高频GPS和强震仪数据在汶川地震参数快速确定中的初步应用

高频GPS可以实时获取地表位移数据,在地震学中有十分重要的现实应用,比如快速获取震中、震级、地震烈度甚至震源破裂过程.本文以汶川地震为例,首先利用近场7个GPS台站数据反演震中位置,由于高频GPS和测震学确认的震相不一致,两种震中结果相距约15.7 km.然后对高频GPS和强震动数据进行了比较分析,我们的统计结果表明,尽管由于工作原理不同,高频GPS数据中的地震动峰值与强震记录相比存在明显差异,但是高频GPS记录的PGA、PGV和PGD同样可以作为计算地震烈度的指标.进而,使用SMBLOC程序对强震记录进行事后的基线偏移校正,得到与实时高频GPS精度相当的地表位移序列.最后,采用移动平均窗口对这些位移数据作平滑,基于最速下降法和OKADA模型,对汶川地震断层破裂的过程进行了回溯性准实时反演.结果表明,汶川地震主断层由西南向东北方向破裂,以14∶28∶04为基准,在震后20 s提供初始震级M_W7.0,震后70 s震级稳定在M_W7.8,但断层仍在破裂,在震后159 s根据位移波形判断事件基本结束.研究表明,实时地表位移数据可以快速准确获取强震震级和破裂方向,从而使得高频GPS将对现有地震预警系统提供很好的补充.     

1993年11月13日堪察加大地震的破裂过程及其构造意义

用宽频带波型拟合方法研究了１９９３年１１月１３日堪察加东部沿海Ｍｓ＝７．１大地震的破裂过程．宽频带垂直向Ｐ＋ｐＰ＋ｓＰ波组的波形拟合和震源时间函数的分析表明，发震断层面走向１８４°，倾角３３°，滑动角７３°．破裂过程分为３个阶段：首先破裂成核并向北扩展，继而转向北东东方向扩展；然后又转向北东方向，形成一个更大的破裂，破裂由深向浅发展．这种复杂的破裂图像与该区的地壳结构和构造应力场具有直接的联系．     

THE SOURCE PARAMETERS AND RUPTURE PROCESS OF THE MW7.0 EARTHQUAKE IN ALASKA,USA ON DECEMBER 1, 2018

A magnitude M_W7.0 earthquake struck north of Anchorage, Alaska, USA on 1 December 2018. This earthquake occurred in the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone, on a fault within the subducting Pacific slab rather than on the shallower boundary between the Pacific and North American plates. In order to better understand the earthquake source characteristics and slip distribution of source rupture process as well as to explore the effect of tectonic environment on dynamic triggering of earthquake, the faulting geometry, slip distribution, seismic moment, source time function are estimated from broadband waveforms downloaded from IRIS Data Management Center. We use the regional broadband waveforms to infer the source parameters with ISOLA package and the teleseismic body wave recorded by stations of the Global Seismic Network is employed to conduct slip distribution inversion with iterative deconvolution method. The focal mechanism solution indicates that the Alaska earthquake occurred as the result of tensile-type normal faulting, the estimated centroid depth from waveform inversion shows that the earthquake occurred at the depth of 56.5km, and the centroid location is 10km far away in northeast direction relative to the location of initial epicenter. We use the aftershock distribution to constrain the fault-plane strike of a normal fault to set up the finite fault model, the finite fault inversion shows that the earthquake slip distribution is concentrated mainly on a rectangular area with 30km×20km, and the maximum slip is up to 3.6m. In addition, the slip distribution shows an asymmetrical distribution and the range of possible rupture direction, the direction of rupture extends to the northeast direction, which is same as that of aftershock distribution for a period of ten days after the mainshock. It is interesting to note that a seismic gap appears in the southwest of the seismogenic fault, we initially determined that the earthquake was a typical normal fault-type earthquake that occurred in the back-arc extensional environment of the subduction collision zone between the Pacific plate and the North American plate, this earthquake was not related to tectonic movement of faults near the Earth's surface. Due to the influence of high temperature and pressure during the subduction of the Pacific plate toward to the north, the subduction angle of the Pacific plate becomes steep, causing consequently the backward bending deformation, thus forming to a tensile environment at the trailing edge of the collision zone and generating the M_W7.0 earthquake in Alaska.     

2015年4月25日尼泊尔地震波场传播及烈度初步模拟分析

2015年4月25日尼泊尔发生Mw7.9地震.本文采用三维曲线坐标网格有限差分方法,依据USGS给出的震源运动学反演结果和震源区域地形数据,模拟了尼泊尔地震波场传播过程,得到震源区域烈度分布模拟结果,与实际观测的地表峰值速度(PGV)大体吻合.结果表明:地震烈度的空间分布整体上受控于震源的单边破裂特征,高烈度区域主要分布在破裂传播方向上,即震源东半部.震源南侧到东南侧近场,由于受到震源和地形的双重影响,形成最大烈度分布区域,最大烈度约为IX.南侧平原受低速沉积层影响形成高烈度区域.震源西侧及盆地内烈度相对较低.     

Source Time Function of Seismic Events at Rudna Copper Mine, Poland

—?The empirical Green's function deconvolution technique is used to retrieve the source time functions from the records of P waves of seven seismic events that occurred at the Rudna copper mine in 1996 and were located in the middle of the underground network. Their moment magnitudes ranged from 2.1 to 2.9. The records of smaller events from the same area and with similar source mechanism, with moment magnitudes ranging from 1.5 to 2.0, were accepted as empirical Green's functions. The relative source time functions were successfully retrieved at a number of stations for six events. Directivity effects, implying unilateral rupture propagation, were observed in five cases. The azimuth of rupture propagation direction and the rupture velocity were estimated from the distribution of pulse widths and pulse maximum amplitudes as a function of the cosine of station azimuths. The rupture propagated approximately either from south to north or from north to south. The rupture velocity was low, ranging from 0.25 to 0.54 of the shear-wave velocity. The source dimensions, represented by the fault length, were also small in comparison with those estimated in the frequency domain and ranged from 80 to 250?m.     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震序列S波分裂特征

本文测定了2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震震源区及其附近台站的S波分裂参数,包括快波偏振方向和慢波延迟时间,最终得到了40个台站的S波分裂结果．结果显示:在地震主破裂区内观测到的快波优势取向为NE向,与余震分布的长轴方向一致;位于双石—大川断裂以西台站的快波偏振优势方向为NW向,与区域最大主压应力轴方向一致;位于荥经断裂附近台站的快波偏振优势方向为NW向,与该断裂走向一致．快波偏振优势方向随时间的变化结果显示:主震前位于地震破裂区附近的TQU和BAX台站的快波偏振优势方向均呈NE向;主震后TQU台站的快波偏振优势方向为近EW向,而BAX台站的快波偏振优势方向则不突出,反映出芦山地震主震前快波偏振方向受控于龙门山断裂带,而主震后受构造应力场的作用更加明显．此外,各台站的慢波延迟时间为1.25—5.40ms/km,在余震覆盖密集区域,台站的慢波延迟时间均大于3.0ms/km,反映出震源区的各向异性程度较强．芦山主震后,各台站的延迟时间随时间变化持续减小,反映出震源区地壳应力随余震活动逐渐减小．      

高频GNSS实时地震学与地震预警研究现状

为实现从注重灾后救助向注重灾前预防转变,如何提高地震灾害监测预警和风险防范能力成为我们关注的重点.本文给出了国际上GNSS位移记录、强震动加速度记录、测震速度记录在地震预警中的应用现状,并总结了各自的特点,归纳出围绕高频GNSS地震学在震级与破裂过程实时反演中的几个需要进一步研究的关键问题：（1）引入北斗系统,基于高频GNSS（GPS/BDS）双系统的实时位移解算方法来提高实时单站位移解算精度,使实时解算精度达到厘米级;（2）开展强震仪加速度记录基线偏移校正研究,弥补地震近场GNSS站密度不足问题;（3）强震仪加速度记录与GNSS位移记录特点不同,开展强震仪加速度数据与GNSS位移数据实时融合处理研究,快速获得包含丰富地震形变和速率的波形数据;（4）测震学方法可快速估算震级,但是在强震发生时会出现震级饱和现象,造成震级估算偏低.需要开展基于GNSS位移时间序列的多种方法相结合的实时震级估算方法研究,通过与地震学方法比较和结合,来得到精度高、计算快的震级估值算法;（5）基于高频GNSS、断层初始模型快速选取、断层尺度、参数自适应调整是快速判断断层破裂方向的基础,在断层破裂过程自适应准实时反演算法方面需要进一步加强.通过国内外研究现状调研、分析,表明基于高频GNSS地震学的震级快速确定、震源破裂过程准实时反演算法的发展将对我国地震预警系统从"二网融合"到"三网融合"提供坚实的技术支撑.     

2014年新疆于田MS7.3地震同震位移及位错反演研究

利用于田震中300 km范围内的1个GPS连续站和12个GPS流动站数据,解算得到了2014年新疆于田M_S7.3地震地表同震位移,并反演了发震断层滑动分布,探讨此次地震对周边断裂的影响.地表同震位移结果显示,GPS观测到的同震位移范围在平行发震断裂带的北东-南西向约210 km,垂直发震断裂带的北西-南东方向约为120 km,同震位移量大于10 mm的测站位于震中距约120 km以内;同震位移特征整体表现为北东-南西方向的左旋走滑和北西-南东方向的拉张特征,其中在北东-南西方向,I069测站位移最大,约为32.1 mm,在北西-南东方向,XJYT测站位移最大,约为28.1 mm;位错反演结果表明,最大滑动位于北纬36.05°,东经82.60°,位于深部约16.6 km,最大错动量为2.75 m,反演震级为M_W7.0,同震错动呈椭圆形分布,以左旋走滑为主并具有正倾滑分量,两者最大比值约为2.5：1,同震错动延伸至地表,并向北东方向延伸,总破裂长度约50 km,地表最大错动约1.0 m;同震水平位移场模拟结果显示贡嘎错断裂、康西瓦断裂和普鲁断裂等不同位置主应变特征具有差异性,这种差异特征是否影响断裂带以及周围区域的应力构造特征,值得关注.     

龙门山地区的kappa（κ0）模型及汶川MS8.0地震的强地震动模拟

在地震动模拟中,高频衰减参数（κ₀）是一个重要的参数,它控制了傅里叶谱高频部分的衰减特性.本文利用汶川M_S8.0地震和芦山M_S7.0地震主余震的1671组强震动观测记录,计算了龙门山地区50个断层距小于150 km的强震动台站的κ₀,基于随机有限断层法模拟了汶川地震中这些台站的加速度时程、傅里叶振幅谱和反应谱,并与前人的研究进行比较.结果表明,合理计算的κ₀可以有效地改善加速度时程振幅和高频谱（>1 Hz）的模拟结果.另一方面,本文基于κ₀与地形高程的相关性,建立了龙门山地区的κ₀经验模型.分别采用该经验模型和κ₀= 0.04 s模拟了汶川地震的峰值加速度分布,并与观测记录进行比较.结果表明,采用本文提出的κ₀模型可以更好地重现汶川地震的峰值加速度分布,特别是在断层破裂方向的反方向区域和山区.综上,汶川地震中山区的峰值加速度明显大于盆地地区的现象,不仅与断层破裂产状有关,还与山区和盆地地区的κ₀之间显著的差异有关.     

较大地震破裂尺度的一种简单估算

通过对各向同性均匀介质中两个点源的波形传播的几何性质的分析，提出对较大地震的破裂尺度的估计，可以采用多个子事件的模拟，根据接收台站得到的子事件的视时间差的分布特征，判断震源的实际破裂方向和破裂尺度，甚至仅仅根据宽频带Ｐ波（组）的波形宽度就可进行近似的估算。     

利用近场高频GPS、 强地面运动和远场地震波形数据联合反演2008年汶川MS8.0地震的震源时空破裂过程

联合近场GPS测站1-Hz运动学位移、 强震仪加速度波形和全球台站P震相波形作为约束, 以时空滑动分布约束条件和ABIC模型参数选择方法, 结合先验的滑动方向变化范围, 反演2008年汶川M_S8.0地震的震源时空破裂过程, 给出了能够综合反映震源破裂过程的统一模型。 结果表明, 汶川地震总体上存在4个主要的破裂区, 最主要的一个破裂区位于震源东北40~120 km, 断层面上的最大位错量约为10 m, 主体滑动分布在2~20 km深度范围, 破裂达到地表; 第二个主体破裂区位于断层破裂带南段, 最大滑动量达到6 m; 另外2个主体滑动区位于断层破裂带北段, 但滑动破裂量小于断层南段破裂区的滑动量, 滑动破裂值最大值为4 m, 超过1 m的区域在走向上超过70 km。 反演得到的断层滑动模型的地震矩为9.5×10²¹ Nm, 相应的矩震级为M_W7.95。 汶川地震破裂表现为单侧破裂, 起始破裂在汶川下方16 km深度, 向东北方向一致性地传播, 过程持续~120 s。 在地震发生后0~10 s内, 破裂集中在震源起始破裂区, 滑动破裂值为~1.0 m, 之后破裂向东北方向扩展, 震后20~40 s是主要的破裂时段。 在40~60 s, 破裂跨越断层南段和北段。 在80~90 s破裂最大值开始下降, 在100~110 s时, 下降为~0.5 m, 在110~120 s时, 下降为~0.1 m。 加入近场GPS测站1-Hz 波形数据与近场强震仪波形和远场长周期体波联合反演, 提高了震源破裂模型的空间分辨率, 特别是浅部滑动破裂区的分辨率, 反演的最大滑动破裂值比不用1-Hz 波形数据反演的结果增大, 表明近场1-Hz GPS波形数据对于揭示汶川地震的时空破裂过程具有重要的作用。     

2016年8月24日意大利MW6.2地震近场地震动方向性效应

为研究2016年8月24日意大利中部M_W6.2地震的断层破裂方向性效应, 依据断层走向将强震动观测台站划分为SE和NW两组, 比较两组记录的地面峰值加速度PGA、 地面峰值速度PGV、 拟加速度反应谱PSA和重要持时D_SR. 结果显示: NW组观测到的PGA, PGV和PSA普遍大于SE组, PGA和PGV的观测值与预测值的残差随方位角变化明显; NW组观测到的D_SR值整体小于SE组, 由此推断此次地震存在明显的方向性效应． 在此基础上, 采用反演方法, 确定了该地震的震源为双向非对称破裂, 主破裂方向大约介于345°—360°之间, 主破裂长度约占整个破裂的70%—80%, 破裂速度为2.2—2.5 km/s, 反演结果印证了两组台站数据的地震动参数差异是由断层破裂方向效应所引起的．      

Effects of fault geometry and slip style on near-fault static displacements caused by the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake

We investigated the fault geometry effects and the corresponding coseismic slip distribution using various proposed earthquake fault models for the Chi-Chi earthquake of 21 September 1999. The types of fault geometries are threefold: a simple planar fault plane, a two segmented planar fault plane and a three dimensional (3D) curved fault surface rupture propagation model. We derived the estimated spatial slip distribution from an inversion analysis of GPS coseismic displacement data and show that the 3D fault model is the preferred solution. The simple and segmented fault models lead to significant artificial slip distributions associated with the pre-defined fault geometry and the spatial distribution of GPS stations. The spatial distribution of coseismic slip deduced from the 3D fault model has three observable features: (1) the overall slip is concentrated at depth of less than 12 km, which may well correspond to a shallow-dipping detachment; (2) the maximum slip of about 10 m is located 45 km to the north of the epicenter; and (3) the slip vector is dominated by the dip-slip component. In addition, the results from the inversion of GPS data are consistent with those from the inversion analysis of teleseismic broadband data. A resolution analysis, further, demonstrates that the results are highly correlated with field GPS data studies when we used synthetic test data. The inversion of spatially distributed GPS data is highly sensitive to fault geometry. We conclude that the use of the 3D fault model is not only necessary but also certainly competent enough to well explain the inferred slip style and the observed static coseismic displacements.     

Dynamic faulting under rate-dependent friction

We discuss the effects of rate-dependent friction on the propagation of seismic rupture on active faults. Several physicists using Burridge and Knopoff's box and spring model of faulting have proposed that fault complexity may arise from the spontaneous development of a self-similar stress distribution on the fault plane. If this model proves to be correct, it has important consequences for the origin of the complexity of seismic sources. In order to test these ideas on a more realistic earthquake model, we developed a new boundary integral equation method for studying rupture propagation along an antiplane fault in the presence of nonlinear rate-dependent friction. We study rupture dynamics of models with single and twin asperities. In our models, asperities are places on the fault with a higher value of prestress. Othewise all fault parameters are homogeneous. We show that for models with such asperities, a slip velocity weakening friction leads to the propagation of supersonic healing phases and to the spontaneous arrest of fracture if the prestress outside the asperities is low enough. For models with asperities, we can also observe narrow slip velocity pulses, qualitatively similar to the so-called Heaton pulses observed in some earthquake accelerograms. We also observe a complex distribution of stress after the rupture that depends on details of the initial distribution of asperities and on the details of the friction law.     

Spatial and temporal rupture process of the January 26, 2001, Gujarat, India, M_S=7.8 earthquake

Introduction An earthquake of MS=7.8 occurred near the Gujarat of India on January 26, 2001, which was one of the most deadly earthquakes since there was the record in the Indian history (Bendick, et al, 2001; Gupta, et al, 2001). The USGS of USA determined the origin time of the earthquake to be 3h16min41s (UTC), and the epicenter location to be 70.32篍, 23.40篘. Shortly after the earthquake, the moment tensor solutions or focal mechanisms and other related parameters were offered by s…     

2012年江苏高邮、宝应交界MS4.9地震发震断层参数测定

基于一维单侧有限移动震源模式,根据地震波传播过程中的多普勒效应,分别利用P波和S波拐角频率的方位变化,反演2012年7月20日江苏高邮、宝应交界MS4.9地震的发震断层面参数。P波和S波拐角频率的反演结果一致显示:本次地震的断层面破裂方向为232°左右,破裂面呈NE-SW向;地震马赫数v/c为0.2左右,平均破裂速度小于S波速度,破裂长度较短,为0.2~0.3km左右。破裂面方位与震源机制解、宏观烈度调查和余震精定位的研究结果具有一致性,结合震区周边的地质构造背景,分析认为滁河断裂很可能是高邮、宝应交界MS4.9地震的发震构造。     

伴随断层蠕动传播的准静态变形——模型理论分析及唐山地震前孕震断裂运动过程的讨论

根据形变测量资料和有关实验结果以及某些地震前兆特征,本文提出了一种在粘弹性介质半空间中断层滑动面沿断裂带走向扩展,即断层蠕动传播的力学模型.为了研究其附近的形变特征,导出了蠕动传播所产生位移场的解析表达式,并通过数值积分计算了在广义开尔文介质中,滑动时间函数为△U=B(1-e-t/T),而蠕动事件沿断裂带单侧和双侧传播导致的附近介质位移的时空分布.根据1976年唐山地震前沧东断裂带上的短周期测量资料并参考模型所得出的结果,对震前的断层运动作了反推.结果表明,地震前沿沧东断裂带发生过明显的蠕动传播,其初始蠕动发生在小站和沧州之间,随后蠕动沿着断裂带向东北和西南传播,向西南扩展的滑动面是顺扭走滑运动,向东北扩展的滑动面以顺扭走滑运动为主并略有压性倾滑运动分量.      

近震源地震波波形资料反演震源破裂过程的可靠性分析

用近震源波形资料拟合反演地震的震源破裂过程,所包含的一些不确定因素将对反演结果的精度及可靠性产生影响,文中的数值实验分析了所假定的反演断层模型参数的某些不确定性对反演结果的影响程度,并对观测波形的截取长度对反演精度的影响进行了讨论．结果表明：(1)近震源地震波形资料能较好地分辨断层浅部的破裂过程.然而对断层深部的位错分布的约束和反演能力较差．联合使用近、远场地震波资料进行反演,能反演出一个更为完全的整个断层破裂过程的图像.(2)用近震源地震波资料反演时,反演结果对所假定的反演断层的走向和倾角非常敏感.断层走向偏离真实值2°或倾角偏离真实值5°都会导致一个虚假的反演结果.(3)反演中所使用的介质速度结构模型的不确定性,也会对反演结果产生影响.     

Doppler effect of the rupture process of the great MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

In this study we performed a classical spectrum analysis of seismic waveforms recorded at far field stations of the great M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake to observe the shifts of the corner frequency with azimuth due to the Doppler effect. Our results show that this damaging great earthquake had a dominating rupture propagation direction of 64.0°. The equivalent radius of the fault rupture surface was estimated to be 33 km, yielding the rupture area of about 3 500 km². Thus the length of the rupture fault surface is about 230 km if the depth (or width) extent is 15 km. The computer program developed in this study can quickly provide the information about the source of a future large (damaging) earthquake, which could be very useful for predicting aftershocks and planning the rescue operations.

     

Optimum strong-motion array geometry for source inversion

Optimum strong-motion array geometry for source inversion is quantitatively determined for each of three types of earthquake faults: strike—slip, dip-slip and offshore subduction thrust. The estimation is done by using the source inversion method^1,2 previously developed and based on Wolberg's prediction analysis.³ Only the far-field S waves are taken into account in source inversion; we test only the ability to estimate seismic moments of subfault elements. A comparison of the optimum array geometries obtained in this study with the ones proposed on the basis of an empirical judgment at the 1978 International Workshop on Strong-Motion Earthquake Instrument Arrays⁴ shows that the Workshop geometries are not the best ones as far as source studies are concerned. The most preferable array involves two different kinds of stations regardless of the target fault type: stations close to the fault and aligned parallel to its strike, and stations surrounding the fault area with good azimuthal coverage. The former stations resolve the later stage of the rupturing process while the latter stations resolve the earlier stage.