Stress analysis on conjugate normal faults in unconsolidated Weichselian glacial sediments from Brorfelde, Denmark

The Brorfelde hills in northwestern Sjælland are built up of thick fluvioglacial deposits covered by basal till. A stress analysis of syn- and postdepositional normal faults in these sediments indicates that the faults are a result of buried dead ice. The hills can be classified as autochthonous ice-sustained kame or crevasse deposits which have been transgressed by a later ice advance     

构建覆盖区综合地质找矿思路和流程的探索: 以内蒙古锡林郭勒西北部为例

覆盖区矿产预测和地质找矿是一项具有探索性的研究课题, 需要解决覆盖区各种致矿信息存在的"弱缓"、"叠加复合"、"缺失和不完整"等缺陷, 从而有效地获得指示覆盖层之下矿化体的致矿信息.识别优势矿种和矿化类型、建立区域成矿-找矿模型, 采用多重分形预测理论和方法, 都将有利于强化和提取现有资料和数据中的致矿信息.提出了一个初步的覆盖区综合地质找矿流程框架, 并结合实际研究工作认识, 以内蒙古锡林郭勒西北部为例, 介绍了采用这种覆盖区综合地质找矿流程进行草原覆盖区综合地质找矿的做法及其初步结果.      

高分辨遥感在杭州活断层探测中的应用

详细探查城市及其周边地区的活断层,对于城市的防震减灾工作具有十分重要的意义。卫星遥感技术可在活断层探测中发挥重要作用。以杭州地区为例,系统介绍了提取第四纪松散沉积物覆盖区域的隐伏活断层信息流程和方法。结果证明,在弱活动构造地区,利用卫星遥感技术进行活断层探测是可行的。      

巴颜喀拉三叠纪沉积盆地岩相与古地理——以阿坝-若尔盖盆地为例

以阿坝－若尔盖盆地岩相与古地理研究为例,并结合区域上有关资料,认为巴颜喀拉三叠纪沉积盆地发育有世界上罕见的巨型浊流沉积,主要由一套大陆斜坡浊积扇相组合与深海盆地相组合等构成,而斜坡浊积扇,深海盆地的形成一发展和海平面的下降期与上升存在着对应关系,发育一系列叠复的浊积扇舌状体;浊流沉积物在陆源碎屑为主,伴有火山物质和碳酸盐岩的混合源型,物源主要来自北西侧与北侧的浅变质岩区;盆地属多阶段、多物源,不同     

方解石脉双晶纹方法在工程勘察中的应用

在工程区基岩被第四纪土、江水等覆盖的情况下，如何充分利用好获得的钻孔岩芯来分析断层的发育和活动性情况就显得非常重要。为此，地基勘察中引入一种显微构造分析方法，即方解石脉双晶纹分析方法。方解石脉双晶纹能解决断层的活动期次、每一期次的强度、断层应力场、断层性质、断层活动时的环境条件和最后一次活动的时代等问题。由于方解石脉双晶纹发育的广泛性，使之具有推广价值。     

发刊词

在党的鼓足干勁、力争上游、多次好省地建設社会主义总路線照耀下,全国各項建設事業都处在躍进的高潮中。在这种形势推动下,地質科学事业正以万馬奔騰之势向前發展。“向深山要宝,向地球开战”的口号正响徹祖国的原野和边疆。这种波瀾壯閥的新局面,使我們相信,經过各方面的努力,在不久的將来,埋藏在地下几亿年的矿藏要被唤醒,要听我們使唤,为我們服务。那时,地质工作將会为国家生产建設准备更充足的矿产资源,和为地区开發提供必要的数据,“地质工作落后”的帽子就要丢掉,从而赶上和超过英、美等先进资本主义国家的水平。     

钍归一化法在松辽盆地开鲁坳陷大林地区地面伽马能谱资料处理中的应用研究

在可地浸砂岩型铀矿勘查中,地面伽马能谱测量因地表覆盖层等的影响,有效信息往往被掩盖.为有效提取铀矿化信息,对在松辽盆地开鲁坳陷大林铀矿产区采集的地面伽马能谱数据开展钍归一化法处理.获得的铀剩差异常范围与区内铀矿体及断裂的空间展布相吻合.经分析表明,钍归一化法能够有效反映断裂的存在.该区断裂对铀成矿控制明显,区内铀剩差异...     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中部微小断层的成因机制与控藏特征

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘作为南北构造带的一部分,不仅是研究该盆地形成、演化及油气成藏的重要窗口,也是探讨中生代特提斯洋关闭、新生代青藏高原隆升的热点地区。本文将盆地西缘中部及以东的新生界覆盖区作为一个整体,利用二维和三维地震资料进行精细构造解释,在天环坳陷中生界发现大量微小断层。地震解释表明：地震剖面上,微小断层具有正、逆断层并存,切穿层位差异大,挤压褶皱相伴生的特点;平面上,微小断层呈北西西—南东东向规律性展布,与西部前缘带的大型断层共同构成扫帚状展布的断层发育带。晚侏罗世燕山运动主幕,北东东向构造挤压应力由南向北传递,由于受东西向横向构造转换带的阻挡,在本区产生压扭作用,微小断层的形成受此压扭作用控制。微小断层形成后,主要经历了早白垩世伸展作用和晚白垩世—至今的后期改造。依据断层切穿的层位及改造阶段,将微小断层划分为3个期次,井震联合分析认为：Ⅰ期断层主要改善了延长组致密储层的物性,一般在延长组内部成藏;Ⅱ期断层主要促进了石油的运移,在延长组和延安组均能成藏;Ⅲ期断层对早期油藏具有一定的破坏作用。     

基于PMGRA气体地球化学测量在辽东浅覆盖区找矿的可行性

气体能携带深部矿化信息沿着岩石裂隙和断裂带迁移至地表,因此气体地球化学方法可以用于寻找覆盖层以下的隐伏断裂和矿体.基于便携式多组分气体快速分析仪（PMGRA）,应用气体地球化学方法对辽东地区五龙金矿区和青城子地区开展了探索性的试验研究,并辅以相应的土壤地球化学测量进行对比.结果显示,异常区气体的浓度衬值非常大;在部分气体异常区,沿着构造倾向方向,具有CO₂异常峰值出现在H₂S、SO₂和CH₄之前的特点.在辽东浅覆盖区,气体和土壤地球化学测量均能反映隐伏构造和矿体;而在覆盖较厚地区,气体地球化学测量对断裂和矿体反映更明显,受覆盖层的类型和厚度影响较小.本次试验结果初步显示了基于PMGRA气体地球化学测量方法在浅覆盖区具有一定的可行性.      

辽宁大民屯凹陷地热资源形成条件分析

大民屯凹陷是新生代陆相凹陷盆地,其地层、构造、岩浆岩等地质背景具备传导性地热的良好成矿条件,热源主要为幔源热,储热层为沙河街组砂砾岩层段层状热储,盖层为第四系、新近系馆陶组、明化镇组和部分古近系东营组泥岩段地层.凹陷内基底断层及多期次级断裂形成了地热田良好的导热和导水通道.新近系平均地温梯度2.9℃/100 m,古近系平均地温梯度3.18℃/100 m,一定深度下的地下热水可以达到理想温度,具备地热开发条件.     

用温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)识别隐伏断层:以云南羊拉铜矿区为例

在残积物、土壤覆盖区,若基岩中存在断层,则可能使局部覆盖层加厚、湿度和植被密度相对提高、近地面物质热惯量加大,并在白天的热红外观测中因地表升温较慢而显示地面温度相对较低.这些效应可用温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)加以表征,TVDI的线状低值区(负异常)可作为指示隐伏断层的标志.利用Landsat7 ETM+数据,运用温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)方法,在面积约26 km2的云南羊拉铜矿区进行了隐伏断层识别.结合可见光遥感影像解译及露头地段实地调查,测制了该矿区断层分布图.该研究成果对于羊拉矿区矿山生产有一定的实际意义,同时也显示了热红外遥感技术在覆盖区矿区地质应用方面的潜力.      

西藏定结幅区调工作中的断裂构造遥感研究方法探讨

西藏定结地区地质构造背景复杂、型式多样,对包括变质核杂岩在内的断裂构造的研究是该地区构造解析的重点内容。在该地区有效地运用遥感技术来辅助野外实地调查十分必要。本文从信息提取、光谱特征分析、空间结构分析等几个方面探讨了在该地区运用遥感技术进行断裂构造研究的工作方法。另外,针对定结幅ETM+影像的实际情况,分别介绍了冰雪覆盖下的地物弱信息提取和高山地区地形影响的消除及三维信息恢复等图像处理方法。     

Gravity data analysis of Ungaran Volcano, Indonesia

Mount Ungaran is a Quaternary volcano located in the province of Central Java, Indonesia. The study area was covered by a gravity survey in order to delineate the subsurface structure and its relation to the hot springs that are spread throughout the area. The gravity data were analyzed using gravity gradient interpretation techniques, such as the horizontal gradient and Euler deconvolution methods, and many faults were detected. The results of the present study suggest that the hot springs around Ungaran Volcano are structurally controlled and have depths ranging from 1 to 3 km. The results of the present study lead to an understanding of the relationships between the interpreted faults and the locations of hot springs and may aid in future geothermal exploration of the area.     

The tectonic history of Adelaide’s scarp-forming faults

A series of linear to arcuate fault scarps separate the Mount Lofty Ranges from the Cenozoic St Vincent and Murray basins of South Australia. Their tectonic, sedimentary and geomorphic evolution is traced from the oldest rock record through to present-day seismicity. The scarps are the latest manifestation of repeated compressive reactivation of ancient, deep-seated crustal faults and fractures whenever the stress field was of appropriate orientation. Formation of the basins and uplift of the ranges resulted from the same processes of repeated compressive reactivation. Continental crust was intensely fractured during three episodes of Neoproterozoic–Cambrian rifting that led to the formation of the Adelaide Geosyncline and break-up of Rodinia. Neoproterozoic eastward-dipping, listric extensional faults provided accommodation space for deposition of the Burra Group. Sediments of the Umberatana and Wilpena groups were deposited under mainly sag-phase conditions. In the early Cambrian, new extensional faults formed the deeply subsident Kanmantoo Trough. Cambrian rift faults swung from east–west on Kangaroo Island through northeasterly on Fleurieu Peninsula to north–south in the easten Mount Lofty Ranges, cutting across the older meridional rifts. These two sets of extensional faults were reactivated as basement-rooted thrusts in the ensuing Delamerian Orogeny. The Willunga Fault originated as a Cambrian rift fault and was reactivated in the Delamerian Orogeny as a thrust dipping southeast under a regional basement-cored antiform on southern Fleurieu Peninsula. Much of southern Australia, including the eroded remnants of the Delamerian highlands, was covered by a continental ice sheet in the Carboniferous–Permian. The preferential preservation of glacial sediments on Fleurieu Peninsula may have resulted from extensional reactivation of the Willunga Fault, possibly in the early Mesozoic. Fleurieu Peninsula was then warped into an open, southwest-plunging antiform, spatially coincident with the much higher amplitude Delamerian antiform. Glacial sediments were eroded from uplifted (up-plunge) areas before formation of a ‘summit surface’ across deeply weathered bedrock and preserved glacial sediments in the later Mesozoic. This surface was covered with fluvial to lacustrine sediments in the middle Eocene. Neotectonic movements under a renewed compressive regime commenced with reactivation of the Willunga Fault, restricting subsequent Eocene to Miocene sedimentation to the St Vincent Basin. The Willunga scarp was onlapped in the Oligocene–Miocene concomitant with continuing uplift and formation of a hanging-wall antiform. In the late Cenozoic, repeated faulting and mild folding, angular unconformities, ferruginisation and proximal coarse sedimentation took place on various faults at different times until the late Pleistocene.     

冀中坳陷斜坡带奥陶系潜山油气成藏条件分析

研究工作依据实际资料和新的地质认识,对冀中坳陷文安斜坡和杨村斜坡奥陶系潜山带的构造格局及古潜山油气藏的形成条件进行了剖析。该区发育有正向和反向正断层,奥陶系地层形成一个地垒状潜山带,上覆石炭—二叠系地层,具有新生—古生—古储—中堵的成藏条件。石炭—二叠系煤系和下第三系泥岩为供烃源;不整合面、断面及北西向断裂为供油通道。油气成藏的主力因素储层的发育明显受白云石化、岩溶和构造破裂作用的控制,喜马拉雅期的岩溶作用是由活动断层导入岩溶水而得以进行的,因此,孔隙、裂隙相对富集的岩层与活动断层的匹配是潜山储层形成的关键地质条件。潜山古风化壳并不是制约储层发育的唯一因素。对该类储层的评价应构造分析与地层分析相结合。储集条件影响了油气的富集,长期活动的大断裂控制了油气的分布。     

Neogene volcanism and Holocene earthquakes in the Tanlu fault zone, eastern China

In this paper, we study the relationship between Neogene volcanism and Holocene earthquakes in the Tanlu fault, eastern China. We find that fault segments through which Neogene and Quaternary magma have extruded do not show Holocene slip because they are covered by unfaulted basalts. In contrast, fault branches that are away from the Quaternary volcanic centers display Quaternary faulting and are responsible for earthquakes as recorded both historically and geomorphologically. Therefore, magma intrusion appears to modify fault activity in two different ways: (1) within the faults, the cooling magma serves as a cohesion or barrier, welding the faults so that they become stronger in resisting slip; (2) beneath the faults, the upwelling magma promotes slip of faults above the magma body, and hence generation of earthquakes. Physically, the first case results from contraction of the cooling magma, which causes a relative increase in fault-normal stress so that the fault failure resistance is enhanced. The second case results from the upward dynamic force and the heat brought in by the magma body, both of which cause the effective fault-normal stress to decrease so that the fault failure resistance is reduced. That could explain why earthquakes occur on faults bypassing the volcanic centers as typified in the Yishu fault zone and in the regions where heat flows are relatively high as shown in the Bohai Bay area.     

西秦岭北缘北西向断层特征和形成的构造机制及地质意义

西秦岭北缘构造带不仅发育一系列继承性多期活动或新生的近东西向断层,而且新生代地层中还发育与近东西向断层走向不一致且具有独特构造特征的北西向左旋走滑断层。这种北西向左旋走滑断层带不发育断层角砾岩、磨砾岩、碎粉岩、断层泥、摩擦镜面、擦痕线理、断层阶步等脆性断层中常见的构造现象,仅表现为地层旋转和剪切拉断形成的一定宽度的透镜化带,两条断层之间地层产状发生旋转形成了约1 km宽,平面上类似膝折构造几何形态地层扭折带。该北西向断层横切了渐新统—中新统地层,并被上新统砾岩覆盖和第四纪以来的近东西向左旋走滑断层斜切,指示了其形成于渐新世—中新世沉积地层形成之后,上新世砾岩沉积之前,即上新世早期。北西向断层带不发育脆性断层典型构造现象和断层左旋走滑作用在渐新统—中新统沉积地层中形成了类似膝折构造几何形态地层扭折带,说明其变形具有韧脆性过渡和缓慢剪切变形的特征,是西秦岭北缘一种新的断层类型。其形成机制为基底或中下地壳中大型左旋走滑韧性或韧脆性剪切带向上扩展延伸到上部沉积盖层中之结果,也就是说,新生代沉积盖层中这种北西向断层和地层扭折带是下部韧性剪切带的左旋走滑剪切在盖层中被动构造响应。这种基底或中下地壳北西向左旋韧性剪切带可能指示了上新世初期西秦岭北缘构造带深部韧性地壳物质向南东流变蠕动的构造标志,代表深部地壳缩短增厚向地壳韧性物质侧向扩展流动的转换过程。这种特殊的断层类型对理解青藏高原东北缘新生代构造变形体制转换和地壳隆升具有重要的科学意义。     

华南红盆与铀矿保存

华南红层与铀矿化具有密切的时空关系,它们形成于白垩纪—古近纪的拉张构造背景,红盆受后生断裂构造（新构造）控制,是构造残留盆地。产于红盆附近的矿床（田）曾被红层覆盖,红层附近和红层深部是有利于矿化保存的区域,是找矿方向之所在。     

山东灵山岛滑塌体内部沉积及构造特征研究

青岛市灵山岛修船厂剖面下白垩统地层中发育良好的滑塌变形体。野外观察可见滑塌体岩性单元主要由厚层砂岩及砂页岩互层组成,其中厚层砂岩根据其沉积构造及成因机制可分为砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积两类;砂页岩互层段砂岩层可见底模构造及粒序层理,为静水环境下远端浊流沉积。滑塌体内部构造主要可分为软褶皱变形、同生断层、透镜状砂质团块三种类型。其中,软褶皱变形根据岩性可分为砂岩软褶皱、砂页岩互层软褶皱及页岩软褶皱,随着变形强度增加,软褶皱枢纽逐渐平行于滑移方向,形成曲脊软褶皱或软鞘褶皱(soft sheath folds);同生断层出现在砂岩层中,根据力学性质分为正断层及逆断层,正断层为剪切拉伸所致,逆断层为软褶皱逆冲所致;透镜状砂质团块包括同沉积布丁构造和同沉积断块。根据滑塌体内部滑移面识别出三期滑塌,完整的滑塌体由底部拆离滑移面、下部厚层砂体、中部砂页岩互层及上部砂页岩互层未变形体组成,其组成特征及各部分接触关系反映了滑塌体中下部沿底部拆离滑移面发生滑塌变形,且于活动末期在相对静水条件下被上部砂页岩互层覆盖这一形成过程。根据滑塌体内部组成特征的有序性、相似性及滑塌体内部沉积构造特征,推测其触发机制可能为沉积物快速沉积所引发的重力滑塌成因。     

大兴安岭地区嫩北农场一带晚古生代火山岩地层的厘定

大兴安岭嫩北农场一带出露一套以中酸性火山熔岩为主的晚古生代地层.前人对这套地层划分、时代归属存有很大分歧.原因是:一方面区域上火山岩出露厚度大、露头不连续、区域植被茂盛,顶底多为断层接触或被第四系所覆盖;另一方面由于存在于火山岩地层中的化石较少或缺少精确的同位素年代学数据.本文在新近研究成果的基础上,依据地层岩石组合对比及锆石U-Pb年代学资料,将这套晚古生代地层进行了重新厘定为大石寨组.