桂林市褶皱构造对岩溶塌陷的控制作用

对桂林市褶皱构造的几何形态、应力状态及裂隙发育特征研究表明,背(向)斜的轴(核)部、倾伏端(扬起端)及指状分叉钳口处是岩溶塌陷发育的有利构造部位.本区654个岩溶塌陷,近20%发生在剥蚀深度不大且地势低洼的背斜轴部、倾伏端、指状分叉钳口处,以及埋藏深度较浅的向斜核部和扬起端.市区东西两侧近SN向的尧山背斜和塘家湾背斜等,控制了本区岩溶塌陷总的水文构造环境.     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷的背形负花状构造

花状构造以其独特的构造样式而成为在剖面上识别走滑构造的重要标志.经典的花状构造包括正花状构造和负花状构造.渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷发育一种新型的花状构造——背形负花状构造.在三维地震剖面上,背形负花状构造是由一束向上、向外撒开的大多数为正离距的离散的走滑断层或转换伸展断层所限定的,下部呈"向形",上部呈"背形"的组合样式.平面上,褶皱和相关正断层呈雁行排列.背形负花状构造发育于南堡凹陷转换伸展的构造背景.浅层的"背形"是由转换伸展断层牵引塑性的盖层而形成的一种强制褶皱.该构造经历了牵引背斜形成和背斜脊部断裂-塌落两个发育阶段.背形负花状构造普遍发育于渤海湾盆地的新近系.      

松潘—甘孜褶皱带较场弧形构造特征及其大地构造意义

根据详细野外露头特征及显微构造特征将较场弧形带由南向北分为三个变形带:弧顶部、弧核部和弧翼部,不同分带具有明显不同的变形特征。由南向北变形特征由以塑性变形为主过渡为脆性变形为主,变质流体活动喜马拉雅构造期活动强烈,且向北逐渐增强;弧核部以叠瓦状逆冲构造特征分隔弧顶和弧翼部;弧翼部东西两翼变形及变质流体活动特征具有一定差异性。较场弧形带总体体现出多期次南北向挤压—张性应力变形构造特征,叠加北西—北北西向同构造期挤压变质运动,其宏观和微观变形特征与典型"走滑成因"模式弧形构造特征相异,为其大地构造成因机制的解释提出了新的限制条件。     

滇中中元古界大龙口组地震灾变事件及地质意义

软沉积物变形构造是确定古地震存在的关键证据之一。笔者在云南易门地区进行野外露头剖面调 查时, 在滇中新元古代大龙口组中识别出了3个地震事件层, 其中发现大量的水塑性褶皱、液化构造等变形构造, 主要类型包括微褶皱纹层、与液化脉有关的褶皱、与液化层有关的褶皱和受侧向挤压而成的顺层滑动、碟状泄水构造、液化脉、液化沙侵、水压破裂等构造。此外, 臼齿构造与水塑性褶皱、液化构造等地震成因变形构造伴生发育, 并且其脉体形态、大小、优势方位等与后者的分布、变形样式、强度等有一定的对应关系。软沉积物变形构造及臼齿构造的形态、位态及发育层位特征表明, 它们的驱动机制是地震活动。迄今为止, 已发现的滇中地区大龙口组震积岩均分布于罗茨?甘庄断裂的东侧, 指示软沉积物变形、臼齿构造与西缘控盆断裂间存在密切的成因联系。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘大侏罗沟走滑断层油气成藏效应

走滑断层判识及其油气成藏效应是当前构造地质学与石油地质学研究的热点。为进一步认识准噶尔盆地西北缘地区的控藏断层大侏罗沟走滑断层,对其进行了野外露头观察和地震剖面解释,以进一步明确其构造属性与边界,在此基础上,结合油层分布与原油性质及地球化学特征分析,讨论了其成藏效应。结果表明,大侏罗沟断层走滑特征明显,西端野外露头上断线平直、断面陡立、发育水平擦痕,东端地震剖面平面上发育"马尾状构造"、剖面上发育"花状构造"。据此重新限定了断层的边界,西以达尔布特断层为界,东以达探1井为界,全长约80km。大侏罗沟走滑断层对油气兼具横向和纵向输导效应,使得油气藏在平面上沿断层被动盘富集,纵向上呈"串珠状"分布,这可能是这类走滑断层所具有的普遍特征。据此,研究区一系列走滑断层的被动盘在下步勘探中值得重点关注。     

库车冲断带秋里塔格构造带东段构造样式与构造演化

秋里塔格构造带位于库车褶皱冲断前缘,其东段包括东秋里塔格背斜和库车塔吾背斜。野外调查和地震剖面解释表明:秋里塔格构造带东段盐下发育断层转折褶皱; 盐上东秋里塔格背斜为滑脱箱状背斜,库车塔吾背斜核部为南倾逆冲断层所破坏。演化剖面显示秋里塔格构造带东段在侏罗纪断陷期发育了正断裂,其后为平静期,直到库车晚期后逆冲断层和褶皱快速发育,背斜最终形成。膏盐岩及古构造对构造变形具有重要影响,一方面作为滑脱层,分割了盐下层与盐上层,导致二者形成不同的构造样式; 另一方面塑性流动充填于背斜核部。由于膏盐岩的厚度差异,东秋里塔格背斜盐上发育褶皱,而库车塔吾背斜核部被逆冲断层破坏,膏盐层厚度还影响了膏盐层上下构造高点的相对位置。盐下构造的发育受侏罗纪古构造控制,进而影响了盐上构造的发育。     

继承性构造和新生构造并存发育的时空规律——兼论新生构造的油气勘探意义

继承性构造与新生构造并存有复杂的时空发育特征。分5种情况剖析了中国东部晚中生代—新生代盆地和扬子、塔里木、鄂尔多斯三大克拉通陆表海盆地继承性构造与新生构造并存的大量实例并总结了其时空发育规律。新生构造的发育主要受邻侧造山带演化的控制,还可能受基底构造或先存构造形成的边界条件的约束,故继承性构造与新生构造并存发育的研究思路应是"寻根溯源"。新生构造的油气勘探意义,集中表现在控制(生油-)储油层、输导体系和构造圈闭的发育。据此分析了今后东部陆相盆地和海相地层的油气勘探靶区。     

塔里木盆地走滑带碳酸盐岩断裂相特征及其与油气关系

通过露头与井下资料的综合分析,塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带断裂相具有多样性,根据内部构造发育程度可以分为断层核发育、断层核欠发育两类。露头走滑带断层核部以裂缝带、透镜体、滑动面等断裂相发育为特征,断裂边缘的破碎带发育裂缝带、变形带。裂缝带主要分布在断层核附近50m的破碎带内,裂缝多开启,渗流性好。断裂核部透镜体发育,在破碎带也有分布,破碎角砾组合的透镜体多致密。滑动面具有平直截切型、渐变条带型等两种类型,多为开启的半充填活动面。变形带多为方解石与碎裂岩充填,破碎带局部部位裂缝与溶蚀作用较发育。利用地震剖面、构造图、相干图等资料可以判识塔里木盆地内部奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂相的特征及其发育程度,沿走滑断裂带走向上断裂相具有分段性与差异性,根据渗流性可以定性区分高渗透相、致密相区。沿断裂带高渗透相区是碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层发育的有利部位。断裂相的横向变化造成油气分布的区段性,形成高渗透相输导模式、致密相遮挡模式等两类成藏模式。走滑断裂带碳酸盐岩断裂相的特征及其控藏作用对油气勘探开发储层建模具有重要意义。     

福建省广平煤矿区推覆体下煤系地层构造特征

广平煤矿区属典型隐伏煤田,经历了多期次构造运动的叠加和改造,煤系地层总体呈一向斜构造,煤系地层保留的厚度在向斜边缘厚度大,往中、北部变薄甚至缺失。区内发育的广平推覆构造属于褶皱推覆构造,有倒转褶皱、“之”字形褶皱、复式背向斜褶曲和不协调褶皱等,区内断距大于20m的断层较少,5m以下的小断层和走向断层较为发育。分析认为广平推覆构造对煤层具有建设和破坏双重作用。     

继承性构造与新生构造并存的时空发育特征及其油气勘探意义

中国及邻区大陆是经多期造山运动形成的复合大陆,后期构造可分为继承性构造和新生构造两种。两者在空间上的并存关系较为复杂,新生构造发育的强度可因地而异。东部新生代盆地(如苏北和渤海湾盆地),北东向构造属继承性构造,北北东向构造是新生构造,油气勘探的优选靶区是叠加在继承性构造之上的新生构造。中—东部的中生代盆地(如二连和鄱阳盆地)的油气勘探,除了寻找叠加在继承性构造之上的新生构造外,还应注意新生构造的发育引起的油气调整或晚期次生成藏。海相沉积盆地常上叠有陆相沉积盆地,因而发育多期多方向的新生构造并分别控制了岩性油藏和构造油藏的形成,如四川盆地东北部的两期(北西向和北东向)新生构造。以构造为主线,加强新生构造的解析并结合"源"、"运"和"聚"的研究,"盆"山"耦合理论将在生产实践中进一步显现其指导意义。     

华北克拉通南部前寒武纪重大地质事件构造响应的GIS统计分析——以中条-豫西地区为例

位于华北克拉通南部的中条-豫西地区记录了华北克拉通复杂、多阶段构造演化历史。其中,前寒武纪时期经历了新太古代末期(2550~2350Ma)地壳增生、古元古代(2350~1850Ma)活动带和早中元古代(1800~1600Ma)多期裂解活动,是研究区构造-岩浆活动最为剧烈的阶段。丰富的构造事件形成多层构造层,并发育大量构造形迹。本文依据GIS数据统计分析断裂切穿地层单元年代新老关系的规律,即构造运动的发生时间晚于构造形迹切穿的所有地层单元时代;如果构造形迹的发育被某一地层单元所限制,则表明构造运动的发生早于该地层的结束时间,并结合构造形迹的样式、规模、方位、强度和构造建造特征来解析构造作用性质,探讨构造演化,挖掘前寒武纪不同构造演化阶段形成的主体构造形迹的数字特征。在本项研究中,首先提取研究区内切穿Ar构造单元并限制在Pt地层单元内的构造形迹,代表前寒武纪时期的主体构造形迹特征。其次,运用GIS技术提取Pt1-Pt2期间不整合面,删去切穿不整合面的构造形迹,进一步筛选出Ar-Pt2期间主体构造形迹并统计其走向和长度,进而初步确定了Ar-Pt2期间的主要构造方位特征是NEE/NWW/近SN向。最后,依据构造形态、构造建造特征和地球物理场特征,结合区域构造演化史确定不同构造层主体构造方位特征,代表了不同构造演化阶段形成的主体构造形迹。其中,新太古代末期形成的主体构造形迹的方位特征是NE/NW向;古元古代构造层主体构造形迹的方位特征是NEE/NWW向;早中元古代构造层主体构造形迹的方位特征是近EW向。     

南海南北缘的构造特征对比

南海南北缘具有不同地球物理特征和地质构造特征。南海北缘新生代盆地为断陷型盆地；南海南缘则发育周缘前陆盆地、板缘拉张盆地。北缘盆地的沉降以两幕发展为特征，南缘的盆地的沉降以三幕发展为特征。南海北缘盆地经历了古新世一始新世盆地形成时期、渐新世一中中新世盆地发展期、晚中新世一第四纪盆地成熟期三个阶段；南海南缘盆地经历了古新世一中始新世初始盆地形成、晚始新世一中中新世盆地发展、中中新世末盆地遭受压扭改造、晚中新世一第四纪盆地定型期四个阶段。造成南北缘差异的原因是边缘性质不同：北缘为拉张型边缘；南缘北侧是拉张型边缘，南缘南侧是挤压型边缘。     

巴兰三角洲地区构造特征及其成因机制

处于主动大陆边缘的巴兰三角洲地区,在构造格局上具有南北分带的特征,其北部发育挤压应力作用下的NE—SW向叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造,中部发育拉张应力作用下的NE向生长断层及其控制下的滚动背斜,南部为压扭作用下早期生长断层发生反转而形成的反转构造。针对北部挤压应力区收缩量大于中部拉张应力区伸展量这一现象无法用理想的被动大陆边缘三角洲体模型来解释的情况,现结合区域构造背景、研究区应力特征及构造恢复结果的分析认为,巽他古陆、菲律宾板块、印澳板块及欧亚板块推挤作用产生的区域压应力的远距离效应与三角洲发育过程中重力驱动的综合作用,是产生该现象的主要原因。     

On the internal structure and mechanics of large strike-slip fault zones: field observations of the Carboneras fault in southeastern Spain

Deciphering the internal structure of large fault zones is fundamental if a proper understanding is to be gained of their mechanical, hydrological and seismological properties. To this end, new detailed mapping and microstructural observations of the excellently exposed Carboneras fault zone in southeastern Spain have been used to elucidate both the internal arrangement of fault products and their likely mechanical properties. The fault is a 40 km offset strike-slip fault, which constitutes part of the Africa–Iberia plate boundary. The zone of faulting is 1 km in width not including the associated damage zone surrounding the fault. It is composed of continuous strands of phyllosilicate-rich fault gouge that bound lenses of variably broken-up protolith. This arrangement provides a number of fluid flow and fluid sealing possibilities within the fault zone. The gouge strands exhibit distributed deformation and are inferred to have strain hardening and/or velocity hardening characteristics. Also included in the fault zone are blocks of dolomite that contain thin (<1 cm thick) fault planes inferred to have been produced by strain weakening/velocity weakening behaviour. These fault planes have a predominantly R₁ Riedel shear orientation and are arranged in an en echelon pattern. A conceptual model of this type of wide fault zone is proposed which contrasts with previous narrow fault zone models. The observed structural and inferred mechanical characteristics of the Carboneras fault zone are compared to seismological observations of the San Andreas fault around Parkfield, CA. Similarities suggest that the Carboneras fault structure may be a useful analogue for this portion of the San Andreas fault at depth.     

The role of early formed structures on the development of the world class St Ives Goldfield,Yilgarn, WA

A revised structural interpretation for the Victory to Kambalda area of the world class St Ives Goldfield in the Archean Yilgarn Craton has mapped out the distribution of WNW-trending faults within this area of the field. These previously cryptic WNW-trending structures had been identified in gravity data, and also by isopach thickness variations. The WNW-trending faults acted as transfers syn-gold mineralization, although only discrete segments of these faults were active during the main stage of gold mineralization. Where mineralized, the faults transferred strain from a complex combination of block-on-block movement associated with thrusting and strike-slip movement on NW- and N-trending faults. Along some segments N-trending mineralized faults terminate against the WNW-trending faults. Many of the WNW-trending faults correlate with major strike changes on regional and camp-scale faults and they are domain boundaries for the critical N-trending fault segments that host high-grade gold within contractional jogs. The WNW-trending faults also show evidence for an older deformation history prior to main-stage gold, which may extend back to early basin development associated with ultramafic and mafic volcanism. They are inferred to have been a series of early WNW-trending normal faults and breached relay ramps associated with oblique rifting along an older NNW-trending basement boundary.     

Tectonic evolution of the Brooks Range ophiolite, northern Alaska

Analysis of internal structures of the Brooks Range ophiolite at the three largest and well-exposed klippen reveals a NE–SW structural grain that may parallel the original axis of magmatism of a slow spreading marginal ocean basin. Sub-parallel directions of lattice fabrics in olivine of mantle peridotite and shape fabrics in pyroxene and plagioclase of layered gabbro indicate that asthenospheric and magmatic flow was closely coupled. These structures, including the petrologic moho, mostly dip steeply to the NW and SE, with slightly oblique flow lineations. Sedimentary and volcanic cover deposits also dip SE. The few exposures found of sheeted dike complexes generally strike parallel, but dip orthogonal to both the petrologic moho and cover deposits. These structural features are locally disturbed by syn- and post-magmatic normal faults emblematic of slow-spreading ridge processes. However, the consistent geometry of structures over a distance of 200 km demonstrates not only that the magmatic system was organized in a similar manner to an oceanic ridge, but that there was little to no rotation of individual klippe during tectonic emplacement.Ductile fabrics related to tectonic emplacement yield top-to-the NNW sense of shear indicators. The basal thrust and accompanying serpentinized shear zone is mostly flat-lying and truncates the steeply dipping ductile fabric of the ophiolite. This relationship and paleomagnetic data from the igneous sequence suggest that flow fabrics were most likely moderately inclined at the time the ophiolite formed. Similar relationships are found at diapiric centers along oceanic ridges and in other ophiolite bodies.     

加氢反应压力对煤焦油沥青质组成与结构的影响

煤焦油中主要含有多环芳烃和杂环芳烃等有机物,容易对大气、水体和土壤等生态环境造成污染,通过加氢改质可以大大提高其经济利用价值,同时对环境保护也有重要意义。为更好地清洁高效利用煤焦油资源,采用高压反应釜对其进行加氢实验,研究反应压力对沥青质组成与结构的影响。结果表明：沥青质转化率和 H/C原子比随反应压力的增高先增大后趋于平稳,杂原子硫、氮和氧含量随着反应压力的增高而逐渐降低;反应压力增高,加氢和裂解反应速率加快,沥青质缩合度和分子量均降低,有利于沥青质轻质化。     

On the role of the Hercynian and Alpine thrusts in the Upper Paleozoic rocks of the Central and Eastern Pyrenees

Abstract

The structure of the Pyrenean pre-Hercynian rocks involved in the “Axial Zone” antiformal stack, results from the association of Hercynian cleavage-related folds and Hercynian and Alpine thrusts. Some of these Alpine and Hercynian thrusts separate thrust sheets in which Upper Paleozoic rocks, Devonian and pre-Hercynian Carboniferous, exhibit different lithostratigraphy and internal structure.

In order to know both, the original Devonian facies distribution and the structural characteristics, the effects of the Alpine and the Hercynian thrusts must be considered. If a conceptual restored cross-section is constructed taking into account both the Alpine and Hercynian thrusts, a different Devonian facies distribution is achieved. Devonian carbonatic successions were originally located in a northernmost position, whereas sequences made by alternations of slates and limestones lie in southernmost areas. Moreover, a N-S variation of the Hercynian structural style appears. In the northern units thrusts are synchronous to folding development and they are the most conspicuous structures. In the intermediate units, thrust postdate cleavage-related folds, and in the southernmost units several folding episodes, previous to the thrusts, are well developed.

We present some examples which enable us to discuss the importance of the Hercynian and Alpine thrusts in the reconstruction of the Pyrenean pre-Alpine geology.     

Seismic Features of the Crust-Upper Mantle Beneath Karamay-Kuqa, Xinjiang

1. IntoductionSponsored by the National 305 Program, China, a teleseismic experiment was performed jointly by the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and the French Scientific Research Center in Tian Shan area from June 1997 to February 1998. The array was mostly deployed along the main road, starting from Karamay in the north to Kuqa in the south. Geologically, the 700 km-long profile covers the Junggar basin, the Tian Shan Mts., the Bo-A Fault and the Korla Fault, ending in nort…     

徐州地区新元古界下部具臼齿构造碳酸盐岩事件成因探讨

徐州地区新元古界贾园组-赵圩组发育陆棚-缓坡-台地边缘的碳酸盐沉积,记录有广泛的风暴事件,并在其中发现 大量具“臼齿构造”碳酸盐岩。依据野外剖面系统观察与室内综合分析,将臼齿碳酸盐岩划分为原地型：条带状M1（平直 条带状M1-a、分叉条带状M1-b）、蠕虫状M2（短小蠕虫状M2-a及长条蠕虫状M2-b）、丝状M3、悬针状M4;异地型：碎屑 状M5等五种形态类型,主要发育于缓斜坡下部到潮坪环境。以水体深度及水动力条件下的七种代表性风暴序列为背景,将 臼齿碳酸盐岩的形态及分布与瞬时高能事件沉积做关联分析。研究发现,臼齿构造与风暴事件有密切联系,表征晴好天气 下的块状层中以M3为主,风暴期动荡水体序列层段以M1,M2为主,而在表征风暴高潮期序列层段以异地型的M4, M5为 主。风暴的强弱及水深变化控制了风暴序列的分布,进一步控制了臼齿构造的形态与规模。由此推断,臼齿构造形成是在 中-新元古代特殊的古大气古海洋背景下,在风暴周期的不同阶段,经历具有裂缝形成与微亮晶充填的紧密联系的过程。 风暴前期和风暴高潮期,风暴浪对臼齿构造的形成主要体现在造缝阶段,而风暴后期则主要为微亮晶的填充阶段。最终形 成广泛分布的具臼齿构造碳酸盐岩这一地质历史内特殊的事件型碳酸盐岩类型。