长距离自流型渠道输水控制的二步法研究

提出了一种针对自流型渠道输水的最优化控制的两步法。第一步是控制各闸站流量使渠段水位(或蓄水量)达到目标水位(或蓄水量),第二步是调整流量使渠段水位稳定。建立了使渠道内水流在最短时间内恢复到正常运行水位的最优渠道输水控制模型。构建了长距离渠道输水控制的一系列约束条件,包括渠道下游需水量约束、最高控制水位、水位最大容许下降速度、渠道容许过流能力、最少的开机次数等。提出了利用线性规划或将大系统分解为若干子系统求解的方法。算例结果表明,用传统的渠道控制方法需要几天才能使水位恢复到目标水位的渠道,用本优化方法控制,可以在几小时内使渠道水位达到目标水位并达到稳定。     

南水北调中线输水调度实时控制策略

科学合理的输水控制策略是保障长距离调水工程安全平稳运行的基础,根据控制策略实现向各分水口门供水计划的目标。在总结现有输水调度控制研究成果基础上,通过结合调度运行实际,综合考虑目标水位控制的鲁棒性、水位降幅的约束性、渠道上下游水情的统筹性因素,对输水调度控制策略进行了改进,提出了基于流量变化、水位变幅相耦合的实时调度控制策略。根据流量变化对渠段进行水量平衡分析,实施宏观控制,同时根据水位及其变幅实施微观调控。模型应用于南水北调中线渠段水位调整典型工况,通过渠首至测试断面坟庄河节制闸之间,约1 100 km的输水调度,成功实现了坟庄河节制闸前运行水位按需求降低0.5 m的目标,此过程中保持了其他渠段运行平稳。而传统控制策略由于未统筹考虑上、下游水情和水位降幅限制,测试时出现坟庄河节制闸前水位骤降,而其下游水位骤增的不利情况。     

大口径长距离输水管道优化设计探讨

大口径长距离输水管道是当前水资源调配的主要手段,在保证水质、管材及线路选择、施工灵活性等方面相对于渠道输水有着较大优势。文章以新疆某开发区长距离输水管道工程为实例,对输水管道的优化设计进行详细分析,包括管材的选取、干管条数选择、最优管径的确定等环节进行计算,通过对比分析最终确定最优管道选取参数和组合方案,保证了未来二十年发展需求,取得了良好经济和社会效益,为类似工程提供了技术参考。     

渠道纵横断面设计的混合动态规划法研究

提出了渠道纵横断面设计的定性定量混合系统动态规划模型,其计算方法综合考虑了各渠段纵横断面设计参数、渠道断面形式、衬砌方式和梯级泵站的位置、个数、扬程的优化规划问题.为类似的系统优化问题提供了新途径.     

博斯腾湖东泵站输水工程建设方案比选

开展建设工程方案比选,是优化工程设计、降低工程投资、改善工程运行条件的重要环节。该文以博斯腾湖东泵站输水工程为例,首先对输水工程沿线工程地质及水文地质情况进行了介绍,之后重点论证分析了输水工程线路方案与渠道衬砌方案的优劣,选择了最经济合理的方案,有效的降低了工程投资,改善了工程建成后的运行管理条件,对优化工程设计与投资起到了重要指导作用。     

基于点入渗参数计算土质渠床自由渗漏损失的方法

基于非饱和土质渠床有压单点入渗试验,对自由渗漏情况下土壤有压入渗入渗率随时间的变化过程进行了系统性的分析,建立了渠床土壤有压点入渗经验模型,研究了土壤入渗模型参数与水深之间的函数关系。基于点入渗参数与水深之间的函数关系,提出了沿断面积分计算渠道输水渗漏量的模型。该计算模型通过入渗模型参数全面反映了渠道土质、干容重、含水量和水深对渗漏量的影响。计算实例表明:与考斯加科夫公式计算结果相比较,该计算结果可更真实地反映渠道渗漏量随时间的变化过程,并具有更高的精度,证明利用点入渗参数计算渠道输水渗漏量是可行的。     

给水网管的优化布置研究

传统给水网管布置能够按照设计要求完成输水作业,随着城市的日益扩张传统网管局部布置设计不能满足其要求。针对传统给水管网存在的输水效率较低等问题。提出应改变原有网形供水结构,对给水网管的优化布置研究,应采用多层级网管体系进行输水作业,依托粒子群优化算法确定网管扩张体系;根据迈克尔·杨计算理论控制网管线路管径,分析不同层级泵站的扬程,确定泵站的合理布置,完成给水网管的优化布置研究。试验数据表明,该方法具备极高的有效性,提出的给水网管优化布置较传统给水网管提高输水效率42.7%。     

渠道自动化控制系统及其运行设计

渠道运行控制系统可以根据渠道水位、流量等信息来提高渠道的运行效率,降低运行成本,提高水资源利用率。系统介绍了渠道运行方式和自动化控制的概念,扼要论述了近年来在长距离输水渠道运行方式和自动化控制方面的研究和相关成果,指出其中存在的问题和可能改进的途径。根据渠道运行控制系统多输入多输出、模型非线性、扰动随机性等特点,对控制解决方案进行了探讨,并在渠道运行方式选择、控制算法与闸门控制模式等方面指出了进一步的研究方向。     

长距离输水隧洞施工中TBM的应用分析

在长距离输水隧洞的施工中,由于隧洞工程较为庞大,需要多个工作面同时进行施工,多种施工技术共同运用,这给长距离输水隧洞的施工带来很大的困扰。以TBM技术的应用现状作为切入点,重点探讨和提出TBM技术在长距离输水隧洞施工中的具体应用。     

杜仲河水库灌区渠改管变更设计探讨

结合贵州省中小型骨干水源工程布局及优化输水系统工程方案等相关问题,对杜仲河水库灌区两种输水方案进行对比分析,得出:管道输水较渠道输水,大大减少输水过程中的渗漏和蒸发损失,输水效率达95%以上,提高农田灌溉水的利用率。占地面积小,且多为临时用地。管道输水运行期管理方便、有压输水速度快、省工省时。为地形起伏较大的灌区运用管道输水技术提供参考。     

Depositional model of a macrotidal estuary and floodplain, South Alligator River, Northern Australia

The South Alligator River, Northern Territory of Australia, has a macrotidal estuary. Tidal influence (spring tidal range 5–6 m at the mouth) extends 105 km up the channel. It is dominated by freshwater in the wet season (December-April) with a salt wedge near the mouth, but is well mixed and becomes saline throughout the dry season. The tidal channel can be divided into four different channel types: an estuarine funnel, a sinuous meandering segment, a cuspate meandering segment (in which the inside of bends are pointed) and an upstream tidal channel. The distribution of morphologically defined land classes and morphological units within each land class on the floodplain flanking the estuary differs from one channel type to another. Several stratigraphic and morphostratigraphic units have been recognized from drill holes on the coastal and deltaic-estuarine plains, and a model of development is proposed on the basis of extensive radiocarbon chronology and palynology. The coastal plain has prograded with most rapid sedimentation between 5000 and 3000 yr BP. A similar pattern of progradation is identified in the estuarine funnel. In the sinuous segment of the estuary the channel has migrated laterally across the floodplain. Previous channel positions are indicated by palaeochannels and the meander tract is occupied by laminated channel sediments. Within the cuspate segment there are numerous sinuous palaeochannels on the plains. In the upstream segment, the channel and palaeochannels have long straight reaches with irregular bends and discontinuous levées, and channel avulsion is indicated. Mangrove mud is a widespread stratigraphic unit throughout the plains. The initial phase of development is a transgressive phase. 8000–6800 yr BP, when mangrove forests extended landwards into a pre-existing valley as sea-level rose. As sea-level stabilized, the transgressive phase was followed by a widespread mangrove phase, termed the ‘big swamp’ 6800–5300 yr BP. The mangrove forests disappeared from most of the plains as vertical accretion continued, and were replaced by grass and sedge-covered floodplains. During the sinuous phase, about 5300–2500 yr BP, the channel migrated laterally and eroded the deltaicestuarine plain and deposited lateral accretion deposits (laminated channel sediments). Part of the channel of the South Alligator River has then progressed from sinuous to cuspate in form, and erosion of river banks has occurred. Transgressive and big swamp phases occurred under rising and stabilizing sea-level, respectively. Later morphodynamic channel adjustments occurred under conditions of stable sea-level. The depositional model has direct application to other estuaries in northern Australia, and may be applied to other areas where sea-level change has been similar.     

基于集对分析方法的山区高速铁路线路方案优选研究

针对影响山区高速铁路方案评选的因素非常复杂,而且各个因素相互关联的问题,为了得到优化的最佳方案,本文根据当前国内外在铁路选线领域及多属性决策领域的研究现状,采用集对分析法进行山区高速铁路选线研究.首先以西安至成都高速铁路大巴山区段6条铁路方案为研究对象,通过对研究区工程地质条件资料的收集、野外实地调查、室内数据分析,提...     

基于雷诺护垫的高寒多水路基防护结构冻胀适应性模型试验研究

对冻土环境下的输水干渠边坡的雷诺护垫防护工程进行了模型试验,建立比例尺为1：4的模型,进行两次冻融试验,在试验过程中对雷诺护垫结构段面的冻胀量、冻融过程中土体结构内部温度场分布进行实时监测.试验结果表明：雷诺护垫可以增加热阻,减少能量传递,且护垫下卧土体温度场分布均匀,可有效减小冻深及冻胀量,并抑制不均匀冻胀的发生;在有水份充分补给的条件下,最大冻胀量位置发生在渠底固脚处,其次是渠坡1/3处,设计时应充分考虑该位置的冻胀变形;残余变形最大值在渠底固脚位置,渠坡发生融沉变形,说明雷诺护垫结构本身具有自愈的功能,有比较显著地适应冻融变形的效果.设计及施工过程中要考虑固脚的稳定.     

白云-荔湾凹陷珠江组大型深水水道体系沉积特征及成因机制

深水水道体系是近年来在白云-荔湾凹陷东缘珠江组上段深海泥岩背景中新发现的大型深水沉积体系,但是其沉积特征、沉积过程与主控因素尚不清楚.综合利用大量二维、三维地震数据以及钻井、测井资料,揭示了白云-荔湾凹陷东缘珠江组大型深水水道体系的沉积要素构成、外部几何形态、内部充填结构及其沉积演化.在此基础上,进一步探讨了物源供给、陆架坡折带、古地貌对深水水道体系的控制作用,明确了其主控因素,提出了“源貌共控”的成因机制.研究表明珠江组大型深水水道体系由水道、天然堤和朵叶3种沉积要素构成,并以水道为主体.从北至南可依次细分为白云凹陷段、南部隆起段和荔湾凹陷段,其中白云凹陷段以侵蚀型水道为主,南部隆起段以侵蚀-加积型水道为主,荔湾凹陷段以加积型水道为主,在空间上构成了重力流流体能量逐级递减的“三级水道”充填演化特征.3个分段水道内部均可识别出两期水道事件,且充填样式各具特征.珠江组深水水道体系的发育与展布受北部珠江三角洲体系、陆架坡折带和限制性地貌3大因素共同控制.      

Evidence of self-organization in Sumatra earthquakes: recurrence time and its geodynamical implications

Risk reduction as an outcome only takes place if results of risk estimation studies are used to develop action plans for risk-management and risk-reduction strategies. This paper describes an automated model that uses the output of existing earthquake loss estimation methodologies to support decision makers in evaluating a set of competing seismic mitigation strategies and exploring their impact in reducing socio-economic losses of urban settlements. The proposed model is structured to quantify the monetary value of earthquake losses and to find an optimal budget allocation assigned to each mitigation strategy based on user input. The optimization method takes into account both pre- and post-earthquake expenditures, such as costs of building upgrades, critical facility enhancement, temporary shelter provisions, debris removal, hospitalization and human casualty. The system consists of five main modules: (1) building damage function; (2) mitigated damage function; (3) cost estimation function; (4) optimization function; and (5) user interface function. Whereas the optimization function provides the optimal values assigned to each mitigation alternative based on the estimated costs and a defined budget, the user interface allows the decision maker to interact with the software in each step and plan mitigation strategies that best suit the user’s socio-economic requirements and limitations. The outputs of the proposed model are presented with respect to an application in a pilot study area within a vulnerable city district of Tehran, Iran.     

有限供水条件下水库和田间配水整合优化调度

针对多水源多作物灌区,研究有限供水条件下灌区优化配水问题。模型中既考虑水库优化调度,又考虑田间优化配水。模型思路:根据灌区水土资源分布状况,将全灌区划分为多个子区,每个子区种植有若干种作物。如果把每个子区每种作物所在的田块看作一个土壤水库,则可采用水库群调度的方法研究这类灌区优化配水问题,文中采用的是优化控制方法。为了证明模型的正确性,同时建立了3个模型。模型1:既不考虑水库优化调度又不考虑田间优化配水;模型2:只考虑水库优化调度;模型3:只考虑田间优化配水。实例计算表明,整合调度模型能产生较多的效益(特别在干旱年份),优化控制方法计算性能良好。     

浅埋隧道冻结法施工地表冻胀融沉规律及冻结壁厚度优化研究

浅埋隧道对地表冻胀、融沉变形有严格要求。针对珠机城际轨道交通项目联络通道冻结壁设计改进问题,基于热-力耦合理论,利用有限差分数值计算方法对冻结法施工全过程进行模拟,通过比较研究不同厚度冻结壁模型引起的地表冻胀、融沉变形及隧道管片变形规律,实现冻结壁厚度的优化设计。研究表明:(1)该数值模型可有效模拟地表冻胀、融沉变形,利用已查明数值误差对计算结果进行折减可得到较为准确的实际变形预测值;(2)不同模型地表冻胀、融沉规律大致相同,但变形量及影响范围随冻结壁厚度减小呈递减趋势,当冻结壁厚度为2.5 m及以下时变形基本满足规程要求;(3)土体冻胀、融沉变形并非简单的互逆过程,融沉变形通常大于冻胀变形,平均超出量达40%,应特别注意;(4)冻结壁厚度越大相应产生的冻胀力越大,通过优化冻结壁厚度可有效控制隧道管片附加应力及变形的产生,保护已建隧道结构安全;(5)综合选定2.5 m为冻结壁改进厚度,成果直接应用于4#联络通道冻结法施工,经现场监测表明该优化方案有效、可行,对类似工程冻结壁厚度设计具有较好的推广应用价值。     

长江下游潮流界变动段三益桥边滩与浅滩演变驱动机制分析

潮流界变动段的边滩与浅滩演变关联性强，同时受径潮流水动力、供沙来源及人类活动等多重影响，是航道治理与疏浚维护的重点河段。通过对三益桥河段1976—2017年期间河床冲淤、汊道分流比、三益桥边滩及浅滩演变过程的分析，明确三益桥边滩及浅滩演变的驱动机制。2012年以来三益桥边滩12.5 m水深以浅滩体体积为增大态势，大水年份边滩以淤积为主，设计航槽及深槽以冲刷为主，中水年份边滩淤积厚度小于深槽。上游五峰山弯道河势稳定，具有阻隔上游和畅洲河段河势、汊道分流比调整等传递作用，三益桥边滩淤涨（长）与上游和畅洲河段河势及汊道分流比调整的关系不显著，主要与流域来流流量大小及过程、上游河道冲刷供沙等相关。洪季三益桥上浅区碍航程度大于枯季，汛前中水流量（大通水文站流量介于26 000~34 000 m3/s之间）持续天数长的年份碍航程度大于大洪水年份同时期；因此，流量过程决定边滩与浅滩的冲淤分布，中水流量持续时间长短及供沙量大小决定三益桥边滩淤积量及浅滩碍航淤积量。     

钱塘江下切河谷充填物沉积序列和分布模式

以最新钻取的SE2孔沉积物为重点研究对象,对晚第四纪以来钱塘江下切河谷充填物的沉积特征和沉积相进行了精细研究,重建了研究区地层结构和层序地层格架,总结了强潮型钱塘江河口湾和下切河谷的沉积模式。钱塘江下切河谷充填物自下而上依次发育河床、河漫滩、古河口湾、近岸浅海和现代河口湾5种沉积相类型,表现为一个较完整的Ⅰ型层序,其内部层序界面、初始海泛面、最大海泛面、海侵和海退潮流侵蚀面、体系域内海侵面发育。钱塘江下切河谷充填物自海向陆可划分为海向段、近海段、近陆段和陆向段4段,各段沉积序列和海陆相互作用程度不同。在钱塘江下切河谷充填物中海陆过渡部位首次明确划分出了古河口湾相,并对其沉积特征和分布模式进行了初步探讨;其形成时间在9000 a BP左右,具有与现代河口湾不同的沉积特征,表现为中部为潮道砂体沉积,向陆渐变为受潮流影响的河流沉积,两侧被潮坪或盐沼沉积包围,沉积物在平面上自陆向海呈现粗-细-粗的分布模式。现代河口湾平面上自陆向海依次发育受潮流影响的河流沉积、粉砂质砂坎、潮道-潮流砂脊复合体和湾口泥质沉积区,沉积物呈现粗-细-粗-细的分布模式,与大多数河口湾常见的粗-细-粗的分布格局明显不同。     

An automatic ordering method for streams in surface-water/groundwater interaction modeling

The widely used groundwater flow model MODFLOW offers a range of software packages to simulate the interaction between streams and groundwater in aquifer systems. However, these existing packages lack a general method to address the chaotic simulation sequences of stream segments and require these segments to be ordered by modelers as input to the code. Therefore, it is challenging to simulate a stream network divided into a large number of segments such as a canal irrigation system. In this study, the Streamflow Automatic Routing (SAR) package was developed, and an effective method is proposed to automatically determine the segment simulation sequence. The stream segment order in the SAR input file is arbitrary, which allows modifications of the stream network by removing segments directly and adding segments at the end of the segment group. This mainly includes two processes: scanning all the outlet channels of the water system and calling the recursive algorithm for each outlet channel of the water system. The SAR package was tested using a hypothetical stream–aquifer system and applied to a complex flow field in Aiding Lake of Turpan Basin, China. In the results, a close fitting between the simulation and observations shows that the SAR package precisely simulated the exchange flux between the steams and aquifer. The SAR package can significantly improve the efficiency of simulations in a complex stream network, and it can be widely used as a subroutine package of MODFLOW in agricultural irrigation areas where rivers and canals are interlaced.