A GLOBAL VIEW OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENSO AND TROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCIES

The relationship between tropical cyclone activity and ENSO is examined for the major cyclone regions using crosscorrelations,spectral analysis and composite analysis of eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature,thenormalised monthly Southern Oscillation Index(SOI),and tropical cyclone frequencies.The closest relationship betweenthe 3—4 year ENSO period and tropical cyclone activity was found in the western North Pacific west of 160°E and thereseems to be significant potential for seasonal forecasting in this region based on ENSO parameters alone.No significantrelationships were found for the North Indian Ocean,and the remainder of the basins were dominated by oscillationsnear the quasi-biennial period.Physical explanations and forecasting of the seasonal variations in tropical cyclone num-bers in these regions will need to account for the QBO as well as the 3—4 year ENSO connections.     

西北太平洋热带气旋生成客观预测模型

该文提出一种西北太平洋热带气旋年生成活动的客观预测模型。研究大尺度环境因子对西北太平洋热带气旋年生成频次的作用,使用最小角回归算法对初始14个预测因子进行选择和降维,将资料集分为训练集（1979—2015年）和验证集（2016—2020年）,建立随机森林回归模型预测热带气旋年生成频次。分析环境因子对西北太平洋热带气旋生成位置的作用,使用逐步回归算法筛选影响显著的预测因子,建立局部泊松回归模型预测热带气旋生成空间位置的概率。结果表明：随机森林回归模型可以预测西北热带气旋频次的主要变化和趋势,揭示环境因子对西北太平洋热带气旋年生成频次的影响。局部泊松回归模型对于气旋生成位置概率有一定预测能力。利用随机森林回归模型和局部泊松回归模型模拟1979—2020年西北太平洋热带气旋生成,结果与观测基本一致,可见模型可为热带气旋危险性分析提供参考。     

西北太平洋热带气旋闪电时空尺度和光辐射能

利用1998—2014年热带测雨(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, TRMM)卫星上携带的闪电成像仪(lightning imaging sensor, LIS)数据, 建立西北太平洋热带气旋闪电数据集, 并研究该区域热带气旋闪电属性特征。结果表明: 热带气旋闪电各属性值均呈对数正态分布特征, 热带气旋极大值闪电更倾向于发生在海洋和热带低压强度等级。不同强度等级(热带低压、热带风暴、台风)的热带气旋闪电持续时间无明显差异, 但热带风暴强度等级的闪电空间尺度和光辐射能平均值均低于热带低压和台风。对于热带气旋的不同区域(内核、内雨带、外雨带), 内核闪电的持续时间最大、光辐射能最强, 且持续时间和光辐射能随着闪电与热带气旋中心距离的增加而逐渐减小, 外雨带达到最小值。在海陆差异方面, 热带气旋闪电在海洋上的空间尺度和光辐射能比陆地大, 而闪电持续时间无明显差异。与非热带气旋闪电相比, 热带气旋闪电的延展距离、通道面积和光辐射能均更小, 但闪电平均持续时间更长。     

The temporal and spatial characteristics of surrogate tropical cyclones from a multi-millenial simulation

Output from a simulation with the CSIRO Mark 2 climatic model has been used to investigate the secular variability of tropical cyclone formation over the globe using Gray’s Seasonal Genesis Parameter. This simulation differs from previous surrogate studies in using a coupled atmospheric-oceanic model, instead of specified sea surface temperatures, as well as being of multi-millenial duration, compared with decadal length simulations used elsewhere. Mean climatological values for each season for a 5,000-year period indicate that the model replicated the broad patterns of spatial and temporal variability. Results are presented in some detail for three regions, the southwest and northwest Pacific Oceans and the low latitude North Atlantic Ocean. A marked range of temporal variabilities of surrogate tropical cyclone numbers was obtained in the simulation, possibly indicating that the present, observed increase in these numbers may not be outside that attributable to natural variability. The component terms of the Seasonal Genesis Parameter permit the contribution of individual climatic terms to the generation of tropical cyclones to be identified. This approach highlighted the important role of relative vorticity and relative humidity, in addition to the governing influence of vertical wind shear. The remote influence of ENSO, versus that of local sea surface temperature anomalies, on surrogate tropical cyclone numbers was examined and revealed different outcomes depending on the region under consideration. The global total of surrogate tropical cyclone numbers exhibited noticeable interannual variability. The simulation reproduced most of the observed correlations between tropical cyclones and relevant climatic variables, but many of the correlations were not stable within the 5,000-year time series used. This suggests that observed correlations based on, typically, 100-years or less of data may not be representative of possible future outcomes. With minor exceptions all climatological time series associated with the Seasonal Genesis Parameter were found to be Gaussian.     

1949～1995年西太平洋热带气旋活动的气候学特征

利用 1 949～ 1 995年的西太平洋地区热带气旋的有关资料 ,对南海和西北太平洋地区热带气旋年生成个数 ,不同强度的热带气旋登陆次数以及热带气旋出现频数的空间分布进行了气候学分析。结果表明西太平洋地区热带气旋活动与 ENSO现象有一定的联系。     

2010年和1998年西北太平洋热带气旋频数异常与东亚夏季风系统的关联性分析

利用西北太平洋编号台风资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA向外长波辐射(outgoing longwave radiation,OLR)资料等,选取西北太平洋热带气旋频数异常偏少的2010年和1998年,诊断分析ENSO事件及其东亚夏季风环流异常与热带气旋频数异常的关系,给出东亚夏季风系统部分成员影响热带气旋频数的天气学图像:由春入夏,赤道东太平洋海温异常偏暖,赤道哈得来环流偏强,沃克环流偏弱;西太平洋副热带高压异常强大,位置偏西;季风槽位置偏南,东西向不发展;南海、西太平洋越赤道气流偏弱;异常热源和水汽汇偏南,南海和菲律宾以东地区对流活动受到抑制,热带对流活跃区位于赤道以南;热带气旋生成个数明显偏少,位置偏西。     

STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS IN THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC REGION WITH CLASSIFICATION MODEL

Accurate simulation of tropical cyclone tracks is a prerequisite for tropical cyclone risk assessment. Against the spatial characteristics of tropical cyclone tracks in the Northwest Pacific region, stochastic simulation method based on classification model is used to simulate tropical cyclone tracks in this region. Such simulation includes the classification method, the genesis model, the traveling model, and the lysis model. Tropical cyclone tracks in the Northwest Pacific region are classified into five categories on the basis of its movement characteristics and steering positions. In the genesis model, Gaussian kernel probability density functions with the biased cross validation method are used to simulate the annual occurrence number and genesis positions. The traveling model is established on the basis of the mean and mean square error of the historical 6 h latitude and longitude displacements. The termination probability is used as the discrimination standard in the lysis model. Then, this stochastic simulation method of tropical cyclone tracks is applied and qualitatively evaluated with different diagnostics. Results show that the tropical cyclone tracks in Northwest Pacific can be satisfactorily simulated with this classification model.     

基于引潮力的西北太平洋热带气旋特征研究

利用中国气象局提供的西北太平洋台风最佳路径数据集、欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA5再分析资料、美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的HORIZONS系统天文资料,采用统计学方法,分析了1949—2019年西北太平洋生成的热带气旋路径上各节点所受引潮力,并诊断引潮力与大气环流之间的关系。结果表明：1）向上垂直引潮力越大,热带气旋生成数越多、增强速度越快,同时向西移速增大。水平引潮力方位角与热带气旋前进方向接近时,垂直引潮力增强的效果更明显。2）在西北太平洋热带气旋活跃期（7—10月）,向上的垂直引潮力有利于大气的上升运动,导致对流层中层（高层）辐合（辐散）,形成有利于热带气旋发展的环流配置结构。     

NUIST地球系统模式模拟ENSO对西北太平洋热带气旋活动的影响

地球系统模式已经逐步成为研究热带气旋（TC）活动气候变化的重要工具之一,之前的研究发现南京信息工程大学地球系统模式（NESM）高分辨率版本可以较好地模拟全球海温分布及TC活动的气候特征。本研究进一步分析了NESM地球系统模式模拟西北太平洋TC活动的年际变化,并与1967～2016年观测的TC活动进行对比。NESM模式高分辨率版本能够较好地模拟西北太平洋平均海温及与ENSO事件联系的海温异常变化特点,对El Ni?o事件发生时西北太平洋TC的生成频数和路径分布的模拟较好,也能模拟El Ni?o年TC生成位置比La Ni?a年偏东的特征,但是未能模拟出TC平均生命周期和Ni?o3.4地区海温的相关性。并且模式模拟的La Ni?a年TC的生成位置偏东,主要原因是模拟La Ni?a年季风槽平均位置偏东。研究结果有助于进一步改进NESM模式和利用NESM模式研究TC活动。     

Dependency of typhoon intensity and genesis locations on El Ni?o phase and SST shift over the western North Pacific

The effects of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase and the shifting of the ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) on the intensity of tropical cyclones (TC) have been extensively investigated in terms of TC genesis locations in the western North Pacific (WNP). To advance the hypothesis for a relation of genesis location–intensity that the TC formation location hints its intensity, two cases have been compared, which include the phase of the decaying El Ni?o turning over to La Ni?a (type I) and the phase that recovers to a neutral condition (type II). In addition, the shift of ENSO SST to the central Pacific warming (CPW) from the East Pacific warming (EPW) has been examined. The genesis potential index (GPI) and the accumulated cyclone energy have been applied to compare the differences between the ENSO phase and the TC formation location. It was apparent that ENSO influences the WNP typhoon formation location depending on the cycle of the ENSO phase. In addition, the typhoon activity was affected by the zonal shift of the El Ni?o SST. The CPW, which has maximum SST over the central Pacific, tends to have a persistently high GPI over the WNP in September–November and June–August, demonstrating that the formation locations of strong TCs significantly shift southeastward compared with the EPW having SST maximum over the eastern Pacific. CPW years revealed a distinguishable relationship between the TC formation location and the TC between the tropical depression (TD) + tropical storm (TS) and the intense typhoon of category 4?+?5.     

西北太平洋热带气旋气候变化的若干研究进展

热带气旋气候变化研究不仅是当前国际热带气旋气候界的热点科学问题,而且也是具有现实意义的社会问题,各国气象学者和科学家们对此进行了广泛的研究。虽然热带气旋活动与气候变化之间的关系及其相应的内在物理机制至今还处在探究之中,但是近20多年来热带气旋气候学的研究还是取得了显著的进展。本文主要针对濒临中国的西北太平洋海域,回顾了热带气旋活动季节内、年际、年代际变化及其全球变暖背景下的变化趋势的气候学研究。此外,文中也对西北太平洋热带气旋气候学的研究进行了展望,并提出了该领域中一些亟待解决的科学问题。     

Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor and coherent climate anomalies in post-ENSO summer: A review

ENSO induces coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific, but these anomalies outlast SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific by a season, with major effects on the Asian summer monsoon. This review provides historical accounts of major milestones and synthesizes recent advances in the endeavor to understand summer variability over the Indo-Northwest Pacific region. Specifically, a large-scale anomalous anticyclone(AAC) is a recurrent pattern in post-El Ni ?no summers, spanning the tropical Northwest Pacific and North Indian oceans. Regarding the ocean memory that anchors the summer AAC, competing hypotheses emphasize either SST cooling in the easterly trade wind regime of the Northwest Pacific or SST warming in the westerly monsoon regime of the North Indian Ocean. Our synthesis reveals a coupled ocean–atmosphere mode that builds on both mechanisms in a two-stage evolution. In spring, when the northeast trades prevail, the AAC and Northwest Pacific cooling are coupled via wind–evaporation–SST feedback. The Northwest Pacific cooling persists to trigger a summer feedback that arises from the interaction of the AAC and North Indian Ocean warming, enabled by the westerly monsoon wind regime. This Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor(IPOC) effect explains why El Ni ?no stages its last act over the monsoonal Indo-Northwest Pacific and casts the Indian Ocean warming and AAC in leading roles. The IPOC displays interdecadal modulations by the ENSO variance cycle, significantly correlated with ENSO at the turn of the 20 th century and after the 1970 s, but not in between. Outstanding issues, including future climate projections, are also discussed.     

1982—83年厄尼诺现象与西北太平洋夏季(6—8月)低纬环流特征的初步分析

1982—83年的厄尼诺和南方涛动是本世纪最强的一次ENSO(El-Nino/Southern Oscill-ation)事件。本文分析对比了El-Ni(?)o当年(1982)夏季(6—8月)和El-Nino次年(1983)夏季的西北太平洋低纬度环流特征发现有明显的差异,在1982年夏季,西北太平洋副热带高压明显偏弱;850hPa低纬度西风较强;200hPa上低纬度东风较强,在赤道海洋上已建立了沃克反环流,根据1982年和1983年夏季向外的长波辐射差异图可发现菲律宾以东洋面上ITCZ活跃。而在1983年夏季的低纬度环流几乎与1982年夏季的相反。这两年上述的差异是与赤道太平洋中部或东部的海温异常增暖有关的。      

CMIP5模式对春季北极涛动影响后期冬季ENSO不对称性的模拟能力分析

根据观测资料的研究指出春季北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation, AO)对随后冬季厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Nino–Southern Oscillation, ENSO)的影响具有明显不对称性。春季AO处于正位相时,它对随后冬季厄尔尼诺(El Nino)事件的影响显著,然而春季AO负位相对随后冬季拉尼娜(La Nina)的影响不明显。本研究分析了30个来自CMIP5的耦合模式对春季AO与随后冬季ENSO不对称性关系的模拟能力。30个CMIP5耦合模式中,只有CNRM-CM5和GISS-E2-H-CC模式能较好地抓住春季AO与冬季ENSO的联系。进一步分析这两个模式中春季AO与冬季ENSO的不对称性关系,发现CNRM-CM5模式能较好地再现春季AO与冬季ENSO的非对称关系,即春季AO正(负)位相会导致赤道中东太平洋出现El Nino(La Nina)型海表温度增暖(冷却)。然而,GISS-E2-H-CC模式的模拟结果显示,春季AO对随后冬季ENSO的影响是对称的。本文随后解释了CNRM-CM5(GISS-E2-H-CC)模式能(不能)模拟出春季AO与冬季ENSO不对称关系的原因。对于CNRMCM5模式,在春季AO正位相年,副热带西北太平洋上空存在明显的异常气旋和正降水异常,正降水异常通过Gill型大气响应对赤道西太平洋异常西风的形成和维持起着重要作用,异常西风通过激发向东传播的暖赤道Kelvin波对随后冬季El Nino事件的发生产生显著的影响;然而,在春季AO负位相年,副热带北太平洋的异常反气旋和负降水异常较弱,导致赤道西太平洋的异常东风不明显,因此,春季AO负异常对随后冬季La Nina的影响不显著。所以,CNRM-CM5模式能够较好地抓住春季AO对随后冬季ENSO事件的非对称性影响。相比之下,对于GISS-E2-H-CC模式,春季AO正(负)位相年副热带西北太平洋上存在显著的正(负)降水异常,通过Gill型大气响应在赤道西太平洋激发出明显的异常西(东)风从而影响随后冬季的El Nino(La Nina)事件。因此,在GISS-E2-H-CC模式中,春季AO对随后冬季ENSO具有对称性影响。另外,模式捕捉春季AO对随后冬季ENSO非对称性影响的能力与模式对春季AO空间结构的模拟能力有一定的联系。     

高原东部夏季凝结潜热对热带气旋频数的影响

通过运用NCEP/NCAR逐月的再分析资料,1975-2005年的高原东部夏季凝结潜热资料,西北太平热带气旋资料,初步研究了气候背景下高原夏季凝结潜热对西北太平洋区热带气旋(以下简称TC)活动的影响,发现夏季(7-9月)凝结潜热强度与TC生成频数相关系数达到-0.45,通过0.01信度的显著性检验.还进一步分析了与TC...     

区域耦合模式FROALS模拟的西北太平洋热带气旋潜势分布与年际变率:耦合与非耦合试验比较

热带气旋潜势指数可以合理刻画热带气旋生成的位置与范围, 被广泛应用于评估气候系统模式对热带气旋的模拟。本文使用区域海—气耦合模式FROALS对西北太平洋地区1982～2007年的积分结果, 检验了该模式对热带气旋潜势指数的气候态和年际变率模拟能力, 并从决定热带气旋潜势的五个变量角度, 分析了造成模式模拟偏差的原因。结果表明, 模式可以合理再现西北太平洋地区热带气旋潜势指数的分布, 但由于西北太平洋季风槽模拟偏弱且耦合后模拟海温偏冷, 使得耦合试验模拟的热带气旋潜势指数分布偏弱, 尽管较之单独大气模式, 其模拟的空间分布有改善。在年际变率方面, 模式可以合理再现年际变率中热带气旋潜势指数对ENSO的响应, 且耦合模式优于单独大气模式, 分析表明其原因在于耦合模式模拟的850 hPa季风槽强度与年际变率优于单独大气模式。因此区域耦合模式在模拟热带气旋指数年际变率方面相较大气模式有优势。     

西北太平洋强热带气旋活动的年代际变化

统计分析了１９５１～１９９５年西北太平洋强热带气旋①活动的气候特征和大气环流特征及其相互关系。结果表明,５０和６０年代是强热带气旋活动异常期,６０和７０年代是台风活动异常期。并指出台风与副热带高压、西风环流、青藏高原指数有很好的相关性     

北太平洋海温Victoria模态与ENSO年际关系的非对称特征

利用美国NOAA海表温度资料,重点分析了北太平洋海温异常EOF第二模态Victoria模态(VM)与ENSO年际关系的非对称特征.研究发现,VM和ENSO在年代际尺度上相关性较弱,而在年际尺度上有很好的相关关系,两者同期为负相关,VM超前1 a为正相关.然而,正负VM事件与ENSO冷暖位相在年际尺度上的联系存在着一定的...     

Recent advances in studies of the interaction between the East Asian winter and summer monsoons and ENSO cycle

Recent advances in studies on the interaction between the East Asian monsoon and the ENSO cycle are reviewed in this paper. Through the recent studies, not only have the responding features and processes of the East Asian winter and summer monsoon circulation anomalies and summer rainfall anomalies in East Asia to the ENSO cycle during its different stages been understood further, but also have the thermal and dynamic effects of the tropical western Pacific on the ENSO cycle been deeply analyzed from the observational facts and dynamic theories. The results of observational and theoretical studies showed that the dynamical effect of the atmospheric circulation and zonal wind anomalies in the lower troposphere over the tropical western Pacific on the ENSO cycle may be through the excitation of the equatorial oceanic Kelvin wave and Rossby waves in the equatorial Pacific. These studies demonstrated further that the ENSO cycle originates from the tropical western Pacific. Moreover, these recent studies also showed that the atmospheric circulation and zonal wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific not only result from the air-sea interaction over the tropical western Pacific, but are also greatly influenced by the East Asian winter and summer monsoons. Additionally, the scientific problems in the interaction between the Asian monsoon and the ENSO cycle which should be studied further in the near future are also pointed out in this paper.     

Source of low frequency modulation of ENSO amplitude in a CGCM

We study the relationship between changes in equatorial stratification and low frequency El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude modulation in a coupled general circulation model (CGCM) that uses an anomaly coupling strategy to prevent climate drifts in the mean state. The stratification is intensified at upper levels in the western and central equatorial Pacific during periods of high ENSO amplitude. Furthermore, changes in equatorial stratification are connected with subsurface temperature anomalies originating from the central south tropical Pacific. The correlation analysis of ocean temperature anomalies against an index for the ENSO modulation supports the hypothesis of the existence of an oceanic “tunnel” that connects the south tropical Pacific to the equatorial wave guide. Further analysis of the wind stress projection coefficient onto the oceanic baroclinic modes suggests that the low frequency modulation of ENSO amplitude is associated with a significant contribution of higher-order modes in the western and central equatorial Pacific. In the light of these results, we suggest that, in the CGCM, change in the baroclinic mode energy distribution associated with low frequency ENSO amplitude modulation have its source in the central south tropical Pacific.