江浙莼菜遗传多样性和遗传结构的ISSR分析

利用ISSR标记对分布于江苏和浙江的濒危水生植物莼菜(Brasenia schreberi J.F Gmelin)的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究.从77个引物中筛选出12个引物用于研究,共扩增出101条扩增带,其中多态性条带16条,占15.84%,平均每个引物扩增的条带数为8.4条.结果表明:莼菜的遗传多样性水平较低(种水平的遗传多样性Ht为0.0395,Shannon's信息指数Hs为0.0630;种群水平的遗传多样性 Ht、胁分别为0.0391、0.0335).大部分遗传变异存在于种群内(85.79%),种群间的基因流为3.0199.营养繁殖、生境丧失与片断化以及人工引种等人为干扰对莼菜的遗传多样性和遗传结构产生重要影响.     

我国五大湖三角帆蚌群体ITS-1序列变异分析

对我国五大淡水湖:鄱阳湖、洞庭湖、太湖、巢湖、洪泽湖,鄱阳湖内包括进贤、余干、珠湖、都昌、湖口、永修,合计10个群体三角帆蚌78个个体核糖体DNA基因转录间隔子ITS-1进行PCR扩增、序列测定,获得78条长度为430 bp的同源序列.同源基因序列分析显示,五大淡水湖10个群体三角帆蚌78条ITS-1序列片段,G C的含量都明显高于A T的含量.都阳湖三角帆蚌的核苷酸多态性指数最高,而巢湖的核苷酸多样性指数最低.基于ITS-1序列片段的遗传距离表明,鄱阳湖内六个点群体间遗传距离很小,在0.071到0.0092之间.五大湖间三角帆蚌群体遗传距离较远,在0.0752到O.1381之间.ITS-1序列片段构建系统树显示,鄱阳湖6个群体聚在了一起为单独一支,并与巢湖群体亲缘关系相近.洞庭湖群体和洪泽湖群体亲缘关系相近,单独为一支.太湖群体从都阳湖、巢湖群体分离开来,单独为一支.     

基于COI基因序列的太湖新银鱼遗传多样性

利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶I(COI)分子标记分析长江中下游太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)8个地理种群132个样本的遗传多样性.该基因630 bp片段的碱基序列共检出8个核苷酸变异位点(变异率1.27%),其中局域性单倍型居多(75%),群体单倍型多样性较高(h=0.576±0.036),而核苷酸多样性较低(π=0.00112±0.00204).不同地理种群遗传多样性差异显著:有人工移植历史种群遗传多样性较高、隔离度较高的种群遗传多样性较低,但大部分的遗传变异来自于种群内(54.83%),反映出地理隔离和人为干扰对太湖新银鱼遗传格局影响显著.研究表明COI基因适于银鱼科鱼类物种鉴别和系统发育研究,同时可为同种种群间遗传关系分析提供一定的信息.     

四个鲤鱼种群ITS-1序列的遗传变异分析

对我国四个鲤鱼种群的核糖体DNA内转录间隔区ITS-1进行了PCR扩增、测序.序列分析显示,370bp的ITS-1序列中GC含量明显高于AT含量,共检测到34个变异位点,96个样本得到14个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性为0.637±0.055,核苷酸多样性为0.00857±0.00200,遗传多样性表现较低.黑龙江野鲤种群...     

太湖光合自养真核超微藻遗传多样性初探

采用真核藻类叶绿体16S rRNA的引物PLA491F、OXY1313R,通过PCR、构建基因克隆库的方法初步调查了太湖梅梁湾和东太湖光合自养真核超微藻的遗传多样性.结果表明,太湖自养型真核超微藻主要为隐藻(Cryptophyta),其次为硅藻(Bacillariophyta)、金藻(Chrysophyta)和定鞭藻(Haptophyta).该结果有助于我们更全面地了解太湖浮游藻类的群落结构及生态功能.     

五个湖泊中华刺鳅(Mastacembelus sinensis)种群线粒体细胞色素b遗传多样性分析

采用特异性引物对中华刺鳅基因组DNA进行扩增和测序,获得了江苏省5个湖泊的中华刺鳅种群线粒体cyt b基因767 bp的序列.分析表明,cyt b基因中A+T含量略高于G+C含量,144个中华刺鳅共获得cyt b基因单倍型28个,变异位点38个,其中单倍型Hap1分布最为广泛,可能为祖先型单倍型.平均单倍型多样性和平均核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.58751和0.00214,遗传多样性较低.群体间遗传分化系数为0.0356,绝大多数的遗传变异都来自群体内部,而群体间的遗传分化极小.构建的系统进化树未出现明显的以单个湖泊群体的聚簇,5个湖泊的种群间基因交流极其强烈.研究结果表明,当前5个湖泊的中华刺鳅遗传多样性水平比较低,亟待加强保护.     

刀鲚与湖鲚线粒体细胞色素b基因片段多态性及遗传关系

使用线粒体细胞色素6基因片段序列为分子标记,分析了刀鲚和湖鲚的遗传多态性及遗传关系．在两个群体中共检测到5种不同的单倍型．刀鲚和湖鲚的单倍型多样性指数分别为0．9000和0．7000;核苷酸多样性指数分别为0．3763％和0．4301％．分子方差分析显示两者遗传分化的水平很低,群体间的差异对总的变异没有贡献．所以认为它们之间的差异尚未达到亚种水平,这一结果支持湖鲚是刀鲚的一个地理种群的观点．     

有关成矿多样性几个基本理论问题的思考

成矿多样性理论研究的几点思考,包括：成矿多样性概念的内涵和外延、成矿多样性科学归属、成矿多样性研究意义、成矿多样性研究的可取途径.本文认为,成矿多样性是一个含义十分广泛的概念,既包含有自然属性又包含有社会属性和知识属性,成矿多样性概念包含着系统科学的基本要素成分;成矿多样性的等级结构决定了成矿多样性问题的科学范畴;成矿多样性研究意义在于发现新型矿产资源,而新型矿产资源的勘查和开发利用是人类社会可持续发展的资源保障;成矿多样性研究应当吸收和借鉴生物多样性研究的方法.成矿多样性的复杂性特点,决定了成矿多样性研究必须依靠系统分析的原理和方法.     

基于多维度指数的雅鲁藏布江鱼类多样性评价及群落构建过程分析

雅鲁藏布江是我国西藏地区最大的河流,孕育着独特的水生生物资源。近年来随着人类活动的干扰与河流开发的推进,亟待对该流域水生生物多样性进行全面调查评估。本研究基于雅鲁藏布江全流域的鱼类资源调查数据,整合物种多样性、功能多样性和系统发育多样性3个维度12项指数,对该流域鱼类多样性进行评价分析。结果显示,24个调查样点中共采集到37种鱼类,隶属于3目7科24属;其中土著鱼类27种,外来鱼类10种;鲤形目鲤科鱼类为优势类群。基于Bray-Curtis相异度的层次聚类可将雅鲁藏布江鱼类群落划分为4组,表现为帕隆藏布汇口以上/以下江段及两个江段内干支流间存在较大差异,这与区域生物地理学过程及河流环境梯度密切相关。利用12项多样性指数对各组群的鱼类多样性进行评估,结果表明,除Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、平均配对种间系统发育距离指数和平均最近种间系统发育距离(MNTD)指数外,其他指数检测到组间的显著性差异。不同多样性指数之间的相关关系表现各异:与丰富度相关的多项指数间存在显著或极显著的正相关,功能离散度指数和MNTD指数与其他指数间多存在显著或极显著的负相关,表明不同类别的多样性指数各自具有独特的指示价值。基于群落功能性状结构和系统发育结构的检验结果显示,大多数样点驱动鱼类群落聚合的过程为种间竞争排斥,推测与雅鲁藏布江水体营养贫瘠、食物来源稀缺导致的种间营养竞争关系紧张有关。本文整合多维度多样性指数对雅鲁藏布江流域鱼类多样性及群落构建过程进行探究,以期为该流域鱼类资源保护和管理提供科学依据,也为应用多维度指数评价淡水鱼类多样性提供参考借鉴。     

基于微卫星标记的长江江苏段鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)增殖放流资源贡献率的评估

近年来,长江下游进行了大规模鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)增殖放流活动,而增殖放流对鲢资源的贡献如何,成为亟待探究的科学问题.本研究基于已开发的11对微卫星引物,标记8个主要原良种场(为江苏省各地政府放流工作提供苗种的单位)鲢繁殖亲本群体,利用微卫星亲子鉴定技术,评估2016-2017年长江江苏段鲢增殖放流对鲢在江群体的资源贡献率.研究结果显示,621尾繁殖亲本群体和475尾长江捕捞鲢群体共检测出191种等位基因,每个座位的等位基因种类数、观测杂合度、期望杂合度范围分别为9～36、0.536～0.793、0.597～0.941;对应平均值分别为17.36、0.656、0.794.11个座位均表现出高度的多态性,每个座位的多态信息含量范围为0.560～0.938,平均值为0.771,证明选用的11对微卫星引物可作为亲子鉴定的有效工具.亲子鉴定结果表明,在亲本性别未知的情况下,非亲排除率(NEP)范围为2.4%～42.4%,累积非亲权排除率(CEP)在99.99%以上; 475尾长江鲢群体中,鉴定出39尾鲢个体来自于原良种场鲢亲本群体所繁殖的后代,即回捕率为8.21%.综合分析可见,2016-2017年,长江江苏段增殖放流对鲢资源量有较好的补充作用.     

Fluids double-fracturing genetic mechanism and mineralization of gold-copper of the breccia pipe at Qibaoshan in Shandong Province

After studying the characteristics and special texture of the fluidogenous tectonics, mineral assemblage in the cemented vein between breccia and their special distribution, and stress analyzing the joint structures in and around the breccia pipe, it is found that the observed phenomena are caused by a new tectonic dynamic mechanics of fluid—double-fracturing caused by temperature and pressure of fluids and pulsating expansion. Under the actions of thermal stress and the pressure of fluids, thermal cracks and joints that developed along parts of the thermal cracks formed systematically in the rocks. Under these conditions, up-arching fracture zones that pulsatively expanded upward and cylindrical pressing breccia body were formed. Rocks at the peak of the pyramidal fractures zone break down instantly. Where the difference between pressure of fluids and the overburden pressure exceeded greatly the competence of the rocks, fluid junctions occurred and the velocity of the fluid flow increased as a result. Explosive body expanded upward in the shape of an inverse cone, cone-like explosive breccia body and cover-like shattering breccia body located on the upper part of the breccia pipe were ultimately formed. Gold-rich fluids were enriched and mineralized near the boiling surface in the lower part of the inverse cone-like explosive breccia body where temperature and pressure decreased rapidly, while copper-rich fluids were enriched and mineralized in the junction area where temperature and pressure were relatively high.     

Spatial-temporal variation in soil respiration and its controlling factors in three steppes of Stipa L. in Inner Mongolia, China

Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China. It is of great significance to measure accurately the soil respiration of different grassland types for the contribution evaluation of the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem’s carbon emission to the atmospheric CO2 concentration. A three-year (2005-2007) field experiment was carried out on three steppes of Stipa L. in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, using a static opaque chamber technique. The seasonal and interannual variations of soil respiration rates were analyzed, and the annual total soil respiration of the three steppes was estimated. The numerical models between soil respiration and water-heat factors were established respectively. Similar seasonal dynamic and high annual and interannual variations of soil respiration were found in all of the three steppes. In the growing season, the fluctuation of soil respiration was particularly evident. The coefficients of variation (CVs) for soil respiration in different growing seasons ranged from 54% to 93%, and the annual CVs were all above 115%. The interannual CV of soil respiration progressively decreased in the order of Stipa grandis (S. grandis) steppe Stipa baicalensis (S. baicalensis) steppe Stipa krylovii (S. krylovii) steppe. The annual total soil respiration for the S. baicalensis steppe was 223.62?299.24 gC m-2 a-1, 150.62-226.99 gC m-2 a-1 for the S. grandis steppe, and 111.31–131.55 gC m-2 a-1 for the S. krylovii steppe, which were consistent with the precipitation gradient. The variation in the best fitting temperature factor explained the 63.5%, 73.0%, and 73.2% change in soil respiration in the three steppes at an annual time scale, and the corresponding Q10 values were 2.16, 2.98, and 2.40, respectively. Moreover, the Q10 values that were calculated by soil temperature at different depths all expressed a 10 cm 5 cm surface in the three sampling sites. In the growing season, the soil respiration rates were related mostly to the surface soil moisture, and the 95.2%, 97.4%, and 93.2% variations in soil respiration in the three steppes were explained by the change in soil moisture at a depth of 0-10 cm, respectively.     

广东流溪河水库盔型溞(Daphnia galeata)休眠种群与现生种群的单倍型多样性和遗传分化

休眠卵库作为淡水枝角类生物与遗传信息的储藏库,从沉积物休眠卵库中萌发的枝角类对现生种群的数量与种群遗传结构有着直接的影响.分别采集流溪河水库盔型溞的现生种群和沉积物表层(0~10 cm)的休眠卵,扩增现生种群与休眠卵的线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I基因,构建了单倍型网络.休眠种群相比现生种群有着较高的单倍型多样性和核酸多样性,初期现生种群分别为0.562、0.00104,末期现生种群分别为0.726、0.00331,休眠种群分别为0.815、0.00761.流溪河盔型溞现生种群与休眠种群存在双向基因流,现生种群到休眠种群的有效迁移率为490.9,休眠种群到现生种群的有效迁移率为527.5.通过构建贝叶斯系统树验证了休眠种群和现有种群中并不存在隐种或者亚种的分化,休眠种群与现生种群之间没有出现较大的遗传分化,现生种群遗传多样性来自于休眠种群,水库的休眠种群更能反映种群真实的遗传多样性.休眠种群与现生种群之间的基因流与休眠卵库大小无关,与休眠卵的萌发有关.     

蓖齿眼子菜的光合速率及影响因素

本文研究了蓖齿眼子菜(Potamogeon pectinatus L)在滇池的光合速率、体内叶绿素季节变化及光和水温对其光合速率影响,并根据实验,计算出了蓖齿眼子菜生长的光补偿点,研究结果表明,蓖齿眼子菜1～3月份的净光合产氧量最大,为1.82～1.83mg/(g·h),6月份最低,为0.63 mg/(g·h);植物体内Chl.a和Chl.b平均含量分别为0.25～1.15mg/(g·h)和0.28～0.85mg/(g·h),蓖齿眼子菜可以通过调节体内Chl.a/Chl.b值来适应不同季节生长;蓖齿眼子菜有较宽的水温适应范围,10℃时的净光合产氧量可达0.88mg/(g·h),最高值出现在水温25℃,为1.16mg/(g·h),而30℃以上的水温已表现出对其生长的不利影响;蓖齿跟子菜生长的光补偿点为358～1256Lx,并随温度上升而逐渐增加.     

Amendment of Copper Toxicity in Alluvial Soil Using Iron: Effect on Growth and Yield of Triticum aestivum L.

Pot experiments were conducted in glasshouse under controlled conditions. The effect of copper in alluvial soil on the growth and yield of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) was worked out. Copper was applied in soil at 5–100 mg L^?1, along with iron supplement. Inhibitory response of copper was significant (p < 0.05) confirmed by the plant growth parameters viz., plant height, fresh and dry weight, moisture content, pigment contents, protein, sugar contents followed by increased catalase and peroxidase activity in the harvest at 30, 60, and 90 days, of treatment, respectively. The plants grown on copper treated soil along with 5 mg L^?1 Cu and iron application showed significant effects (p < 0.05) regarding the increase in plant biomass, plant height (shoot only), pigment contents, protein, sugar contents, grain yield followed by decreased catalase and peroxidase activity in wheat after 30, 60, and 90 days of treatment, respectively. The accumulation of metal in plant tissues was found in order of Fe > Cu coupled by less translocation in grain as compared to the whole plant.     

钙离子添加对沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)富集水体磷的影响

沉水植物光合作用形成的微环境有利于水体中钙和磷形成CaCO_3-P共沉淀,从而将水体中的磷永久性去除,避免植物腐烂后的二次污染但不同的沉水植物种类形成CaCO_3-P共沉淀的能力不同本文以沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus L)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L)为实验对象,研究水体中添加钙离子(0、100 mg/L)对水体磷(磷浓度:0、0.2、2 mg/L)的去除和植物富集磷的差异,并通过植物灰分磷的组分分析,聚焦植物钙磷的变化,为生态修复中沉水植物的选择提供理论依据结果表明:(1)菹草和金鱼藻体系中总磷(TP)和溶解性反应磷(SRP)浓度显著下降,添加钙离子使降幅升高,且菹草体系中水体TP和SRP降幅均高于金鱼藻TP和SRP降幅;(2)菹草的干重全磷在高磷低钙(2-0)水平最高,灰分总磷在高磷高钙(2-100)水平最高,而金鱼藻干重全磷在高磷高钙(2-100)水平最高,灰分总磷在中等磷低钙(0.2-0)水平最高;(3)在2 mg/L的磷浓度下,添加钙离子使菹草的钙磷(HCl-P)和水溶性磷(H_2O-P)含量升高,有机磷(NaOH-P)含量降低,结果使灰分总磷含量升高,而金鱼藻NaOH-P升高,HCl-P和H_2O-P含量均降低,结果使灰分总磷降低这表明菹草通过提高吸附性磷和钙磷含量增强磷的富集,而金鱼藻则只显著升高了灰分中有机磷的含量显然,水体富营养化背景下,相较于金鱼藻,菹草具有更强的形成CaCO_3-P共沉淀的能力,具备竞争优势.     

铜胁迫对菹草无菌苗多胺及活性氧代谢的影响

本文研究了不同浓度Cu2+(0、1、2、4、8、12μmol/L)对菹草无菌苗多胺(PAs)及活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明,随着Cu2+处理浓度的升高:(1)菹草无菌苗植株的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐上升,过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则表现为先升后降;(2)超氧阴离子(O2.-)产生速率逐渐增大,过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)有所积累,可溶性蛋白含量降低;(3)游离态多胺含量与多胺总含量的变化一致,均表现为腐胺(Put)含量先升后降,亚精胺(Spd)含量逐渐降低,精胺(Spm)含量逐渐上升;游离态多胺(Spd+Spm)/Put的比值在高浓度Cu2+胁迫时迅速上升;结合态Put和Spm的含量变化与游离态的变化一致,而结合态Spd的含量与对照相比均略有上升;束缚态Put和Spd含量先升后降,而Spm含量则逐渐降低;(4)精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)、多胺氧化酶(PAO)和二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性均表现为先升后降,而鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)活性变化不明显.可见,Cu2+对菹草无菌苗造成了明显的氧化胁迫,抗氧化酶活性的升高,Spm含量的升高,Put向Spd和Spm的转化以及不同状态多胺之间的转化,在菹草无菌苗抵抗Cu2+胁迫过程中发挥着重要的作用.