A CASE STUDY ON SANDSTORM

The favourable synoptic situation and climate background for a sandstorm process,which occurred in theperiod 9—16 April 1988,have been studied through analyzing weather maps,meteorological elements,satellitecloud pictures and sandstorm trajectories.The sand dust origin area,the directions and the paths of sanddust transport,and the extent the sand dust reached are also investigated.The results of measurments andanalysis indicate that the concentration of sand dust particles is 10 times greater than the normal.It is also shownthat the elements in the sand dust are lithophylic and come from natural source through the chemical composi-tion analysis of the sand dust,so that the sand dust has not been polluted by human activities.     

一次沙尘暴天气及沙尘输送过程的数值模拟

动用ＭＭ４中尺度动力学模式结合沙尘气溶胶传输模式。模拟分析了１９９２年４月２２日发生的一次沙尘暴天气及沙尘输送过程。     

柴达木盆地沙尘暴气候特征及其预报

利用1961～2000年柴达木盆地11个气象站的沙尘暴观测资料，分析了柴达木盆地沙尘暴天气的时空分布特征。根据1980～2000年3月至5月的40次沙尘暴天气个例，从高空环流形势、地面冷空气路径、影响因子及其预报指标4个方面进行分析，总结出柴达木盆地春季沙尘暴天气的预报方法。     

近40a陕西沙尘暴天气分析

本文分析了陕西i960～2000年间沙尘暴的时空分布特征，总结出了沙尘暴发生的三种典型环流形势，提出了预报沙尘暴发生时，要充分考虑沙源因子、热力不稳定、地面冷空气强弱和移动情况。     

地表通量输送对飑线过程影响的数值模拟研究

使用水平分辨率20km的RSM-RANAL再分析资料和WRF模式,对2004年7月12日影响上海地区的一次飑线过程进行分析和数值模拟,结果表明:(1)雷暴发生区域的西北侧约300km处有一冷锋,地面风场辐合;中低层为一致西南急流,雷暴发生区域上空300hPa位于西风急流右后侧辐散区中;地面存在明显的温度梯度。(2)雷暴发生前浙皖交界山区处的CAPE增至1000J/kg,CIN减至30J/kg以下;杭州湾附近的CAPE值大于2000J/kg。这些地方之后均有强对流单体生成,并成为飑线的一部分。(3)WRF模式对这次飑线过程的主要特征模拟较好,包括地面风场和飑线的结构。(4)敏感性试验指出陆面过程对本次飑线过程的形成发展起了重要作用。一方面通过潜热通量输送增大边界层湿度;另一方面通过感热通量输送改变了边界层的层结结构,使得低层辐合(或抬升)比较容易释放不稳定。在强对流天气的预报中地表条件不可忽略。     

ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDY ON THE GENERATION OF RADAR ECHO BRIGHT BAND

In this study, the vertical profiles of radar refractive factor (Z) observed with an X-band Doppler radar in Jurong on July 13, 2012 in different periods of a stratiform cloud precipitation process were simulated using the SimRAD software, and the contributions of each impact resulting in the bright band were analyzed quantitatively. In the simulation, the parameters inputted into SimRAD were updated until the output Z profile was nearly consistent with the observation. The input parameters were then deemed to reflect real conditions of the cloud and precipitation. The results showed that a wider (narrower) and brighter (darker) bright band corresponded to a larger (smaller) amount, wider (narrower) vertical distribution, and larger (smaller) mean diameter of melting particles in the melting layer. Besides this, radar reflectivity factors under the wider (narrower) melting layer were lager (smaller). This may be contributed to the adequate growth of larger rain drops in the upper melting layer. Sensitivity experiments of the generation of the radar bright band showed that a drastic increasing of the complex refractive index due to melting led to the largest impact, making the radar reflectivity factor increase by about 15 dBZ. Fragmentation of large particles was the second most important influence, making the value decrease by 10 dBZ. The collision–coalescence between melting particles, volumetric shrinking due to melting, and the falling speed of raindrops made the radar reflectivity factor change by about 3–7 dBZ. Shape transformation from spheres to oblate ellipsoids resulted in only a slight increase in the radar reflectivity factors (about 0.2 dBZ), which might be due to the fact that there are few large particles in stratiform cloud.     

台风远距离暴雨的研究进展

台风是最强的暴雨天气系统，针对台风暴雨的研究由来已久，并把台风暴雨分为台风环流本身的暴雨和台风远距离暴雨。近几十年来，有关台风远距离暴雨的研究有了一些新的进展和成果。2007年的第十四届全国热带气旋研讨会上还给出了最新的台风远距离暴雨定义。谨从此定义出发，简要总结国内外在台风远距离暴雨方面的研究成果，并在分析归纳的基础上提出存在的问题和可能的研究方向。     

青藏高原暴雨切变线特征个例分析

本文用1978年6月23日08时的资料分析了青藏高原暴雨切变线的三维结构。揭示了对流层中层偏南急流及其与暴雨的密切关系。     

形势场相似计算方案的比较研究

结合天气分析方法,对常用的形势场相似算法效果进行了对比分析,结果表明:"相关系数"是较好的"形"相似判据;对经向和纬向分别计算相似度可以发掘出更多有预报参考价值的信息;另外,对相似计算方案的边界条件及执行效率等问题也作了探讨.     

贺兰山地区沙尘暴若干问题的观测研究

利用贺兰山地区沙尘暴历史资料和综合观测资料 ,对大气背景、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴发生期间的大气气溶胶数浓度谱、质量谱、大气总悬浮颗粒 (TSP)及粒径分布、微气象、分光日射观测以及沙尘样品进行中子活化处理 ,分析了该地区浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴形成规律 ,气候变化特征和贺兰山的影响。并综合研究了沙尘气溶胶尺度谱特征、光学厚度和化学组分等变化特征 ,提出了若干结果。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON RE-INTENSIFICATION OF TROPICAL REMNANT RE-ENTERING THE SEA: A CASE STUDY

When Typhoon Toraji(2001)reached the Bohai Gulf during 1-2 August 2001,a heavy rainfall event occurred over Shandong province in China along the gulf.The Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast(WRF-ARW)model was used to explore possible effects of environmental factors,including effects of moisture transportation,upper-level trough interaction with potential vorticity anomalies,tropical cyclone(TC)remnant circulation,and TC boundary-layer process on the re-intensification of Typhoon Toraji,which re-entered the Bohai Gulf after having made a landfall.The National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)global final(FNL)analysis provided both the initial and lateral boundary conditions for the WRF-ARW model.The model was initialized at 1200 UTC on 31 July and integrated until 1200 UTC on 3 August 2001,during which Toraji remnant experienced the extratropical transition and re-intensification.Five numerical experiments were performed in this study,including one control and four sensitivity experiments.In the control experiment,the simulated typhoon had a track and intensity change similar to those observed.The results from three sensitivity experiments showed that the moisture transfer by a southwesterly lower-level jet,a low vortex to the northeast of China,and the presence of Typhoon Toraji all played important roles in simulated heavy rainfall over Shandong and remnant re-intensification over the sea,which are consistent with the observation.One of the tests illustrated that the local boundary layer forcing played a secondary role in the TC intensity change over the sea.     

A CASE STUDY OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SEA FOG ON THE SOUTHERN CHINA COAST

This study uses numerical simulations to examine a case of sea fog that was observed from 20 to 22 March2011 on the southern China coast. The observation dataset includes observatory data, cloud-top temperature from MODIS, GPS sonde, and data from the Integrated Observation Platform for Marine Meteorology(IOPMM). The simulations are based on the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model with four distinct parameter settings.Both the observations and simulations focus on the characteristics of the fog extent, boundary layer structure, and meteorological elements near the air-sea interface. Our main results are as follows:(1) The extent of mesoscale sea fog can be well simulated when the sea surface temperature has at least 0.5 ×0.5 horizontal resolution.(2) To accurately model the vertical structure of the sea fog, particularly the surface-based inversion, vertical levels must be added in the boundary layer.(3) When these model conditions are met, the simulations faithfully reproduce the measured downward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation, and surface sensible heat flux during the sea fog period.     

一次酸性大暴雨分析

酸雨是当代世界上面临的主要环境问题,并已成为人们普遍关注的公害之一。近年来,我国各地区对大气污染和降水化学成分的分析表明,我国南方地区酸雨出现的频率大大高于北方地区。由于城市工业区排出的二氧化硫、氮氧化物等污染物,不只污染城市空气,而且可随着气流输送到很远的距离。加之污染物可以作为凝结核,在云滴、雨滴形成的时候,就可能具有酸的因素。云内的成雨过程,以     

一次华南沿海海雾个例的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度数值模式WRF模拟了2011年3月20—22日华南沿海一次平流冷却雾过程,同时利用综合观测资料(包括台站资料、MODIS卫星云顶温度资料、GPS探空资料和海洋气象观测平台资料等),对比和验证一次海雾个例模拟的范围、大气边界层结构和海气界面特征。针对此次海雾个例的研究发现:(1) 使用水平分辨率为0.5 °×0.5 °的海温,已经可以较好地模拟华南沿海中尺度海雾的范围;(2) 随着大气边界层内垂直层次的增加,可以在一定程度上改善海雾垂直结构的模拟效果,主要表现为可以较好地模拟贴海面的逆温层结;(3) 模式可以较好地模拟海雾期间的向下短波辐射、向下长波辐射和感热通量。并对此次海雾过程模拟存在的问题进行了讨论。      

A CASE STUDY OF AN ACID RAINSTORM

In this paper, the time-space variations of pH and electric conductivity are analyzed for anacid rainstorm during 10-11 August 1984 in Changchun, and the relationship between the pHvalue, meteorological factors, and microphysical characteristics of raindrops are discussed. In addition,the chemical composition of precipitation is also dealt with.     

通辽市风沙天气发生规律分析

介绍了1960－1999年通辽市沙日数的气候特征和阶段性，沙尘暴日数偏多（偏少）月份的环流特征及其出现时的地面天气形势，以及各因素在风沙天气表成中的作用。     

8515号台风路径分析

本文讨论了环境流场、流函数切变平流、势函数的垂直配置与8515号台风路径的关系,并用台风移向变率诊断方程分析与计算了该台风移动时移向变化的情况,特别是9月5日发生的明显右偏。分析结果如下:1.西太平洋副热带高压呈块状,赤道缓冲带增强,有利于8515号台风移向右偏。2.8515号台风处于负流函数切变平流区一侧,其路径与流函数切变平流零线走向基本一致。3.8515号台风北侧各层势函数场的垂直分布,决定了辐散风的配置,其演变与台风移向有一定的相关。4.台风移向变率诊断的定性分析和实用计算,对判别台风移向是否稳定有一定参考意义。      

钦州市一次春季连续性大雾气象特征分析

对2011年2月6～9日钦州市连续性大雾天气过程进行分析,结果表明：有利的大气环流形势为大雾形成提供有利天气背景;持续的东南风和适宜的风速为大雾的形成提供了有利水汽条件;与稳定度有关的物理量场及与水汽条件有关的相对湿度场对预报大雾天气有一定的指导意义;逆温层结对水汽的聚集有重要贡献。     

广西沿海地区大范围雾气候特征与天气形势分析

利用广西沿海地区7站多年的雾日、雾发生时间、雾维持时间及地面观测资料,统计分析该地区雾的气候特征。结果表明,该地区雾地理分布极不均匀;在多年雾日变化上,北海、防城和防港3站呈上升趋势,另4站则呈下降趋势;月际变化明显,12月至次年4月是雾的高发期;雾多发于6至12时且绝大部分雾的维持时间都在1h以上;雾最小能见度低至30m;总结了产生该地区大范围雾的五种天气形势,供短期预报参考。     

一次青藏高原夏季低涡的数值模拟研究

本文利用美国NCAR中尺度模式MM4对1979年6月29－30日一次500hPa高原低涡的生成发展过程进行了数值试验模拟研究。通过对绝热、非绝热、有无地表感热潜热及降低地形等六个对比试验，分析指出：（1）模式对500hPa高原涡中心位置预报与实况吻合，中心平均强度实况接近，平均玫水亦接近（略偏少），落区略有偏差，故可认为对低涡的预报基本合理。（2）低涡主要由非绝热过程引起（22．6，10^－5s^－1），而动力过程是很次要的（6．0）；在非绝热过程中潜热的贡献（8．0）远比由积云对流及湍流所引起的地表感热通量（14．6）小；地表热通量的贡献主要为地表感热通量（13．4），而地表蒸发作用很小（1．2），这与文献[6]的诊断分析结论一致。（3）由半地形高度隆起至全地形时，动力作用对低涡强度的贡献由2．0增至6．0，非绝热过程的贡献由7．2增到22．6。可见模式中真实地处理地形高度是很重要的。本文虽只作了一例，但结论（2）与大量低涡诊断分析的统计结果一致。