THE METABOLISM OF 60Co AND 137Cs BY ARCA GRANOSA LINNUS

The pathway by which "Co and 137C3 got into Area, and the type of uptake in animal were studied. The results showed that 60Co was taken up by gill and was transferred quickly to other organs through blood. There are more uptake pathways for 137Cs. The uptake of 60Co by Arca was mainly active transfer and the energy comes mainly from the process of biotic oxidation. On the contrary, the uptake of 137C3 by Arca was mainly a passive transfer, and for most organs the exchange through body-wall was a significant factor.     

60Co、137Cs在几种海洋生物中浓集问题的初步研究

本文对核电站的主要废物60Co、137Cs在几种海洋生物中的浓集和若干有关的问题进行了初步研究.     

THE TRANSFER OF 137Cs, 60Co ALONG THE FOOD CHAIN OF PLATYMONAS BRACHIONUS AND TILAPIA

The transfer of 137C3, 60Co along Platymonas sp., Brachionus plieatilis Muller and Tilapia mos-sambica Peters was studied by using the tracer methods of both 137C3 and 60Co with Ge (Li) Gamma ray detector and S-80 type multichannel-analyser for measuring the radioactivity of the sample. The experiment was carried out in four groups and the period of the experiment was fifteen days. It was found that 60Co could be transferred along seawater→Platymonas→Brackionus→Tilapia, and that 137C3 could only be transferred from seawater to Platymonas. 137C3 was not accumulated by Brachionus in any group of the experiment. Brachionus ingested 60Co mainly from Platymonas, when 60Co was ingested by Tilapia; Brachionus played an important role in the transfer and the Tilapia ingested 137C3 mainly from seawater.     

A STUDY ON TRANSFER RULE OF 137Cs AND 60Co IN SEAWATER AND MARINE FOOD WEB

Transfer rule of 137C3 and 60Co in seawater and an arrificial food web which made up of Platy-monas, Arca, tenaeus and Tilapia were studied.The results showed that the transfer of nuclide could be realized in a longer food chain in which seawater contained radioactivity, the transfer along food chain alone was slight, the pathway of nuclide uptaken by organism was mainly from seawater,but the pressnce of the food was helpful to the transfer of the nuclide, the transfer efficiency of 60Co by every member in the marine food chain was greater than that of 137C3.     

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND SALINITY ON GROWTH AND UPTAKE OF 60Co AND 137Cs FOR CHLORELLA SP.

The effects of three photoperiods (24 hr illumination, 12 hr illumination + 12 hr darkness and 24 hr darkness) and three salinities (20‰, 30‰ and 35‰) on the uptake of 60Co and 137Cs for Chlorella sp. and on the growth of its algae are studied. The uptake of 60Co for the algae is two orders of magnitude higher than that of 137Cs. Of factorial effects, the effect of photoperiod is most significant either on the uptake of the radionuclides or on the growth of the algae; the effect of salinity comes next in order and that of their interaction remains with the last. The uptake of the two radionuclides increases with extended photoperiod while the uptake of 137Cs declines with increasing of salinity. The growth of the algae appears to be the best under the conditions of 24 hr illumination and 30‰ salinity.     

EFFECTS OF 137Cs, 131I AND 32P ON THE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF MUSSEL AND SEA-URCHIN

Preliminary investigations were recently made in laboratory on the effects of low-levelradioactivity contaminated by radioisotopes using embryonic of mussel (Mytilus edulis) andsea-urchin (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) as the material. The gametes and various stagesof fertilized eggs of mussel and sea-urchin were maintained in seawater contaminated with~(137)Cs (~(131)I or ~(32)P) over the concentration range 10~(-10)Ci/L to 10~(-2) Ci/L. The effects     

历次核试验进入海洋的~(137)Cs对中国近海影响的模拟研究

1945年以来,世界各主要核国家进行了数千次核试验,这些核试验产生的绝大部分放射性物质通过多种途径进入海洋,对海洋环境造成放射性污染。本文建立了一个准全球海洋的放射性物质输运和扩散数值模式,通过数值模拟手段评估了历史核试验释放的放射性物质137 Cs对中国近海海洋环境的影响。本文借助前人工作评估了核试验释放137Cs进入海洋的途径和总量;通过比较模拟结果与观测资料,表明本文建立的放射性物质模式能够较好地模拟出137Cs在中国近海及其邻近海域的分布情况和随时间演变特征;模拟结果表明中国近海里的137Cs浓度在20世纪50年代中期达到最大,其中吕宋海峡海域137Cs浓度最高,达80.99Bq/m3;进一步分析了2011年3月份日本福岛核事故前中国近海137Cs浓度分布状况,2011年整个中国近海137Cs浓度介于1.0~1.6Bq/m3间,且其浓度垂向分布较均匀,相对封闭的南海浓度略高于其他海域。     

光照、温度对小球藻吸收60Co,137Cs影响的实验研究

本文研究了光照、温度对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)吸收~(60)Co和~(137)Cs以及对生长的影响。实验是在~(60)Co,~(137)Cs混合示踪条件下进行的,结果表明:(1)小球藻对~(60)Co有着很高的累积能力,而对~(137)Cs的累积能力较低;(2)光照无论对藻吸收~(60)Co还是吸收~(137)Cs的浓缩系数的影响都是全光照>半光照>黑暗;(3)温度升高藻吸收~(60)Co的浓缩系数增大;(4)小球藻在全光照、28℃时的生长最好,而在黑暗、35℃时的生长最差。     

On the predictability of the 137Cs distribution in the Severn Estuary

The observed distribution of ¹³⁷Cs resulting from known sources in the Severn Estuary permits the testing of simple predictive models for the one-dimensional distribution of non-conservative substances in an estuary. These models either use a known distribution of salinity to infer corresponding ones for other substances, or else directly solve mass balance equations utilizing previously determined dispersion coefficients. Both methods are shown to previously determined dispersion coefficients. Both methods are shown to provide results comparing favorably with observations.Stokes drift plays an important role in the circulation of the Severn. A modified densimetric Froude number, including this drift, is therefore used to estimate the circulation and stratification of the estuary.A new equation is used for calculating the ¹³⁷Cs distribution from the observed salinity distribution. It generalizes previous formulations to permit variation of the net runoff with position along the estuary.     

137Cs对三角褐指藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

滨海核电站排放的低放射性污染物对海洋浮游生物及其生态系统的辐射影响日益受到人们关注。为探讨人工放射性核素对海洋浮游藻类的辐射效应机制,研究了放射性~(137)Cs暴露下电离辐射对海洋浮游藻类三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)的形态、生长速率以及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,三角褐指藻在放射性为1 000 Bq/dm~3比活度的~(137)Cs处理组、CsCl对照组和空白组的比生长速率均值分别为0. 600/d、0. 600/d和0. 610/d,组间差异不显著(p 0. 05)。在叶绿素荧光特征的影响方面,随培养时间的延长~(137)Cs暴露下的三角褐指藻F_o、F_m呈上升趋势; F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、NPQ呈先上升后趋于稳定的趋势,其稳定范围分别为0. 5～0. 6、1. 0～1. 4和0. 7～1. 1; Q_p呈现先下降后稳定的趋势,其稳定范围为0. 5～0. 6。通过差异显著性比较分析处理组和对照组、空白组的比生长速率和叶绿素荧光特性参数无显著性差异。研究结果可为海洋放射性污染的预防和治理提供理论依据和实际参考。     

福岛核事故泄漏入海的137Cs长期输运的数值研究

The Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 released large amounts of radionuclides, including ~(137)Cs, into the Pacific Ocean. A quasi-global ocean radioactive transport model with horizontal grid spacing of 0.5°×0.5° and 21 vertical layers was thereafter established to study the long-term transport of the Fukushima-derived ~(137)Cs in the ocean.The simulation shows that the plume of ~(137)Cs would be rapidly transported eastward alongside the Kuroshio Current and its extensions. Contaminated waters with concentrations lower than 2 Bq/m3 would reach the west coast of North America 4 or 5 years after the accident. The ~(137)Cs tends to be carried, despite its very low concentration, into the Indian and South Pacific Oceans by 2016 via various branches of ocean currents.Meanwhile, the ~(137)Cs concentrations in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean decrease rapidly with time. Up to now the highly contaminated waters have remained in the upper 400 m, showing no evidence of significant penetration to deeper layers.     

224,223Ra和137Cs在吕宋海峡及周边海域的分布以及其对“彩虹”台风的响应

本文报道2015年9月和2016年5月期间天然放射性核素²²⁴Ra和²²³Ra在吕宋海峡及周边海域表层和垂向水体的分布特征。为理解日本福岛核事故的影响,本文亦分析研究区域内人工放射性核素¹³⁷Cs的分布特征。结果表明,^224,223Ra和¹³⁷Cs比活度水平均处于我国南海海洋天然放射性本底变化范围之内。²²⁴Ra在吕宋海峡以西南海北部海域比活度较高,在吕宋海峡以东菲律宾海域比活度较低。¹³⁷Cs没有明显的分布趋势。基于三站位（LS3,LS5和LS8）²²⁴Ra、¹³⁷Cs以及温盐的垂向分布特征,本文揭示²²⁴Ra和¹³⁷Cs在热带表层水、次表层水和中-深层水中比活度水平和梯度变化的差异特征。彩虹台风事件扭转了整个吕宋海峡及周边海域的海流循环过程。大量以低水平²²⁴Ra为特征的西太平洋海水涌入南海,降低水体²²⁴Ra比活度水平。但是,西太平洋和南海北部海域水体¹³⁷Cs比活度水平没有明显差异,台风导致的海流变化对水体¹³⁷Cs比活度没有明显影响。     

基于210Pb、137Cs分布和粒度特征的海床液化深度判定研究以埕岛海域为例

黄河水下三角洲海床液化现象分布广泛,对海底工程设施造成了极大威胁,确定液化深度可为海上工程建设提供参考,具有很大的理论意义和应用价值。在黄河水下三角洲北部埕岛海域液化扰动区钻探取得柱状沉积物对其进行剖面图像扫描、放射性核素和粒度成分测试,获得图像分层特征、²¹⁰Pb、¹³⁷Cs活度及粒度剖面,在此基础上计算得到沉积速率。结果表明：埕岛海域受黄河1976年由刁口流路改道清水沟流路事件影响显著,这一时期沉积速率大幅减小并呈现阶段性特征;快速沉积时期表层沉积物频繁液化产生的砂层不断累积,从而形成密集砂层;通过分析²¹⁰Pb_ex、¹³⁷Cs活度剖面获得研究区液化历史的沉积记录,判定历史液化深度至少为5 m,这一结论与前人研究相近。以²¹⁰Pb、¹³⁷Cs的活度为工具来判断沉积物液化历史及深度存在一定的可行性,具有很大的发展潜力。     

Study of the Mussel as an Indicator Organism of 60Co Polluted in the Sea Area

The mussel (Mytilus virids Linnaeus) were cultured in seawater containing ~(60)Co, ~(137)Csand ~(60)Co plus ~(137)Cs respectively with different concentrations (10~(10)--10~(-6) Ci/ 1) for one month.Then, the loss experiments were carried on for another month. It was studied that therelation between the accumulation amount of radioactivity in every parts of mussel bodyand pollution amount of radioactivity in seawater. The results showed that ~(60)Co can be     

南海东北部表层沉积物天然放射性核素与137Cs

用HPGeγ谱仪测定了南海东北部表层沉积物中的放射性核素.结果给出7种核素的平均比活度分别为40K:538Bq/kg,210Pb:116Bq/kg,226Ra:27.7Bq/kg,228Ra:4.49Bq/kg,228Th:42.0Bq/kg,238U:35.4Bq/kg和137Cs:1.16Bq/kg,210Pb的比活度随离岸距离增大,226Ra比活度随离岸距离没有明显变化,其余核素比活度随离岸距离减小.与对我国近海其他海域报道的沉积物放射性核素含量相比,40K和137Cs稍低于其他海域,其余核素为中等水平.     

北冰洋表层积雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的分布特征

大气输送的放射性核素7Be、210Po和210Pb,可以作为研究北冰洋大气沉降通量、海洋现代沉积以及海冰中物质传输的重要示踪剂,已被广泛应用于包括气团运动、土壤侵蚀以及水系统中颗粒物循环过程的研究。本文报道了2018年北极高纬度浮冰区表层积雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的活度特征。7Be、210Po和210Pb的比活度变化范围分别为33.6～632.68 mBq/L、36.2～87.5 mBq/L、30.9～194.49 mBq/L。本文的研究发现,北冰洋表层积雪中7Be和210Pb比活度小于中纬度大陆地区。研究区域表层积雪中7Be的比活度随着纬度的增加而增加。此外,表层积雪中210Po/210Pb活度比值范围为0.70～1.48 (平均为0.93),210Po与210Pb活度已基本达到平衡,表明积雪样品年龄可能较“老”。     

Anthropogenic 129I in seawaters along the north-central part of the English Channel: Levels and tracer applications

The English Channel (the Channel) represents a major sink and transport pathway of anthropogenic radioactive 129I. Despite this important role, data concerning the distribution of 129I in seawater of the Channel are scarce, and most of existing data are restricted to the eastern part of the Channel. The advection and dispersion of 129I from the French coast toward the central and further the English coast, especially in the Channel west of Cap de La Hague, are not fully investigated. We present results of iodine isotopes (127I and 129I) analyses of surface water samples collected along the central English Channel in October, 2010. The data show high 129I concentrations between Dover Strait and La Hague, followed by a dramatic drop towards the Celtic Sea and reveal the dispersal of 129I towards central and northern part of the Channel. Our observation also implies that the entire British coast is contaminated by 129I. 129I levels in the westernmost English Channel, close to the English coast, may reflect combined influences from La Hague and Sellafield. Evolution of 129I between 2005 and 2010 suggests a strong link to temporal marine discharges from La Hague plant. The discharges from the nuclear reprocessing facility have continued since 2010 and thus an ecological evaluation of 129I radioactive hazards in the environment of the Channel may be needed.     

冬季台湾海峡210Po和210Pb的分布特征及颗粒物的输出

~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb are increasingly used to constrain particle dynamics in the open oceans, however they are less used in coastal waters. Here, distributions and partitions of ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb were examined in the Taiwan Strait, as well as their application to quantify particle sinking. Activity concentrations of dissolved ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb(0.6 μm)ranged from 1.21 to 7.63 dpm/(100 L) and from 1.07 to 6.33 dpm/(100 L), respectively. Activity concentrations of particulate ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb varied from 1.96 to 36.74 dpm/(100 L) and from 3.11 to 38.06 dpm/(100 L). Overall,particulate ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb accounted for the majority of the bulk ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb. 210 Po either in dissolved or particulate phases showed similar spatial patterns to 210 Pb, indicating similar mechanisms for controlling the distributions of ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb in the Taiwan Strait. The different fractionation coefficients indicated that particles in the Zhemin Coastal Current(ZCC) inclined to absorb 210 Po prior to 210 Pb while they showed an opposite effect in the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC). Based on the disequilibria between ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb, the sinking fluxes of total particulate matter(TPM) were estimated to range from –0.22 to 3.84 g/(m2·d), showing an overall comparable spatial distribution to previous reported sediment accumulation rates. However, our sinking fluxes were lower than the sedimentation rates, indicating a sediment resuspension in winter and horizontal transport of particulate matter from the Taiwan Strait to the East China Sea.