An Assessment of the Seismicity of the Bursa Region from a Temporary Seismic Network

A temporary earthquake station network of 11 seismological recorders was operated in the Bursa region, south of the Marmara Sea in the northwest of Turkey, which is located at the southern strand of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). We located 384 earthquakes out of a total of 582 recorded events that span the study area between 28.50–30.00°E longitudes and 39.75–40.75°N latitudes. The depth of most events was found to be less than 29 km, and the magnitude interval ranges were between 0.3 ≤ M_L ≤ 5.4, with RMS less than or equal to 0.2. Seismic activities were concentrated southeast of Uludag Mountain (UM), in the Kestel-Igdir area and along the Gemlik Fault (GF). In the study, we computed 10 focal mechanisms from temporary and permanents networks. The predominant feature of the computed focal mechanisms is the relatively widespread near horizontal northwest-southeast (NW–SE) T-axis orientation. These fault planes have been used to obtain the orientation and shape factor (R, magnitude stress ratio) of the principal stress tensors (σ₁, σ₂, σ₃). The resulting stress tensors reveal σ₁ closer to the vertical (oriented NE–SW) and σ₂, σ₃ horizontal with R = 0.5. These results confirm that Bursa and its vicinity could be defined by an extensional regime showing a primarily normal to oblique-slip motion character. It differs from what might be expected from the stress tensor inversion for the NAFZ. Different fault patterns related to structural heterogeneity from the north to the south in the study area caused a change in the stress regime from strike-slip to normal faulting.     

Present-day seismicity,stress field and crustal deformation of Egypt

In this study we investigate present-day seismicity and crustal deformation of Egypt based on a comprehensive earthquake catalog from 1900 to 2004 by focal mechanism stress inversion and by recent GPS observations. Spatial distribution of earthquake epicenters indicates that Egypt has been suffered from both interplate and intraplate earthquakes. Most earthquake activity (more than 70%) has been concentrated in northern Egypt along the geologically documented borders of Sinai subplate (northern Red Sea and its two branches Suez rift and Aqaba–Dead Sea transform). The majority of inland earthquake focal mechanisms in Egypt are normal with strike-slip component or strike-slip faulting events. Only a small minority, namely four events, exhibits reverse faulting. The inversion method of Gephart and Forsyth (1984) was applied to calculate the orientation of the principle stress axes and the shape of the stress tensor. The best fitting tensor in Egypt shows homogeneity stress field. The tension stress regime is dominant in northern Egypt. The stress directions are well resolved by the 95% confidence limits, the relative stress magnitude has a value of about 0.3. However, along southern Egypt the strike-slip regime is dominant. The shape factor (R-value) is 0.5, which means that the deviatoric components of σ₁ and σ₃ are of the same magnitude, but of opposite signs. The average horizontal velocity of GPS stations in Egypt is 5.15± 1.1 mm/year in mostly NNW direction. The results of deformation analysis indicate that the northern Egypt is deformed more than the southern part. Only the Egyptian-Mediterranean coastal–Nile Delta zone dominates as a compression deformation area. However, an extensional deformation has been observed throughout the rest of country. This means that the relative motion of African plate with respect to both Eurasian and Arabian has highly controlled the deformation processes in Egypt.     

Relative location and source mechanism of inland earthquakes in Northern Egypt

We have relocated 259 inland earthquakes in northern Egypt using the double-difference hypocenter technique. Among this dataset we are able to determine source mechanisms of 200 events using P-wave polarities and amplitude ratios as well. The studied earthquakes have been recorded by the Egyptian National Seismological Network from October 1997 to December 2006 with local magnitude (M_L) varies between 1.5 and 5.0. Three earthquake dislocations have been defined namely: Dahshour, southeast Beni-Suef, and Cairo-Suez district. Earthquake activities tend to occur in clusters along the first dislocation (Dahshour) however, relatively scattered along the second (southeast Beni-Suef) and the third (Cairo-Suez district) dislocations. At Dahshour dislocation three distinct clusters have been distinguished. Source mechanism solutions of Dahshour earthquakes displayed normal faulting with a strike-slip component to strike-slip faulting with a minor normal dip-slip component. Most of earthquake focal mechanism orientations are varying from NE-SW to NW-SE. The fault plane solutions of Beni-Suef earthquakes represented normal faulting with a strike-slip component. If the NNW-SSE striking plane has been chosen to be the actual fault plane, some solutions would indicated normal faulting with a sinistral strike-slip motion and other reflect normal faulting with a dextral strike-slip component. The fault plane solutions of Cairo-Suez district earthquakes are compatible with E-W to ENE-WSW striking normal fault with a dextral strike-slip motion.     

Characteristics of recent tectonic stress field in Jiashi, Xinjiang and adjacent regions

Introduction The Pamirs region where Jiashi is located is one of the most active regions of continental plate dynamics in China. Frequent earthquakes here, especially several strong earthquakes oc- curred in 1997 and 2003, have provided excellent conditions for studying the tectonic stress field in this region and a large number of results (GAO and WEN, 2000; GAO et al, 2004; XU, 2001; ZHOU et al, 2001) have been obtained. Although different methods and data were used, under- standings …     

Spatio-temporal variation and focal mechanism of the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake sequence

Based on abundant aftershock sequence data of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008, we studied the spatio-temporal variation process and segmentation rupture characteristic. Dense aftershocks distribute along Longmenshan central fault zone of NE direction and form a narrow strip with the length of 325 km and the depth between several and 40 km. The depth profile (section of NW direction) vertical to the strike of aftershock zone (NE direction) shows anisomerous wedgy distribution characteristic of aftershock concentrated regions; it is related to the force form of the Longmenshan nappe tectonic belt. The stronger aftershocks could be divided into northern segment and southern segment apparently and the focal depths of strong aftershocks in the 50 km area between northern segment and southern segment are shallower. It seems like 'to be going to rupture' segment. We also study focal mechanisms and segmentation of strong aftershocks. The principal compressive stress azimuth of aftershock area is WNW direction and the faulting types of aftershocks at southern and northern segment have the same proportion. Because aftershocks distribute on different secondary faults, their focal mechanisms present complex local tectonic stress field. The faulting of seven strong earthquakes on the Longmenshan central fault is mainly characterized by thrust with the component of right-lateral strike-slip. Meantime six strong aftershocks on the Longmenshan back-range fault and Qingchuan fault present strike-slip faulting. At last we discuss the complex segmentation rupture mechanism of the Wenchuan earthquake.     

Fracture characteristics of the 1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang, China, earthquake swarm inferred from source spectra

Broadband P and S waves source spectra of 12 MS5.0 earthquakes of the 1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang, China, earthquake swarm recorded at 13 GDSN stations have been analyzed. Rupture size and static stress drop of these earthquakes have been estimated through measuring the corner frequency of the source spectra. Direction of rupture propagation of the earthquake faulting has also been inferred from the azimuthal variation of the corner frequency. The main results are as follows: ①The rupture size of MS6.0 strong earthquakes is in the range of 10～20 km, while that of MS=5.0～5.5 earthquakes is 6～10 km.② The static stress drop of the swarm earthquakes is rather low, being of the order of 0.1 MPa. This implies that the deformation release rate in the source region may be low. ③ Stress drop of the earthquakes appears to be proportional to their seismic moment, and also to be dependent on their focal mechanism. The stress drop of normal faulting earthquakes is usually lower than that of strike-slip type earthquakes. ④ For each MS6.0 earthquake there exists an apparent azimuthal variation of the corner frequencies. Azimuthally variation pattern of corner frequencies of different earthquakes shows that the source rupture pattern of the Jiashi earthquake swarm is complex and no uniform rupture expanding direction exists.     

Structural analysis and interpretation of the surface deformation associated with the Ning’er, Yunnan Province, China M S6.4 earthquake of June 3, 2007

The seismogenic fault and the dynamic mechanism of the Ning’er, Yunnan Province MS6.4 earthquake of June 3, 2007 are studied on the basis of the observation data of the surface fissures, sand blow and water eruption, land-slide and collapse associated with the earthquake, incorporating with the data of geologic structures, focal mecha-nism solutions and aftershock distribution for the earthquake area. The observation of the surface fissures reveals that the Banhai segment of the NW-trending Ning’er fault is dominated by right-lateral strike-slip, while the NNE-trending fault is dominated by left-lateral strike-slip. The seismo-geologic hazards are concentrated mainly within a 330°-extending zone of 13.5 km in length and 4 km in width. The major axis of the isoseismal is also oriented in 330° direction, and the major axis of the seismic intensity VIII area is 13.5 km long. The focal mechanism solutions indicate that the NW-trending nodal plane of the Ning’er MS6.4 earthquake is dominated by right-lateral slip, while the NE-trending nodal plane is dominated by left-lateral slip. The preferred distribution orientation of the aftershocks of MS≥2 is 330°, and the focal depths are within the range of 3~12 km, predominantly within 3~10 km. The distribution of the aftershocks is consistent with the distribution zone of the seismo-geologic hazards. All the above-mentioned data indicate that the Banhai segment of the Ning’er fault is the seismogenic fault of this earthquake. Moreover, the driving force of the Ning’er earthquake is discussed in the light of the active block theory. It is believed that the northward pushing of the Indian plate has caused the eastward slipping of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which has been transformed into the southeastern-southernward squeezing of the southwest Yunnan region. As a result, the NW-trending faults in the vicinity of the Ning’er area are dominated by right-lateral strike-slip, while the NE-trending faults are dominated by left-lateral strike-slip. This tectonic     

稀疏台网的中小地震震源机制解反演研究——以2017年1月4日西藏仲巴4.7级地震为例

本文应用ISOLA近震全波形方法,以2017年1月4日西藏仲巴4.7级地震为例,反演稀疏台网记录的中小地震震源机制解。该地震反演所得最佳双偶机制参数为：节面Ⅰ的走向109°/倾角85°/滑动角-177°,节面Ⅱ的走向19°/倾角88°/滑动角-4°,最佳矩心位置为30.590°N、83.784°E,最佳质心深度为6km,矩震级M_W4.6。震源机制反演结果表明此次地震是一次走滑型为主的事件,其与震源区域附近历史地震震源机制解具有相同性质。本文还应用CSPS初动扫描法,利用P波初动资料和近震波形联合约束反演此次地震的震源机制,并与ISOLA近震全波形反演结果进行比较,结果表明,联合少量台站的的三分量波形数据,能够定量地判断最佳震源机制解,降低了P波初动反演结果的非唯一性,同时也约束了由于少量台站参与全波形反演引起的解的不稳定性。本文研究为中小地震震源参数测定提供了一种简单有效的方法,具有较高的稳定性和可靠性。     

紫坪铺水库附近都江堰震群小震震源机制解分析

2008年2—4月,位于汶川大震初始破裂点的紫坪铺水库附近发生了一系列的小震活动,它们与汶川地震和紫坪铺水库小震的关系值得研究。本文采用CAP方法,反演了紫坪铺水库7个专用数字地震台站的数据,得到震级大于M_L 1.0的28个震源机制解。结果表明:有19个地震事件集中在紫坪铺水库东南方向的都江堰附近,最大地震为逆冲型,发震机制为逆冲型带走滑分量,少量带正断层分量;从深度剖面看,地震震源深度主要集中分布在地下13km附近区域,都江堰震群丛集在前山断裂带上,其它地震散布在中央断裂带上;发震最大主压应力方向随时间的变化具有从最大主压应力方向变化比较大到趋向一致的演化过程。这些现象说明龙门山断裂带在都江堰附近存在1个凸凹体,形成应力集中点,引发都江堰震群活动,由此迫使龙门山断裂带前山断裂发生逆冲性活动,从而加剧了龙门山断裂带中央断裂的活动,在一定程度上加速了汶川地震的发生。     

日本海沟俯冲带MW9.0地震震源区应力场演化分析

于2011年3月11日发生在日本东北部的M_W9.0级逆冲型板间地震是日本有地震记录以来震级最大的一次地震.本研究基于NIED F-net矩张量解目录中的震源机制解,选取两个长轴相互垂直的矩形区域进行应力场2D反演,获取了日本海沟俯冲带地区应力场的空间及时间分布图像.结果表明：主震前,俯冲带地区应力状态在空间上大体趋于一致,即应力轴（P轴、σ₁轴及S_Hmax轴）系统性地倾向板块汇聚方向,P轴、σ₁轴倾角整体偏缓（<30°）,且远离震源区及日本海沟东侧区域内的应力轴倾角普遍大于主震震源区内应力轴倾角;主震前,受2003年5月26日在宫城县北部发生的M_W7.0地震影响,位于M_W9.0地震震源区西北侧的应力场出现明显扰动,σ₁轴倾向顺时针偏转150°~180°,并于之后大体恢复至震前状态,同期其他地区没有明显变化,这种情况可能和主震断层局部（深部）的前兆性滑动有关;主震后,距离震源区较远处应力场变化不大,主震震源区内应力场发生显著改变,P轴及σ₁轴均以大角度（>60°）倾伏于板块汇聚方向,S_Hmax轴顺时针偏转60°~90°且在日本海沟附近普遍平行于海沟轴.这项研究以时空图像的方式展示了大地震前应力场变化的特点,反映了大地震孕震过程中构造与地震的相互作用,对于理解大地震孕震过程有重要意义.     

河北临城地震序列揭示的一条隐伏断层

2017年9月4日河北临城发生ML4.4地震,这是邢台地区自2003年以来发生的唯一一次ML4以上地震.震后大量余震沿条带分布,揭示了一条前人未发现的隐伏断层(根据其经过的地点称之为齐家庄-东双井断裂).为研究该隐伏断层的几何形状和滑动性质,首先基于河北数字地震台网资料对地震序列进行精定位,利用精定位地震数据拟合发震断...     

1969年阳江MS6.4地震发震断层面参数的确定

利用2010~2016年阳江地区小震资料,对围绕广东阳江6.4级地震发震构造的NEE走向平冈断层的西南段及NW走向的程村断层展布的密集地震,经双差定位方法重新进行震源位置的修定,获得了1411个精定位震源资料。依据成丛地震发生在断层附近的原则,采用模拟退火算法及高斯-牛顿算法相结合的方式,较精确地获得了2个断层面的详细参数：即平冈断层西南段走向258°、倾角85°、倾向NW,与6.4级地震的震源机制解结果十分一致,断层长度约15km并穿过了其西南端海域抵达了对岸;程村断层走向331°、倾角88°、倾向NE,长度约28km,较已有结果更长、走向也朝NE向偏转了约15°。2条陡直断层近乎垂直相交于近海,在构造应力作用下均以走滑错动为主。     

2016年安徽无为MS3.0震群序列发震构造与震后趋势研究

首先通过模板匹配方法检测无为震群活动期间目录遗漏的地震事件,共识别出5次遗漏地震事件,震级为M_L0.5～1.2,得到了更为完整的地震目录;然后基于波形互相关震相检测技术标定震相到时,进而采用双差定位方法进行精定位,精定位后震群分布更加集中,未见明显的优势方位分布;采用Snoke方法计算震级较大地震的震源机制,结果表明,此次震群为NEE向的水平挤压与NNE向的水平拉张应力场作用下具逆冲分量的走滑型地震活动,严家桥-枫沙湖断裂可能为其发震构造;最后,计算了震群序列的视应力,结果显示,视应力和扣除震级影响后的差视应力随着震群序列的衰减逐渐恢复,因此,分析认为,随着无为震群序列的衰减,震源区发生更大地震的可能性不大。     

2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震与部分余震的震源机制解

采用区域和远台Pn或Pg初至波初动符号, 利用下半球等面积投影, 求解了2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震和截止到2008年12月10日发生的部分4级以上余震的震源机制解。 汶川8.0级地震的震源机制为: 节面Ⅰ的走向为5°, 倾角为48°, 滑动角为39°; 节面Ⅱ的走向为247°, 倾角为62°, 滑动角为131°。 P轴方位角为309°, 仰角为8°, T轴方位角为208°, 仰角为54 °, B轴方位角为44°, 仰角为35°。 结合地质构造和余震空间分布, 可以确定节面Ⅱ为发震断层面。 根据震源机制解, 引发本次地震的断层活动主要表现为逆冲, 主破裂面为S67°W与该地震所在断层的走向基本一致(断裂总体走向N45°E)^[1]; 主压应力轴P轴为N51 °W, 主压应力轴P轴方位与该区域构造应力场方向基本一致。 根据余震震源机制解结果, 龙门山断裂带南段发生的余震与北段发生的余震的震源机制都具有优势分布, 且两者差异明显。 早期发生在南段的余震的破裂是以逆倾滑动为主, 兼有走向滑动; 而随着时间的推移, 余震向北段迁移, 在龙门山构造的北段地震震源的破裂方式以走向滑动为主, 兼有一定的逆倾滑动; 龙门构造带南段震源应力场受主震应力场的控制, 而龙门构造带北段震源应力场不仅受区域应力场的影响, 还受主震应力场的影响。     

2010年玉树地震序列ML≥4.0事件震源机制解特征分析

采用CAP方法反演2010年玉树7.1级地震序列前震、主震及余震19个M_L≥4.0事件的震源机制解,19个结果以走滑类型为主,前震、主震的震源机制解十分接近,反映出前震、主震之间密切的联系;震源深度集中在7~12 km,震源最浅（4.5 km）与最深（34 km）的两个余震事件具有明显的逆冲性质,表现出明显的边界特征;19个事件的震中分布在甘孜-玉树断裂北支玉树-隆宝断裂上,目前已经证明该断裂即为玉树地震的发震构造。自SE-NW沿玉树-隆宝断裂走向拉一剖面,观察震源深度沿剖面的变化情况,可看出玉树-隆宝断裂西北段震源深度要大于东南段,该段主要是余震活动的中后期,因此在地震活动的中后期,余震向地壳深部扩展,断裂累积的应变能得到更进一步的释放;P轴方位角优势分布集中在220°~230°,T轴方位优势分布集中在310°~320°,两个优势分布互相垂直性与单个事件的沙滩球应力轴一样,说明玉树地震的震源机制解类型较为简单;玉树周边地区应力场分布比较均匀,并不像汶川周边地区那么复杂,本次玉树地震为巴颜喀拉地块与羌塘块体边界处甘孜-玉树断裂应变能量的正常释放。     

Modern tectonic stress field in the Chinese mainland inverted from focal mechanism solutions

IntroductionTheinversionapproachofregionalstressfielddevelopedinrecent10to20yearsprovidesausefultoolforstudyingthemeanstressinagivenregion(Angeller,1979;Ellsworth,1981,Xu,Ge,1984).Becauseitusesmultitudinousfaultsinsteadofsinglefault,itcanremovetheinhomogeneityoflocalmediumsoastorevealtheregionalstressinformation.Besides,thismethodproducesaRvalue,whichisdefinedby(O-2--q)/(q--q),andmaydescribestherelativemagnitUdeofintermediateprincipalstress,whereq,acand%arethemaximum,theintermediateandthemi…     

京西盆岭构造区积累库仑破裂应力变化对强震的影响

Since 231 B. C.,a total of 15 M6.0 - 7.5 earthquakes have been recorded in the west Beijing basin-range tectonic region( 38.3°- 41.5° E,112°- 116.2° N),a region mainly under the action of tensional normal faulting. In this paper,we calculate the Coulomb stress change of each earthquake and the cumulative Coulomb stress change,and on this basis we analyze the stress triggering of strong earthquakes. The research shows that there are 10 of 14 earthquakes that occurred in the trigger zones,in which the Coulomb stress change is positive,and the trigger rate is 71%. The positive areas of cumulative Coulomb stress change caused by these 15 earthquakes are: middle of northern Liulengshan fault,Northern Huaizhuo basin fault,Xinbaoan-Shacheng fault,Sangganhe fault and Southern Yuxian basin fault. This necessarily increases the seismic risk of these faults and can be used as a reference for future seismic risk analysis in this area.     

Stress Patterns in Northern Iraq and Surrounding Regions from Formal Stress Inversion of Earthquake Focal Mechanism Solutions

The collision zone between the Arabian and Eurasian plates is one of the most seismically active regions. Northern Iraq represents the northeastern part of the Arabian plate that has a suture zone with the Turkish and Iranian plates called the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone. The orientations of the principal stress axes can be estimated by the formal stress inversion of focal mechanism solutions. The waveform moment tensor inversion method was used to derive a focal mechanism solution of 65 earthquakes with magnitudes range from 3.5 to 5.66 in the study area. From focal mechanism solutions, the direction of slip and the orientations of the moment stress axes (P, N, and T) on the causative fault surface during an earthquake were determined. The dataset of the moment stress axes have been used to infer the regional principal stress axes (σ ₁, σ ₂, and σ ₃) by the formal stress inversion method. Two inversion methods, which are the new right dihedron and the rotational optimization methods, were used. The results show that six stress regime categories exist in the study area. However, the most common tectonic regimes are the strike-slip faulting (43.94 %), unspecified oblique faulting (27.27 %), and thrust faulting (13.64 %) regimes. In most cases, the strike-slip movement on the fault surfaces consists of left-lateral (sinistral) movement. The normal faulting is located in one small area and is due to a local tensional stress regime that develops in areas of strike-slip displacements as pull-apart basins. The directions of the horizontal stress axes show that the compressional stress regime at the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone has two directions. One is perpendicular to the suture zone near the Iraq–Iran border and the second is parallel in places as well as perpendicular in others to the suture zone near the Iraq–Turkey border. In addition, the principal stress axes in the Sinjar area near the Iraq–Syria border have a E–W direction. These results are compatible with the tectonic setting of the Arabian–Eurasian continental collision zone and the anticlockwise rotation of the Arabian plate that is evidently responsible for the strike-slip displacements on fault surfaces.     

A discussion on the amplitude ratios of PP and P waves for earthquakes with different focal mechanisms

Using the WKBJ approximation method we calculate the synthetic teleseismograms of P and PP waves to match the observed ones of six large Chinese earthquakes with known focal mechanisms: Tibet earthquake of July 14, 1973; Haicheng earthquake of February 4, 1975; Songpan earthquakes of August 16, 1976, August 21, 1976 and August 23, 1976 and Nignhe earthquake of November 15, 1976. The focal mechanism of the Tibet earthquake is discussed to examine the technique used in the calculation. We note that the amplitude ratios of PP and P waves (A _PP/A _P) have different characteristics for dip—slip events and strike—slip events within certain epicentral distances. We calculate the synthetic teleseismograms of P and PP waves for the strike—slip and dip—slip events with fault angles of 330°, 240° and 0°, focal depths of 8 km, 17 km and 24 km, at the assumed station with an azimuth of 310° and epicentral distances from 40°; to 80°. The diagrams of maximum amplitude ratios of PP and P waves (A _PP/A _P) versus distances are given. The possibility to use the (A _PP/A _P) values to give an approximate estimation for the focal mechanism type is discussed. This work may be useful for determining the focal mechanism type for those earthquakes which have only few records such as the Chinese earthquakes from the 1930s to 1960s. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 150–160, 1991.     

2022年门源MS6.9地震震区三维速度与发震机制研究

2022年1月8日,青海省门源县发生M_S6.9地震。使用青海、甘肃等区域数字台网所观测到的2009年1月1日—2022年2月8日间青海门源及周边地区(36°～39°N,101°～104°E)14 869次地震事件的地震观测资料,基于双差成像(TomoDD)方法进行重定位分析,结果表明：门源及周边地区地震震源深度较浅,主要集中在5～15 km深度范围,其中10 km附近分布最多。推断该深度区域为门源及周边地区的主要孕震区。基于地震重定位结果和主震区三维速度结构分别对2016年门源M_S6.4地震和此次地震序列的发震机理进行分析对比,发现两次地震都位于高速异常体边缘,速度结构与断裂、地震序列吻合较好。2022年门源地震位于高速体的西端末梢位置,是该高速体受青藏高原东北缘顺时针应力作用导致的滑动产生的走滑型地震。