可可西里湖幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

在西金乌兰构造带发现新元古代和泥盆纪地层.在巴颜喀拉山群中采获早三叠世和晚三叠世诺利期双壳化石,查明了测区三叠纪巴颜喀拉山群最高层位为诺利期陆棚-海陆交互相沉积.在移山湖及明镜湖一带发现大量泥盆纪基性岩墙群,获得了345.69Ma±0.91 Ma的角闪石Ar-Ar法同位素年龄值.在湖东梁、太阳湖等地新发现钙碱性流纹岩、流纹英安岩及次火山岩,获得2 2Ma锆石U-Pb年龄和6.63Ma±0.07Ma透长石Ar-Ar年龄,为测区最新一期火山活动.在西金乌兰湖及蛇形沟等地发现倾向向南的构造面;根据三叠纪前陆盆地、火山岩浆弧及蛇绿岩等空间配置,结合深部地球物理特征,提出西金乌兰构造混杂岩带构造极性向南俯冲的认识.     

青海省境内巴颜喀拉山群研究的新进展

青海省三叠系出露颇具特色,沉积类型多样。既有主动大陆边缘活动类型,又有被动大陆边缘类型。其中在青海省的中南部尤以三叠纪的巴颜喀拉山群分布最广。巴颜喀拉山群从1961年北京地质学院创名巴颜喀拉山群以来,就拉开研究序幕。40年来虽然在地层、构造等方面有所进展,但进展不大、特别是在地层划分、沉积学方面的研究则相当薄弱。     

西昆仑甜水海地块巴颜喀拉山群地球化学特征和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学特征:对物源及构造环境的启示

松潘-甘孜-巴颜喀拉沉积盆地位于青藏高原东北部,主体地层为三叠系巴颜喀拉山群,其形成与特提斯演化密切相关。前人对盆地中东部进行了大量研究工作,但对盆地西部的研究较为薄弱。西昆仑甜水海地块位于松潘-甘孜-巴颜喀拉沉积盆地西部,区内广泛出露三叠系巴颜喀拉山群,是区域地层系统的重要组成部分。本文选取甜水海地块阿克萨依地区的该套地层进行全岩地球化学及锆石U-Pb年代学研究,限定其形成时代及物质来源,探讨沉积构造背景。该区巴颜喀拉山群浅变质碎屑沉积岩最年轻碎屑锆石年龄峰与侵入其中的岩体限定了该区巴颜喀拉山群沉积时代为209～246 Ma。成分变异指数(ICV)与化学蚀变指数(CIA)的研究表明原岩成熟度中等,化学风化作用较弱。微量、稀土元素含量及比值(如, La、Ce、Th、U、Hf、∑REE及LaN/YbN)与大陆岛弧碎屑沉积物特征值较为接近,结合构造判别图解,我们认为该套浅变质碎屑岩可能沉积于大陆岛弧相关的盆地中,这与松潘-甘孜-巴颜喀拉沉积盆地东部的大地构造环境相似,支持其为盆地西延的观点。岩相学、地球化学、锆石形态及年龄特征分析表明,研究区巴颜喀拉山群主要接受西昆仑造山带内的近源碎屑沉积,少量前寒武纪碎屑可能来自冈瓦那大陆北缘。     

松潘-甘孜带：是弧前增生还是弧后消减?

根据多年在该区工作实践，认为松潘—甘孜造山带前身的巴颜喀拉盆地是羌塘—他念他翁晚古生代前缘弧之后的一系列多岛弧—盆系的一个大型弧后盆地。三叠纪时，围限此“三角形”盆地三条边缘的构造动力学作用方式具有不同的特征。其东侧为扬子西缘被动大陆边缘(D—T2)，中三叠晚期(拉丁期)转化为与华北和羌塘陆块有关的前陆盆地(T2—T3)，由于扬子陆块向西双向斜向俯冲作用，在其北侧和南侧边缘形成南昆仑和可可西里—甘孜—理塘俯冲消减杂岩。重建的地层层序和沉积地质特征显示巴颜喀拉盆地主体三叠系复理石沉积是周缘前陆盆地。     

青海达日—久治地区巴颜喀拉盆地研究进展

建立了测区三叠系巴颜喀拉山群地层格架,恢复了盆地充填序列和大地构造背景,系统总结了盆地基本层序类型,分析了盆地沉积旋回和海平面变化规律; 新发现深水风暴岩沉积; 取得了较老的锆石年龄数据,认为巴颜喀拉盆地存在硬基底; 发现三条大型韧脆性剪切带,探讨了区域隆升历史; 进行了大比例尺南水北调西线工程环境地质研究。      

青藏高原三叠纪沉积盆地与古生物特征

青藏高原三叠纪沉积盆地形成演化可划分为早印支期和晚印支期两个阶段。按沉积盆地演化及古生物特征可划分为西藏型、巴颜喀拉型和西秦岭型3个组成部分；生物古地理区划相应归属于华夏特提斯区南方省西藏—滇西生态区、巴颜喀拉生态区和西秦岭生态区。     

巴颜喀拉三叠纪沉积盆地岩石地球化学特征与物源区构造背景的探讨： …

本文从岩石地球化学特征微观角度,探索巴颜喀拉三叠纪沉积盆地物源区的构造背景,据盆地东部阿坝－若尔盖,小金０马尔康及雅江次级盆地岩屑砂岩宏量,微量,稀土元素地球化学特征,巴颜喀拉三叠纪沉积盆地物源区的大地构造背景在不同时期表现为被动大陆国缘,大陆鸟弧,活动大陆边缘和大洋岛弧等。     

巴颜喀拉构造带二叠—三叠纪岩相特征及构造演化

特提斯洋的形成与演化问题是青藏高原重大基础地质问题之一, 通过多年的野外观察、分析测试和综合研究, 结合覆盖全区及相邻地区的1∶25万区域地质调查资料及其他前人研究成果, 尤其是对巴颜喀拉构造带二叠—三叠纪地层、岩相特征及构造古地理环境进行了系统研究, 并探讨了其构造演化, 以期对提高青藏高原特提斯洋演化历史和潘吉亚大陆形成特征等方面的研究工作有所禆益.巴颜喀拉构造带未出露前二叠纪地层, 二叠—新近纪地层均有出露, 尤以三叠纪地层广泛出露为其主要特征.其中, 二叠—三叠系主要为海相沉积, 比较连续, 尤以海相三叠系最具特色, 著名的巴颜喀拉山群横贯全区, 分布广泛, 厚度巨大, 侏罗—第四系主要为陆相河湖沉积.二叠系黄羊岭群岩性为碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩夹火山岩, 自下而上表现为浅海相-深海、半深海相-浅海相沉积演化特征; 三叠系主要为巴颜喀拉山群, 岩性单调, 主要为砂泥质类复理石沉积, 局部地区夹钙质及火山物质, 沉积环境总体表现为浅海相—深海、半深海相—滨浅海相—陆相沉积演化序列.二叠—三叠纪构造古地理环境表现为拉张裂陷形成洋(海)盆-汇聚、部分碰撞形成残留洋(海)盆、前陆盆地—拉张裂陷形成洋(海)盆—汇聚、部分碰撞形成残留洋(海)盆、前陆盆地—完全碰撞造山, 海水退出, 进入陆相沉积演化的历史.巴颜喀拉地区是塔里木—中朝陆块与南方大陆(冈瓦纳陆块)之间古特提斯洋域的主洋盆所在地区之一, 与其南部龙木错—双湖洋盆共同构成古特提斯洋域的双洋域.      

新疆半岛湖地区晚二叠世与早三叠世地层的发现及其意义

在巴颜喀拉弧后盆地西端的半岛湖地区，分布着大量的复理石建造，以往一直认为其属三叠世沉积。近期笔者在该区上述地层中发现了牙形石和孢粉化石，首次厘定该区上二叠统和下三叠统的存在，对完善该区的地层系统和沉积构造研究等具有重要意义。     

青海1∶25万曲麻莱县幅地质调查成果与主要进展

在青海南部曲麻莱地区二叠纪-古近纪地层中发现动、植物化石和孢粉化石多属多种,系统建立了测区的岩石地层和生物地层序列;在巴颜喀拉山群中发现遗迹化石33属54种,为深海Nereites遗迹相的典型代表,反映出复理石相深水沉积特征;晚三叠世沉积盆地分属周缘前陆盆地、弧前盆地和弧后前陆盆地;第四纪地层中获得了6个年龄数据(7.02~225.81 kaBP),侵入岩中获得4个同位素年龄数据(169~130 Ma);系统的对岩石学、岩石地球化学和同位素地球化学进行了研究,表明区内岩浆岩总体显示出弧岩浆岩的特点。区内变质作用以区域变质作用为主,主体属低绿片岩相;并重新厘定了通天河蛇绿混杂岩的物质组成和结构。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.