天然气水合物和游离气饱和度估算的影响因素

讨论了不同水合物胶结类型的流体饱和多孔隙固体中地震波的衰减情况,分析了估算天然气水合物和游离气饱和度影响因素.结果表明, 地层孔隙度、纵波速度模型和弹性模量的计算方法是影响反演水合物和游离气饱和度的关键因素.含水合物地层的吸收与水合物胶结类型密切相关,当水合物远离固体颗粒,像流体一样充填在孔隙时,品质因子出现负异常,而当水合物胶结固体颗粒影响骨架的弹性性质,其品质因子出现正异常.根据布莱克海台地区164航次995井的测井资料,分别应用低频和高频速度模型估算了水合物和游离气饱和度.由低频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)10%～20%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)0.5%～1%;而由高频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)5%～10%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)1%～2%.     

Seismic bright spots in the Gulf of Oman

Bright spots observed on continuous seismic profiles in the Gulf of Oman, in the northwest Indian Ocean, have been interpreted as due to gas accumulations. Features diagnostic of the presence of hydrocarbons and the corrections necessary to convert measured reflection amplitudes to interface reflection coefficients are discussed with reference to a prominent bright spot over 2 km in extent which occurs beneath the flat-lying sediments of the Gulf of Oman abyssal plain. The reflection coefficient of the upper interface of this reservoir reaches ?0.18. Detailed consideration of the measured travel times and reflection amplitudes and comparison of observed records with synthetic normal incidence seismograms constructed using realistic predictions of the source waveform suggests that the reservoir has a constant thickness of about 35 m. The gas saturation decreases laterally to zero at the margins, but it is impossible to accurately define the degree of gas saturation within the central part of the reservoir from seismic information alone.     

Acoustic properties of sediments saturated with gas hydrate, free gas and water

We obtain the wave velocities and quality factors of gas‐hydrate‐bearing sediments as a function of pore pressure, temperature, frequency and partial saturation. The model is based on a Biot‐type three‐phase theory that considers the existence of two solids (grains and gas hydrate) and a fluid mixture. Attenuation is described with the constant‐Q model and viscodynamic functions to model the high‐frequency behaviour. We apply a uniform gas/water mixing law that satisfies Wood's and Voigt's averages at low and high frequencies, respectively. The acoustic model is calibrated to agree with the patchy‐saturation theory at high frequencies (White's model). Pressure effects are accounted by using an effective stress law for the dry‐rock moduli and permeabilities. The dry‐rock moduli of the sediment are calibrated with data from the Cascadia margin. Moreover, we calculate the depth of the bottom simulating reflector (BSR) below the sea floor as a function of sea‐floor depth, geothermal gradient below the sea floor, and temperature at the sea floor.     

海底滑坡对天然气水合物和游离气分布及富集的影响

三维地震和随钻测井数据表明在珠江口盆地南部发育了海底滑坡、天然气水合物和游离气,是研究海底滑坡对天然气水合物和游离气分布与富集影响的典型区域.本文基于有效介质模型与阿尔奇方程计算了饱和水层的纵波速度和电阻率,并与实测的纵波速度和电阻率对比,识别了天然气水合物层和多个游离气层.结合三维地震数据的相干、振幅等属性变化,发现海底滑坡不同位置天然气水合物、游离气和断层的空间分布存在差异.由于海底滑坡侵蚀作用导致天然气水合物稳定带底界下移,当相对富砂储层位于新调整的稳定带底界之上,并且局部发育的断层连通了游离气层时,水合物广泛分布;而稳定带底界下方缺乏断层的区域,游离气缺乏向上运移的有利通道,被圈闭在相对较深的地层,水合物并不发育.该研究为进一步探讨水合物和游离气的分布与海底滑坡作用的关系提供了直接证据,并为水合物与游离气合采目标的探寻提供思路.

     

Sediment deformation and plate tectonics in the Gulf of Oman

The continental margin off the Makran coast of Iran and Pakistan is an excellent example of active deformation of sediments at a compressive plate boundary. Seismic reflection profiles across the margin suggest that relatively flat-lying sediments from the Oman abyssal plain are being scraped off the Arabian plate and accreted onto the Eurasian plate in a series of tightly folded sediment ridges aligned parallel to the coast. The most active folding appears to be occurring in the southernmost of the ridges, where it has formed a frontal fold up to 750 m high, with a width of 3–4 km. Filling of the basins between the ridges with later sediment becomes progressively more complete towards the north, and produces a smooth continental shelf near the coast, where the ridges are completely buried by sediment. Evidence for the possible presence of northward-dipping thrust faults which uplift the ridges towards the coast is seen in the consistent back-tilting of the sediments in the inter-fold basins.Below the abyssal plain to the south of the folded zone the sediments are divided by a prominent reflector, horizon A, into an upper group of flat-lying beds that overlie strata which dip gently to the north. A sharp velocity increase occurs across this horizon. The deepest observable reflector, horizon B, is seen as a series of diffraction hyperbolae which dip conformably northwards at about 1°. Velocity determinations from refraction and variable-angle reflection stations over the abyssal plain indicate a thick pile of low-velocity material which is probably sediment lying above horizon B. The material directly below horizon B has a velocity of 4.5 ± 0.2km/s and is probably volcanic in origin.     

PAHs distribution in sediments associated with gas hydrate and oil seepage from the Gulf of Mexico

Six sediment samples collected from the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed. Total concentrations of the PAHs ranged from 52 to 403 ng g⁻¹ dry weight. The lowest PAH concentration without 5–6 rings PAHs appeared in S-1 sample associated with gas hydrate or gas venting. Moreover, S-1 sample had the lowest organic carbon content with 0.85% and highest reduced sulfur level with 1.21% relative to other samples. And, analysis of the sources of PAHs in S-1 sample indicated that both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources, converserly, while S-8, S-10 and S-11 sample suggested petrogenic origin. The distribution of dibenzothiophene, fluorine and dibenzofuran and the maturity parameters of triaromatic steranes suggested that organic matters in S-1 sample were different from that in S-8, S-10 and S-11 sample. This study suggested that organic geochemical data could help in distinguish the characteristic of sediment associated with gas hydrate or with oil seepage.     

Heat flow and age of the Gulf of Oman

We present the results of twenty heat flow stations in the Gulf of Oman which are used to infer the first reliable age estimates for the basin. A mean surface heat flux of 42.6±3.6 mW m^?2 exhibits no significant regional variation. After correction for thick and rapidly deposited sediments this yields an age of 70 to 100 Ma according to oceanic thermal models. This age is also consistent with the sediment corrected basement depths of 5.5–6.0 km and with formation during the Cretaceous quiet zone. The latter can explain the absence of magnetic sea-floor spreading lineations. Heat flow measurements are also used to confirm the presence of gas hyrdate layers. The measured thermal gradient yields a depth for the solid to free gas phase transition which is the same as that deduced from “bright spots” seen on seismic reflection profiles.     

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine biota and coastal sediments from the Gulf and Gulf of Oman

The spatial distribution of various organochlorinated compounds was investigated in the Gulf and Gulf of Oman based on marine biota (fish and various bivalves) and coastal sediment collected in Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) during 2000-2001. Several potential organic contaminants from agricultural (e.g., DDT and its breakdown products, lindane, endrin, dieldrin, endosulfan) and industrial (PCBs) sources were measured. Sediment burdens for all compounds, even for an apparent hot spot near a refinery in Bahrain, were amongst the lowest reported for surface sediments from other seas. Concentrations of DDTs were low in the muscle and liver of all fish (orange spotted grouper and the spangled emperor) analysed. Similarly, the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons were low in the various bivalve species, notably rock oysters and pearl oysters. These results contribute to the sparse regional database for organochlorinated compounds in the marine environment. Moreover, they can be used as the most recent end point for elucidating temporal trends. Whereas the levels, albeit relatively low, SigmaDDTs in the rock oysters from the Gulf of Oman have remained uniform, there has been an irregular but generally decreasing trend in concentrations of summation SigmaPCBs during the last two decades.     

Shore litter along sandy beaches of the Gulf of Oman

Beach debris abundance and weight were estimated from surveys on 11 beaches of the Gulf of Oman along the Omani coast. Debris were collected on two occasions from 100 m transects, sorted and categorized by origin and type. Overall contaminations ranged from 0.43 to 6.01 items m(-1) of beach front on different beaches with a mean value of 1.79+/-1.04 gm(-1) (95% C.I). In terms of weight, contamination levels ranged from 7.8 to 75.44 gm(-1) of beach front with a mean contamination of 27.02+/-14.48 gm(-1) (95% C.I). In terms of numbers of items, plastic debris ranked first on all beaches followed by either wood items or other organic materials such as cigarette butts. Industrial debris remained few on all beaches (<10%). Most debris had a local origin and, in terms of numbers, were associated with beach recreational activities whereas fishing debris represented the largest proportion of the debris in terms of weight. There were notable differences between beaches in the relative abundance of recreation-related and fishing-related debris.     

Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in marine biota and coastal sediments from the Gulf and the Gulf of Oman

The composition and spatial distribution of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in biota and coastal sediments from four countries surrounding the Gulf (Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman). The levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), aliphatic unresolved mixture and PAHs in sediments and biota were relatively low compared to world-wide locations reported to be chronically contaminated by oil. Only in the case of the sediments collected near the BAPCO oil refinery in Bahrain, having concentrations of 779 μg g⁻¹ total petroleum hydrocarbon equivalents and 6.6 μg g⁻¹ ∑PAHs, can they be categorized as chronically contaminated. Some evidence of oil contamination was also apparent in sediments and bivalves around Akkah Head and Abu Dhabi in the UAE, and near Mirbat in Oman. Contaminant patterns in sediments and biota indicated that the PAHs were mainly from fossil sources, with the exception of the high PAH concentrations in sediments near the BAPCO refinery that contained substantial concentrations of carcinogenic PAH combustion products.     

水合物层下伏游离气渗漏过程的数值模拟及实例分析

海洋环境中天然气水合物层是理想的毛细管封闭层,游离气被抑制在水合物层下,游离气层的气体压力随气体聚集和气层厚度的增加而升高,当气压超过封闭层的毛细管力时,游离气会克服毛细管进入压力、刺入上伏封闭层孔隙空间,毛细管封闭作用随之消失,从而形成水合物下伏游离气向海底的渗漏.通过对该过程进行的数值模拟计算表明：渗漏气体是以活塞式驱动上伏沉积层中的孔隙水向海底排出,水合物稳定带内流体渗漏速度随水流柱高度的减小而增加,当水流阻抗大于相应沉积层段的静岩压力时,沉积层将转变为流沙,流沙沉积被海流移除后便在海底留下凹陷麻坑.麻坑形成后流体运移通道演化为气体通道,气体快速排放.麻坑深度主要取决于游离气层的厚度和水合物封闭层（底界）的深度,而与沉积层的渗透率无关.麻坑深度一定程度上指示了渗漏前水合物层下伏游离气层的资源量.对布莱克海台海底麻坑深度的数值模拟计算表明,形成4 m深的海底麻坑需要至少22 m厚的游离气层.     

Distribution of heavy metals in marine bivalves, fish and coastal sediments in the Gulf and Gulf of Oman

An assessment of marine contamination due to heavy metals was made in the Gulf and Gulf of Oman based on marine biota (fish and various bivalves) and coastal sediment collected in Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) during 2000-2001. Sediment metal loadings were generally not remarkable, although hot spots were noted in Bahrain (Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) and on the east coast of the UAE (As, Co, Cr, Ni). Concentrations of As and Hg were typically low in sediments and the total Hg levels in top predator fish commonly consumed in the region were < 0.5 microg g(-1) and posed no threat to public health. Very high Cd concentrations (up to 195 microg g(-1)) in the liver of some fish from southern Oman may result from food-chain bioaccumulation of elevated Cd levels brought into the productive surface waters by upwelling in the region. Very high As concentrations (up to 156 microg g(-1)) were measured in certain bivalve species from the region. Although not certain, the As is probably derived from natural origins rather than anthropogenic contamination.     

Natural gas seepage in the Gulf of Mexico

Hydrocarbon compositions and δ¹³C values for methane of fourteen natural seep gases and four underwater vents in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico are reported. The C₁/(C₂ + C₃) ratios of the seep gas samples ranged from 68 to greater than 1000, whereas δ_PDB¹³C values varied from ?39.9 to ?65.5‰. Compositions suggest that eleven of the natural gas seeps are produced by microbial degradation whereas the remaining three have a significant thermocatalytically produced component. Contradictions in the inferences drawn from molecular and isotopic compositions make strict interpretation of the origins of a few of the samples impossible.     

墨西哥湾GC955H井天然气水合物储层声波衰减特征

墨西哥湾GC955H井钻遇两种不同的水合物储层,浅层裂隙充填型水合物和深层砂岩型水合物.浅层水合物充填在细粒泥质沉积物的裂隙中,由电阻率测井计算的饱和度平均值为25%.深层水合物充填在砂岩孔隙中,由电阻率计算的饱和度平均为65%.基于声波全波形数据,本文计算了GC955H井储层的声波衰减大小,结果发现两种水合物层对声波衰减的影响不同.泥岩水合物层中的声波衰减与上覆背景泥岩沉积层基本相当.砂岩水合物层的声波衰减大于0.1,最大0.15,远高于上覆和下伏的背景砂岩层.对声波频率的分析发现,GC955H 井泥岩层中水合物对声波频率的影响不大,砂岩水合物层的声波频谱与上下背景砂岩层相比发生变化,主频增大.通过对比两种水合物储层的特征,本文初步定性分析了造成水合物对储层声波传播影响不同的原因,包括岩性、水合物饱和度、水合物赋存方式等;但对此的定量描述需要未来更详尽地讨论和研究水合物的声波衰减机制.     

南海北部陆坡神狐海域含水合物沉积层时频特征提取及识别方法

南海北部陆坡神狐海域是天然气水合物发育的有利区域,天然气水合物在时间-频率域具有独特的响应特征.结合研究区最新处理的高分辨率三维地震资料、测井和钻井解释成果,采用基于连续小波变换的时频分析方法,可以实现对含水合物沉积层及其下伏游离气沉积层在时间-频率域成像.通过分析,在研究区识别出低频低能、高频低能、低频高能、高频高能、低频盲区和高频盲区等多种频率异常,发现频率异常与游离气饱和度、水合物饱和度、裂隙发育情况及调谐效应密切有关,认为水合物存在带可以通过寻找低频高能、高频低能或高频盲区之上的低频低能、高频高能或高频低能区识别.研究证明基于时频分析的时间-频率域水合物识别方法其分辨率明显高于时间-振幅方法,即使是在时域剖面BSR特征不明显时,也可以对含水合物层进行识别,因此,荻取的时频特征也可以作为水合物识别的直接指示.     

Dynamics of the gas flux from shallow gas hydrate deposits: interaction between oily hydrate bubbles and the oceanic environment

Decomposition of methane hydrates on the continental margins is a potentially significant source of atmospheric methane, but the input depends upon the poorly understood fate of the hydrocarbon bubbles rising from the sea floor. During a field trip to the Gulf of Mexico, three different seepages were imaged and analyzed. Three different imaging techniques were tried (side, front, and back illumination), of which back illumination produced the best results. The images were analyzed and the size-dependent bubble distribution, mass flux, and rise speeds determined. The total observed gas flux was 62.3×10⁻³ mol s⁻¹, primarily methane, of which a single vent produced seven times the next largest vent. Of this major vent, 50% of the bubble mass was contained in the largest bubbles, r>5500 μm. The vertical velocities demonstrated that these bubbles were heavily contaminated with oil, which was also corroborated by bubble shape and oscillation observations.     

地震属性在天然气水合物识别中的应用

地震属性包含了大量的地质特征,对天然气水合物矿体识别起着重要作用.在对天然气水合物进行识别时,如何选取适用于工区的地震属性和分类方法是解决问题的关键.本文对神狐地区地震数据进行了优化处理,提取了15种地震属性.通过自组织神经网络分析技术对地震属性数据所反映的地质特征进行自动识别和分类,与实际测井数据进行反复对比,获得了工区水合物的识别图和雕刻图.研究结果与已知的钻井区域进行反复对比和综合分析,发现自组织神经网络在水舍物识别研究中起了良好的作用.     

Characteristics of shallow gas hydrate in Okhotsk Sea

Multidisciplinary field investigations were carried out in Okhotsk Sea by R/V Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev (LV) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) in May 2006, supported by funding agencies from Ko- rea, Russia, Japan and China. Geophysical data including echo-sounder, bottom profile, side-scan- sonar, and gravity core sample were obtained aimed to understand the characteristics and formation mechanism of shallow gas hydrates. Based on the geophysical data, we found that the methane flare detected by echo-sounder was the evidence of free gas in the sediment, while the dome structure de- tected by side-scan sonar and bottom profile was the root of gas venting. Gas hydrate retrieved from core on top of the dome structure which was interbedded as thin lamination or lenses with thickness varying from a few millimeters to 3 cm. Gas hydrate content in hydrate-bearing intervals visually amounted to 5%―30% of the sediment volume. This paper argued that gases in the sediment core were not all from gas hydrate decomposition during the gravity core lifting process, free gases must existed in the gas hydrate stability zone, and tectonic structure like dome structure in this paper was free gas central, gas hydrate formed only when gases over-saturated in this gas central, away from these struc- tures, gas hydrate could not form due to low gas concentration.     

海洋环境甲烷水合物溶解度及其对水合物发育特征的控制

除合适的温度和压力条件外,甲烷水合物的形成还需要有充足的甲烷供给,沉积物孔隙水中的甲烷浓度必须大于甲烷水合物的溶解度.本文建立了水合物－水－游离气三相体系、水合物－水二相体系、气－水二相体系的甲烷溶解度计算优选方法,计算确定了水合物系统的甲烷溶解度-深度相图,依此划分出游离气、溶解气、水-水合物、水-水合物-游离气四个甲烷不同相态分布区.对水合物脊ODP1249和1250钻位、布莱克海台ODP997钻位稳定带甲烷水合物含量和稳定带之下游离气含量进行了计算.ODP1249浅部13.5～72.4 mbsf(mbsf表示海底以下深度)的甲烷水合物是沉积物孔隙体积的10%～61%,ODP1250钻位35～106.5 mbsf的甲烷水合物约为孔隙体积的0.7%～1.9%,水合物层之下游离气层厚约22 m,游离气含量约占孔隙的4%.布莱克海台ODP997钻位的浅部146.9 mbsf处无水合物发育,202.4～433.3 mbsf之间水合物占孔隙体积的约5%～7%,水合物层之下游离气层厚约80 m,游离甲烷含量为孔隙的0.2%～28%.     

沉积物孔隙空间天然气水合物微观分布观测

在高分辨率工业型X射线层析扫描仪上（X-CT,X-Ray Computerized Tomography）,研制了适用于沉积物中水合物微观赋存状态研究的CT原位探测装置,可通过模拟天然气水合物生成/分解过程,直接观测水合物在沉积孔隙中的微观分布特征.对粒径为0.425~0.85 mm沉积物中水合物形成过程进行了CT观测研究,结果表明,沉积孔隙中水合物呈混合分布模式,但在水合物不同形成阶段,以某种分布模式为主导：在水合物形成初期,仅有极少量水合物悬浮在流体中,水合物主要以接触或胶结模式为主;在水合物形成中期（如饱和度为24.6%、35.0%时）,水合物倾向于在孔隙流体中以悬浮状形态生成;在水合物形成后期（如饱和度为51.4%之后）,悬浮状的水合物慢慢生长聚拢在一起,水合物又重新胶结沉积物颗粒.