开创工程地质工作新局面——第四届全国工程地质会议内容综述

本文综述了第四届全国工程地质会议的主要成果,以90年代工程地质学与国民经济发展为主题,讨论了区域工程地质、环境工程地质、地质灾害、岩体工程地质、土体工程地质、海洋工程地质、岩土工程、地质工程及各类建筑的工程地质问题。     

苏联地质代表团访问海洋地质调查局

应地质矿产部的邀请,以苏联地质部副部长B.A.雅尔玛留克为首的苏联地质代表团一行六人,于1985年1月8日对海洋地质调查局进行了友好访问.代表团在沪期间,海洋地质调查局局长路丙章、总工程师杨启伦,分别向代表团介绍了海洋地质调查局的组织机构和我国海洋地质工作的进展及研究概况,观看了海洋地质调查局摄制的有关海洋地质调查概况的录相片.双方对相互关心的海洋地质及石油地质方面的有关问题进行了友好交谈.苏联     

海洋地质资料服务产品开发模式

海洋地质资料不仅是地质资料的重要组成部分,而且是国家的宝贵财富,开发和利用海洋地质资料是海洋地质资料工作者的一项重要任务。青岛海洋地质研究所通过承担"海洋地质资料服务产品开发示范"课题,对海岸带地质资料服务产品开发示范和委托保管海洋地质资料服务展开了探索和研究,对项目的工作背景、工作方法和取得的研究成果进行了介绍和总结。     

琼州海峡物探资料解释及灾害因素分析

利用在琼州海峡所采集的综合地球物理资料和地质钻探资料及围区地质资料,对该区的海底表层地质、浅部地质和中─深部地质进行了解释,阐述了主要地层的地球物理特征,并对存在的灾害因素进行了初步分析。     

琼州海峡物探资料解释及灾害因素分析

利用在琼州海峡所采集的综合地球物理资料和地质钻探资料及围区地质资料,对该区的海底表层以地质,浅部地质和中一学位中地质进行了解释,阐述了主要地层的地球物理特征,并对存在的灾害因素进行了初步分析。     

数字海洋地质工程建设进展

随着海洋强国战略的不断推进,国家对海洋的重视程度越来越高,数字海洋地质工程全力支撑了海洋地质的信息化建设和服务工作。经过近几年的工作研究,数字海洋地质工程在海洋地质专业节点建设、海洋地质数据资源的积累、海洋地质数据资源的共享和社会化服务方面取得了长足的进步,并积极响应国家对科技创新和科学普及的号召,强化海洋地质信息化的科学技术理论创新,推进信息技术支撑海洋地质科学普及工作,努力践行公益性地质工作的定位,全力服务国土资源中心工作。     

我国海洋地质文献及地质资料增长规律的案例研究与对比

以青岛海洋地质研究所发表的论文和同期馆藏地质资料为对象,同步研究了1979-2013年间共35年的文献和资料增长情况,获得了二者的指数增长模型并划分出2个增长阶段。在对比分析的基础上,重点讨论了影响我国海洋地质文献增长的主要因素,其中,原始地质资料的积累是海洋地质文献增长的主要驱动因素,海洋地质科研人员的增加和国家需求与投入是海洋地质文献增长的内部和外部原因。     

农业地质前景广阔

1990年6月30日,在地矿部海洋地质研究所,由青岛市地质学会主持召开一次青岛农业地质学术研讨会。会上有五位同志作了有关农业地质的论述报告,青岛市农业局负责人也对青岛市农业生产与发展形势作了介绍,与会同志对地质如何为农业服务进行了热烈讨论。大家认为过去地质部门把地质力量多集中在地质科学基础研究。同时在找矿、水文地质和工程地质等应用地质方面作了不少工作,其中有些研究水平达到了国内先进水平和国际水平。但把地质理论直接运用到为农业生产上,还是近几年才兴起的一门新学科,这门为农业生产服务的边缘学科,在农村这个广阔的天地是大有作为的。然而过去我们广大地质工作者在野外从事地质找矿工作,也常到农村参加劳动,但都很少有人去考虑如何把地质理论知识运用到农业发展上去。在改革开放的今天,发展农业一靠政策;二靠科学;三靠投入。科学种田已被广大农民所接受。改良土质和提高单位面积产量,从农业地质角度讲,都有大量的实际工作可做。因此,地质工作者有责任推动这一学科的应用和发展。     

珠江口海域灾害地质因素及其与环境变化的关系

珠江口海域地质环境比较复杂, 孕育着多种灾害地质因素。通过收集的浅地层剖面、卫星遥感、钻孔资料及系统的野外调查, 研究了珠江口海域灾害地质类型及其分布, 编制了珠江口灾害地质示意图。珠江口海域灾害地质类型很多, 可划分为新构造灾害地质、侵蚀堆积灾害地质、承压流体塑性体灾害地质、结构不均匀性灾害地质4个类型, 包括活动断层、地震、浅层气、沙波、潮流沙脊、冲蚀槽沟、海岸侵蚀与淤积、陡坎、埋藏古河道、浅埋基岩面等。它们的分布范围很广且密集。新构造运动及晚更新世以来海平面变化, 决定了珠江口海域复杂的海洋灾害地质类型及分布。珠江口众多的灾害地质问题将会对经济发展和海底工程建设安全构成潜在威胁, 应该引起高度重视。     

我国海洋地质与第四地质研究的新进展

80年代以来,国内外在海洋地质和第四纪地质研究方面取得了重要进展。本文着重从我国第四纪全球变化;应用第四纪地质;第四纪突变事件;海洋地质调查研究诸方面进行了概述。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.