several mesoscale convective systems in 1989 and 1990 suggests that lightning data can be used to determine the convective activity,its development probability and intensity.It can also be used to identify the different stages of a storm.The grid lightning data may be used in regional forecasting of storm.Case analysis shows that it is possible to forecast the position of active echo 30 minutes to an hour after lightning occurrence by using grid lightning data.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE YANGTZE DELTA REGION FOR PAST 40 YEARS AND MAIN INFLUENCE FACTORS*

The Kotoda-Bortan (KB) model (Liu and Kotoda 1998) used for estimating evapotranspiration was modified.The monthly evapotranspiration for various surfaces in the Yangtze Delta (118-123°E,28-33°N) was calculated using the modified model,and the annual regional average of evapotranspiration from 1961 to 1998 was obtained using a weighting method.The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of evapotranspiration were analyzed.It is found that the regional averaged annual evapotranspiration has a decreasing trend over the past 40 years;the value dropped by about 24mm from 1961 to 1998.The main reason for this tendency is due to the change of land surface condition.Compared with the case of 1980,the current proportions of paddy field,farmland and water surface have decreased by 1.353%,4.42% and 2.597% respectively,while the proportions of urban area and non-agriculture land have increased by 3.345%.These changes clearly result in a decrease of the regional averaged evapotranspiration.     

A STUDY ON PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF LARGE-SCALE FLOW PATTERNS*

The thermal forcings of annual and interannual periodic variations are introduced into the barotropic vorticity equation,by using low order spectral model of the equation,more than 40 numerical experiments whose integration time is larger than 100 model years are performed in order to investigate variations of large-scale flow patterns arising from both external interannual thermal forcing and internal dynamical processes.In certain parametric range,when the frequency of the forcing term with interannual period equals to the frequency which is created by the internal dynamical processes alone,the amplitude of interannual variations of flow patterns increases obviously,and the period becomes double.In other parametric range,the amplitude of interannual variations of flow patterns shows abrupt changes and other nonlinear behavior,along with gradual changes of interannual forcing parameters.     

THE MODELING STUDY OF DOWNBURST*

Downburst is a very dangerous weather phenomenon for aeroplane taking off or landing. In order to understand the initial formation and evolution of downburst and to study the effects of atmospheric environment condition and the microstructure of cloud-precipitation particles on the downburst development processes, we have designed and carried out a modeling scheme by making use of our own non-hydrostatic compressible mesoscale-γ model including necessary cloud-precipitation processes. The initial conditions of temperature, humidity and wind are from an observation case in which the downburst occurred. The results of computations demonstrate the evolution of downburst and show the variation of various environmental and microphysical parameters. Some of the mechanisms about the downburst occurrence have been obtained. Computation results may help airport forecasters to determine the occurrence of downburst better.     

STUDY ON THE QUASI-FOUR YEAR OSCILLATION OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION*

Complex Singular Value Decomposition(CSVD)analysis technique was applied to study the Quasi Four year Oscillation(QFO)of air sea interaction and its coupled pattern evolution during different phases.Results show that:(1)CSVD method can better reveal phase relation between two physical fields:(2)Not only northerly anomalies from Northern Hemisphere but also southerly anomalies from Southern Hemisphere contribute to EI Nino.They converge in western equatorial Pacific,leading to outburst of strong equatorial westerly anomalies,and result in strong El Nino event onset:(3)An abnormal subtropical anticyclone circulation appears over northwestern Pacific while El Nino developing.It favors transitions from the warm SST(EINino)to the cold SST(La Nina),just as the tropical westerly anomalies produced by abnormal cyclone during a decaying La Nina.which encourage the development of El Nino:(4)The westerly anomalies in equatorial Pacific are mainly induced by eastward abnormal subtropical cyclone pairs,which are located in north and south Pacific respectively,and are not the eastward westerly anomalies from equatorial Indian Ocean.     

LABORATORY STUDY ON MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF GROUND TRUTH*

In order to improve the interpretation of the earth system microwave remote sensing,the research of microwave spectrum characteristics of the ground truth (earth objects) was carried out in laboratory.A laboratory for microwave remote sensing of the earth objects has been constructed to improve the remote sensing level,the laboratory consists of four parts:the measuring system of dielectric constants,the microwave emissivity meter,the microwave reflectometer and the microwave remote sensing simulation experiment in field.In this paper,the principle of measurement,the correction of near field process,the structure of instrument,the calibration method and the measurement of the earth substances,including soil,water and oil,are discussed.The laboratory may supply the condition for measuring the parameters of thc earth substance remote sensing and help to interpret the remote sensing data.     

STUDY ON CANONICAL AUTOREGRESSION PREDICTION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENT FIELDS*

Through extension of canonical correlation to the analysis of meteorological element fields (MEF), a concept from combination of canonical autocorrelation with canonical autoregression (CAR) is developed for short-term climatic prediction of MEFs with a formulated scheme. Experimental results suggest that the scheme is of encouraging usefulness to a weak persistence MEF,i.e., rainfall field and, in particular, to a strong persistance one like a SST field.     

A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF GRAVITY WAVE BREAKING ON MIDDLE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION*

McFarline's gravity drag theory is simply reviewed,and it is indicated that the fault of McFarline's theory is that the effect of dissipation induced by gravity wave breaking on mean flow is not fully considered.Based on McFarline's theory,in this paper,the effect mentioned above is well considered.A new dissipation coefficient D is calculated,and a relatively complete parameterized scheme of the influence of gravity wave breaking on meanflow is put forward here.This is a better parameterized scheme than McFarline's if it is used in GCM.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON NONLINEAR INTERACTION BETWEEN TROPICAL CYCLONE AND SEA*

Given time-independent monthly mean sea temperature,numerical simulation was done of the path of the tropicalcy clone Forrest and its related physical quantity field in terms of the improved version of the σ-coordinate 10-level primitive equation model for tropical cyclones developed by the Guangzhou Institute of Marine Meteorology.Result ssuggest the similarity between the simulated and observed physical quantity fields except that the simulated path was to the right of the observed,with the deviation increasing with time.Sea and tropical cyclone,in effect,interact mutually.In an attempt to compare the results from coupling and uncoupling experiments,an oceanic mixed layer model was formulated based on experiments with sea response to cyclone and integrated in synchronous coupling with the aforementioned version of tropical cyclones,the computational domain covering the western North Pacific with the coastal configuration involved.The coupling experiment shows that the negative feedback of the interaction between sea and mature cyclone leads to weaker sea response as compared to the uncoupling case.Except for the location of the divergence core of oceanic current,the mixed layer depth and inhomogeneous distribution of sea surface temperature (SST) caused by the cyclone-core position and intensity,the values of the maximum oceanic current,departure of the mixed layer depth and SST drop were smaller in the coupling than in the uncoupling case,and so was the maximum wind near the cyclone core.The path from the coupling run is to the left of the course in the uncoupling experiment but closer to the observed one though remaining somewhat leftward.Even on a scale of less than 3 days,the effects of sea and sea-cyclone interaction on the cyclone were by no means negli-gible.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON FUNCTIONS AFFECTING TROPICAL CYCLONE STRUCTURE AND MOTION*

By using a beta-plane quasigeostrophic barotropic model,four numerical experiments with integration time more than five days are performed.Results show that the vorticity advection term and beta term are two basic factors significantly affecting tropical cyclone structure and motion.     

A STUDY OF CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND INDEX OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON*

Based on height and wind data of NCEP/NCAR and OLR data,patterns of upper air circulation from April to October have been analyzed,and the South China Sea (SCS) Summer Monsoon Onset (SMO) and retreat have been defined.The empirical formula fitting to the onset index of the SCS SMO has been established,and the onset and ending time of monsoon,together with the intensity index sequence during 1953-1999 are given by the analysis of characteristics of thermodynamic and dynamic factors during the process of SMO.The emergence and development of symmetric vortex pair at both sides of the equator in tropical East Indian Ocean,which may excite the SCS SMO,can be taken as a short-term prediction indicator of SMO.     

A STUDY ON MESOSCALE VORTICITY PROPAGATION IN A TYPHOON-LIKE VORTEX*

By using an f-plane barotropic quasi geostrophic model in the rectangular coordinates with a grid spacing of 5 km,ten experiments whose integration time is 36 hours are performed in order to study the interaction between a typhoon vortex and a mesoscale vortex whose initial center position is located at 2 r_m northwest to the typhoon center,where r_m is the radius of maximum wind of the typhoon vortex. Results show that the interaction can create a pair of smaller scale vortices or lumps,which extend from the outside region of the typhoon to near its center,resulting in the inward propagation of mesoscale vorticity.In this process,the vorticity concentration of the mesoscale vortex may appear.The coexistence of the propagation and the concentration makes the increase of vorticity in the inside region i.e.a more intensive typhoon.Meanwhile,the intensity of the lump with positive vorticity oscillates with time,with the oscillation period being several hours,the distance from the typhoon center to the lump center also has a similar oscillation period,which reduces the oscillation of typhoon intensity.In the case of stronger circular basic flow,the interaction can make the intensification of typhoon more obviously. In addition,in some parametric conditions,the interaction may break down the continuous vorticity zone,exhibiting a cluster of smaller vorticity lumps.     

THEORETICAL STUDY ON EFFECT OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU UPON COLD SURGE*

Starting from the linear shallow-water wave equations including in themselves the effect of a large-scale orograpny, two types of gravity wave solutions are derived on the assumption that the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau serves as an orography in question inclined from west to east at the same slope. One type contains two solutions of high-frequency inertia-gravitational waves and the other solution of low-frequency topography-excited gravity waves, bearing some similarity to Kelvin mode. Both types are similar, respectively, to the gravity waves of the front of the cold surge during the rapid southward advance, and to the strong velocity center of the surge when it propagates southward slowly along the east brim of the Plateau, as shown by the numerical study.Results indicate that the low-frequency wave vanishes whereas its counterpart remains especially in the absence of the orography. In addition, we find that the propagation of the gravity-wave rays is in the form of a trochoid equation, a result in good agreement with the curved path of the strong velocity center going down the east fringe of the Plateau as shown by the numerical study. And probably a waveguide tube of topographic gravity mode is present in the coastwise area downstream of the orography.     

EFFECTS OF TROPOPAUSE AND POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALY ON FRONTOGENESIS*

A two-dimensional,semi-geostrophic numerical model incorporating the tropopause and stratosphere is used to investigate the effects of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and latent heat release on the frontogenetic process and the structure of the resulting frontal zone.It is demonstrated that(1) the inclusion of tropopause and stratosphere significantly changes the frontal structure only in the upper levels;(2) a clearly defined quasi-equivalent barotropic structure and a region of upward motion of finite width appear when a positive potential vorticity anomaly exists on the warm side of the maximum baroclinity in the lower troposphere,especially when it is located on the south edge of the baroclinic zone;(3) the above mentioned structure deteriorates as the frontogenesis proceeds in a dry atmosphere but can be maintained in a moist frontogenetic process with condensational heating;(4) the combination of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and the latent heat release is able to accelerate the frontogenesis significantly with the time needed to form an intense frontal zone reduced to less than 15 h.The results have significant theoretical importance in understanding the complex nature of frontal structure and frontogenesis,especially in understanding the dynamic structure of the subtropical frontal zone observed during early summer over East Asia.