中国近海ASCAT风场反演结果验证分析

利用NCEP风场产品和dropsonde探测资料,对中国近海ASCAT全场和单点的风速反演精度进行验证分析.研究发现ASCAT反演风场与NCEP风场的风速、风向平均绝对偏差分别为2.06 m/s和21.98°;均方根误差分别为2.87 m/s和34.29°.两者风速反演精度较一致,风向误差相对偏大.ASCAT反演风场与dropsonde探测资料的风速、风向平均绝对偏差分别为1.55 m/s和3.43°;均方根误差分别为1.73 m/s和4.15°.ASCAT资料可以较好的反演台风风场.     

ASCAT近岸风在山东沿海的适用性分析

利用2013年1月—2014年12月山东近海的8个浮标站、海岛站和自动站资料与ASCAT近岸风速和风向进行对比,以分析ASCAT反演风场在山东沿海的适用性。研究发现:总体上看,ASCAT近岸风速与代表站实况风速正相关,ASCAT近岸风速在山东沿海误差较小,风向有明显的偏离。ASCAT近岸风在渤海、渤海海峡和黄海北部的适用性优于黄海中部。风力不同时,ASCAT近岸风速与实况偏差有明显差别,表现为当实况出现6级及以上的大风,ASCAT近岸风速小于实况;当实况出现6级以下的风,ASCAT近岸风速大于实况。就ASCAT风速偏差而言,6级以下的风速偏差小于6级及以上风。ASCAT近岸风向与实况偏差也有明显差别,当实况出现6级及以上的大风,ASCAT近岸风向与实况的偏离变小;当实况出现6级以下的风,ASCAT近岸风向与实况的偏离变大。因此,ASCAT近岸风速在山东沿海有较好的适用性,6级以下风更优;ASCAT近岸风向也有一定的适用性,6级及以上风向可用性比6级以下强。     

HY-2A散射计风场在南海海域的检验和分析

利用南海浮标及海洋观测站的实测资料作为真实值对HY-2A散射计反演的风矢量作多角度对比分析,结果表明:HY-2A散射计风速与浮标(海洋站)实测风速数据具有良好的相关性,散射计观测风速普遍大于浮标(海洋站)实测风速;风速误差符合正态分布,风力≤3级时,风向的平均绝对误差最大;4~5级时风速平均偏差和平均绝对偏差均最小。逐月统计发现:1—3月的风速平均偏差最小,两者基本吻合。7—9月的风速平均偏差最大,12月的风向平均偏差最小。另外,东北向的风速平均偏差最小,西北向风速平均偏差最大;远海站点的风速和风向检验误差均小于近海站点。以上结论表明HY-2A散射计风场资料在南海海域具有可信性,为HY-2A散射计风场在南海的应用和研究提供依据。     

两种ASCAT 散射计风产品的比较及评估

基于浮标和步进频率微波辐射计(SFMR,Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer)数据对NASA JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)和RSS(Remote Sensing Systems)公司分别发布的已广泛应用于全球海面风场观测的ASCAT(Advanced SCATterometer)散射计风产品进行了比较和分析。结果表明,两者风速在中低风速(15 m/s)时基本一致;高风速(15 m/s)时RSS风速整体高于JPL风速。通过浮标数据对比,风速15 m/s时两者风速精度一致;风速15 m/s时两者风速RMS相当,但JPL和RSS风速分别低估和高估。利用SFMR数据检验表明RSS风速与SFMR风速一致性更好。两者风向精度在低风速(5 m/s)时较低,但随风速增加而提高并趋于稳定。该研究结果对相关科研人员的ASCAT散射计风产品选择具有重要的指导意义。     

基于ERA-interim再分析资料的ASCAT风场产品在南海的精度评估及南海月平均风场特征分析

利用ERA-interim再分析资料作为参照,统计分析了南海季风盛行时ASCAT散射计L2B和L3风场产品的误差特征。结果表明:季风盛行时,南海中南部大部分海域,ASCAT两种散射计风场产品精度较好,与设计精度一致,风速标准偏差小于2 m/s,偏差小于1 m/s,风向标准偏差小于20°,偏差小于5°,ASCATL2B相对L3产品表现更好,西南风盛行时,风场相关性强,在0.8以上,ASCAT与ERA-interim一致性好,东北风盛行时,风场也具有强相关,不过在南海东部海域,风向相关性较弱,小于0.7。另外,利用ASCAT L2B分析了南海月平均风场分布特征,结果表明:南海季风盛行时,存在两个风速大值中心,分别位于南海中南部和台湾海峡及巴士海峡一带,其位置和大小随时间而变化。     

卫星散射计与海面平台所测的风场数据比较

基于南海北部海面PY30-1石油平台气象站测风仪2011年7月19日—2012年9月17日实测的风场数据,分别开展了对卫星搭载的ASCAT和HY-2散射计所测风场数据的比较研究,分析散射计的测风能力(选取的时空窗口为30 min和25 km)。结果表明:在南海北部海域,ASCAT 散射计所测风速和PY30-1石油平台气象站观测风速的均方根误差为2.53 m/s,风向偏差较大,均方根误差为47.87°;HY-2散射计所测风速和PY30-1石油平台气象站观测风速的均方根误差为3.41 m/s,风向的均方根误差为58.66°。分别按低、中和高风速的不同条件将ASCAT和HY-2散射计所测的风场数据与PY30-1石油平台气象站观测的风场数据加以比较可知,ASCAT和HY-2散射计都具有较好的测风能力, 前者所测风速与PY30-1石油平台气象站测风仪观测风速的均方根误差稍小于后者。在150 min和15 km的时空窗口下,ASCAT与HY-2散射计所测风速的均方根误差为0.72 m/s,风向的均方根误差为8.50°。     

舟山摘箬山岛风能资源评价

文章利用摘箬山岛风电场70 m高测风塔2011年1月—2014年1月的观测资料,对平均风速、风速频率、风向频率、风能频率、有效风力时数及风功率密度等风能参数进行计算分析,并依据国标《风电场风能资源评估方法》(GB/T18710-2002)中风功率密度等级划分标准对风电场的风能资源进行评估。结果表明:风电场各高度年平均风速在3.28~6.56 m/s,风速频率主要集中区间为1~8 m/s,有效风力时数为54.5%~86.9%,年平均风功率密度为54.8~283.2 W/m2。风电场10 m和70 m处主导风向分别为N风和S风,频率分别为13.0%和13.4%,主导风能分别为N风和NNW风,频率分别为14.7%和14.8%。该风电场风功率密度接近3级,具有一定开发利用价值。     

涠洲岛海域风侯和波侯特征分析

根据涠洲海洋监测站多年风和波浪实时观测资料,分析得出:涠洲岛海域累年强风向为N和NNE,其平均风速分别为5.9 m/s和5.3 m/s;常风向为NNE和ENE,其频率分别为18.2％和12.4％;夏季(6-8月)月平均风速最大,春季(3-5月)月平均风速最小.涠洲岛海域累年强浪向为SSW,其波高(H1/10)平均值为0...     

环渤海海域卫星反演风与站点观测风对比分析

选用了布设在渤海海域的浮标、平台、海岛共计18个站点,利用COARE算法进行站点风速的高度修正,对ASCAT卫星反演风与三类站点风进行对比分析。统计检验结果表明,卫星风与站点风相比,整体上卫星风速比站点风速大。浮标与卫星的风速差最小,而平台和海岛与卫星的风速差较大。风向对比结果显示,卫星风与站点风的风向平均偏差都很小,但均方根偏差却比较大。随着风速的增加,三类站点的风速平均偏差都是由大到小变化,由正值变化为负值,弱风速的时候卫星风速大于站点风速,高风速的时候卫星风速小于站点风速;风速的均方根偏差则相对稳定。卫星风与站点风的风向均方根偏差随着风速的增加而减小,在不同的方向上,风速偏差和风向偏差等统计量的区别较小。随季节的变化中,平台和海岛站的风速与卫星风速的平均偏差秋冬季大而春夏季小。     

基于SAR图像雨团足印的海面风向提取方法

利用地球物理模式函数进行SAR海面风速反演时,需以风向作为地球物理模式函数的输入。本文应用了一种利用SAR图像上雨团足印顺风一侧比逆风一侧明亮的图像特征的海面风向提取方法,以进行海面风速反演。4景RADARSAT-2卫星SAR示例数据风向提取结果相对于ASCAT散射计的风向均方根误差满足不大于16°。分别以本文方法提取的风向和ASCAT散射计风向作为输入,利用地球物理模式函数CMOD5进行海面风速的SAR反演,两者的风速反演结果基本一致,其均方根误差差值不超过0.3 m/s。本文利用SAR图像雨团足印信息的风向提取方法准确可靠,可应用于SAR海面风速反演。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.