Geographic Information Systems: A Tool to Support Geography and Environmental Education?

Geographic information systems (GIS) education is at a crossroads in the United States. Since its inception in the early 1990s, GIS has diffused slowly into select groups of K-12 classrooms through the efforts of geography and environmental educators. However, many of the assumptions underpinning the initial period of enthusiasm for the technology are now being questioned. This paper reviews issues identified as barriers to dissemination in order to help shape and inform the next phase of GIS implementation. First, the existing arguments for GIS in elementary and secondary education in the United States are reviewed and evaluated. Second, considerations related to developing an improved pedagogical foundation for GIS are explored. Finally, implications and suggestions for guidelines for the next decade of dissemination and implementation of GIS are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

希夏邦马峰—珠穆朗玛峰地区地貌与环境演化问题探讨

希夏邦马峰－珠穆朗玛峰地区是新生代以来,在欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞的地质背景下,迅速隆升起来的极高山地区．进入第四纪以来,强烈的构造隆升,使这些山地上的冰川进退、河流发育和湖泊变迁都发生了重大变化,带来整个地貌格局的变化．倒数第二次冰期时,亦即聂聂雄拉冰期的鼎盛时期,本区发育了巨大的冰帽,覆盖了整个地区．末次冰期的冰川以长大的山谷冰川和小冰帽为主要特点．在末次间冰期,河流侵蚀能力增强,位于山地南坡的河流进行强烈的溯源侵蚀,破坏了山脉的完整性,并对北坡的河流进行劫夺,从根本上改变了本区的地貌格局．到了全新世后期、新冰期到来之际,佩枯错的水位也达到了其在地质历史上的最高水位和最大面积,高出现今湖面整整１００ｍ．此后,由于朋曲河的溯源侵蚀和劫夺作用,上游流域面积减少,水源补给逐渐丧失,水域迅速收缩,水位降低．     

北方岩溶区水文地质环境地质调查进展——以北京西山岩溶区为例

该文是在地质调查项目“北方岩溶水文地质环境地质调查示范”成果基础上归纳编写的.工作区选择北京西山玉泉山泉域、黑龙关泉域和鱼谷洞泉域.调查中采用了地面调查、遥感解译、地球物理勘探、水文地质钻探、示踪试验、水均衡站观测、水化学以及δD、δ18O、C、δ34S、Sr同位素方法手段,获取了大量第一手资料,通过对包括前人资料的综合研究,取得以下主要进展:①查明了该区岩溶水文地质条件和环境问题,将工作区划分为2个含水岩组、3个岩溶水系统和5个子系统;②通过对黑龙关泉域均衡观测,获得了寒武—奥陶系和蓟县系碳酸盐岩裸露区降水入渗系数,并采用最新资料评价了天然资源量和可开采资源量;③针对突出的岩溶水环境问题(含潜在问题),从政策、技术和工程3方面提出了岩溶水保护和环境问题治理的建议.     

Determination of Gallium at the ppb Level in South African Primary and Secondary Reference Samples by Ion Exchange Chromatography and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Results are presented for the determination of trace amounts of gallium in two South African primary rock standards (MIMROCS) and in four secondary rock standards (SAROCS). Gallium is separated from all other elements, except traces of thorium, using a selective ion exchange separation procedure (1) and determined by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry.     

对青海省水文地质工程地质环境地质勘查工作的几点思考

根据青海省国有地勘队伍和行业工作近年来呈现的主要特点,分析了青海省水工环地质勘查队伍建设,行业工作相对于经济社会发展需求间存在的问题,为进一步做好水工环地质工作提出了参考建议。     

Environmental problems and policies in East Central Europe: A changing agenda

Considerable environmental damage occurred during the socialist era as a consequence of the rapid rate of economic growth with low priority for the quality of life. High levels of air and water pollution impacted negatively on human health as well as the physical environment. The rural areas did not escape because of soil and forest degradation, while open pit mining and associated tipping devastated large areas of countryside especially in former Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The Chernobyl nuclear disaster proved to be a turning point since public opinion was mobilised to the point that underground movements began to lobby for improvements and environmental quality became a factor in system change in 1989. Much has been achieved over the past decade, thanks in part to expertise and financial help from abroad, and the priority currently being given to membership of the European Union means that all the requirements of the environmental 'acquis' must be met over the medium term. However, the 1990s have also introduced the sustainability agenda and current challenges are much more extensive that those of the past. While many obligations now carry the full force of law, it is also evident that sustainability is a matter for interpretation nationally and locally in the light of economic pressures and cultural values, moderated through the education process and negotiation with both statutory bodies and environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs). This paper therefore serves as a context for the more local studies that follow. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海南省龙门市幅1:50 000环境地质调查数据集

本数据集为2017年在海南省龙门市幅开展的1：50 000环境地质调查的调查信息、水文地质钻孔、地下水采样及化学成分测试结果,包含机民井点221个,泉点21个,地表水点7个,水文地质钻孔10个,进尺808.77 m,地下水全分析采样点56个。调查点符合规范要求,钻探施工质量可靠,采样过程规范,测试均由符合资质要求的实验室完成,数据质量可靠。数据集可以真实反映该时段龙门市幅水文地质环境地质条件,并依托调查成果,为地方圈定1处地下水后备水源地,可有效缓解季节性缺水问题,为科学合理利用地下水资源提供依据。     

中国天山乌鲁木齐河源冰芯pH和电导记录的现代环境过程研究

Analyses of pH and conductivity in precipitation sampled during June 1995 to June 1996, in snow pits sampled during the winter of 1995-1996 and during the summer of 1996, and in shallow ice core retrieved in May 1996 from the headwaters of the rmqi River are presented in this paper. Though a certain degree of shift appears for pH and conductivity in the post-deposition and firnification processes, a relationship between pH and conductivity is still preserved in the ice core records, which validates the application of the ice core pH and conductivity records from the areas with strong melting for paleoclimate reconstruction.     

湖北省蒲圻县(赤壁)幅1:50 000环境地质调查数据集

依托自然资源部中国地质调查局部署的"长江中游城市群咸宁-岳阳和南昌-怀化段高铁沿线1：50 000环境地质调查"项目,开展了蒲圻县幅1：50 000环境地质调查。本数据集采取水文地质调查、岩溶地面塌陷调查、水文地质钻探、水质测试分析等方法而形成。数据集包含73个泉水调查点、7个矿泉水测试分析结果、1个岩溶地面塌陷点、7个岩溶洞穴点、10个水文钻孔等5方面数据。其中泉水调查成果包括泉点的分布位置、野外水质检测指标、泉水成因等;矿泉水分析结果为针对区内泉点及水文钻孔所取水样进行室内测试,达到矿泉水标准的测试结果;岩溶地面塌陷数据主要包括岩溶地面塌陷的位置、塌陷坑特征、地质背景、塌陷后状态等信息;岩溶洞穴调查成果包括洞穴点的位置、洞穴发育特征、开发利用情况等信息;钻孔基本情况数据为钻孔位置信息、孔径、孔深等信息。数据集为赤壁市城镇规划建设,土地安全利用,优质地质资源开发提供重要的地质数据源支撑。     

Environmental challenges of Europe: The state of environment and environmental trends in the EU (EU15) and the Accession Countries (AC10)

The state of the environment and environmental pressures in the EU Member States (EU15) and the Accession Countries (AC10) is discussed from the prospective of ecosystems and geopolitics. In the EU15, the reduction of the most acute kinds of pollution began in the 1970s, and at the beginning of the 1990s, an overall environmental development action program was made, aimed at sustainability. In the AC10, the state of the environment slightly improved in the 1990s, particularly thanks to the decline of industrial production and a general slump. Typical of the EU15 and the AC10 is the consumption of natural resources at an above-average level per inhabitant of the globe. The starting position in the EU15 with regard to a sustainable development is considerably more favourable than in the AC10.However, the EU15 are only in the phase of weak sustainability, with the emphasis laid on curative measures for eliminating some consequences of environmental pressures. To achieve the environmental and other goals of sustainable development of Europe and the planet, it is necessary to establish a strategic partnership on the basis of the equality of all European countries, to reduce radically the environmental pressures and consumption of natural resources per inhabitant, and to integrate the ecological principles into sectoral policies. The period of two-speed Europe should be as short as possible.     

The symbolic order of objects and the frame of geographical action: An analysis of the modes and effects of categorisation of the geographical world as applied to the mountains in the West

Societies cope with their geographical environment with the help of objects and categories of objects. Objects are cognitive symbols enabling societies to come to terms with the incertainties and complexity of the real. This text begins by presenting processes of objectivation and of categorisation of geographical reality. Then, it analyses how far categorisation of objects influences the practice and the transformation of corresponding reality. Coping with categorisation and transformation, it thus circumscribes the interactions between language, cognition and action by which geographical entities are transformed. It illustrates this thesis with the historical transformation of modes of apprehension of the mountains in the West and the parallel transformation of their usage and the modes of planning applied to them. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

RS、GIS在贵州省环境地质综合调查中的应用--以崩塌、滑坡、泥石流调查为例

通过遥感图像的目视解译吸人机交互解译来识别地质灾害体,并在GIS系统支持下参考区域地质、地貌背景,对地质灾害发育规律和分布特征作进一步分析。可大大提高工作效率和成果的准确性,对于区域性地质灾害(尤其是崩塌、滑坡和泥石流)的调查目前是最为有效的方法。这个方法为地质灾害的地学分析提供了一个直观的工作平台,对于发现其各种地学规律,提高研究程度帮助极大。     

中国地质学的产生与发展——写在地质调查所创建100周年之际

中国的地质学非我国自有,而是在传播和引入西方近代科学文化的过程中逐渐形成的,是"西学东渐"的结果。在欧美等西方国家,至19世纪中叶,便建立并完善了近代地质学的理论和方法体系,完成了学科体制化建设,比中国至少早一个世纪。从16世纪后半叶的"西学东渐",西方近代地学传入中国进行第一次启蒙,到引进、消化、吸收和本土化,最后建立中国地质学理论和方法体系,完成学科建制,中国地质事业历经了长达三个半世纪艰辛曲折并充满坎坷的历史进程。创建于1913年的地质调查所是中国近代第一个科研机构,在章鸿钊、丁文江、翁文灏等第一代地质学家的领导下,筚路蓝缕、艰苦奋斗,在短短的二、三十年里,全面开创和奠定了中国近代地质事业,培养了一大批早期地质学家,取得了举世瞩目的成果,赢得国内外学术界的广泛赞誉。地质调查所的成功及其所取得的成就远远超出了地质学,对我国古生物学、地理学、地震学、地球物理学、土壤学、考古、古人类学、燃料和地图等诸多学科领域都产生了深远影响。     

渐趋完善的第四纪冰川研究范式——记第四届中国第四纪冰川与环境变化研讨会

冰川是气候变化敏感的指示器,第四纪冰川研究在地球科学中占有重要的地位。2017年8月,第四届中国第四纪冰川与环境变化研讨会在兰州成功举办。与会专家认为,地貌学与沉积地层学的结合以及测年技术的发展,使中国第四纪冰期划分研究取得长足进展,不仅建立了80万年以来可与MIS进行比对的中国第四纪冰期与间冰期演化序列,还推动了中国第四纪环境变化研究的深入。通过研讨和交流,绝大多数专家认为中国东部中低山地某些疑似的第四纪冰川遗迹完全可以用非冰川成因予以解释,在今后的研究工作中应加强岩石地貌、气候地貌和外动力地貌过程的综合研究,尤其需要加强诸如颤痕等微观冰蚀地貌的分类、形成机制和环境意义研究。适时指出泛冰川论的缺陷和不足是本领域科学家的历史责任和使命担当,进一步开展具备科学事实、科学理论和科学观念的研究,从而完善中国第四纪冰川理论。建议国家级学会组织编制第四纪冰川遗迹调查与评价技术规范,加强全国高校自然地理学等相关专业的教师培训工作,同时加大冰川学、地貌学的科学普及力度。     

华南奥陶纪末生物大灭绝的肇端标志——腕足动物稀少贝组合(Manosia Assemblage)及其穿时分布

奥陶纪末生物大灭绝与冈瓦纳大陆冰盖的形成与消融密切关联的认识已被广泛接受;同时,赫南特贝腕足动物群(Hirnantia Fauna)常被视作这次大灭绝的肇端标志。本文通过对扬子区-全球环境巨变的一个缩影-相关层段的腕足类的研究,改变了后一认识。上扬子区五峰组(笔石页岩相)与观音桥层(介壳相)之间,以及下扬子区新开岭层之中的"混合相地层"(既产笔石,又产介壳相生物),代表奥陶纪最晚期沉积-生物-环境发生重大变化的过渡阶段,记录了南方大陆冰盖的形成对华南各地影响的开始;只因厚度小、研究少,该段地层及其所含化石群长期未被重视。根据半个世纪积累的材料,本文系统记述了该混合相地层的优势化石腕足类稀少贝(Manosia);根据保存腕螺构造的珍贵标本,证实它是无洞贝目的成员,暂归于无洞贝科;通过识别稀少贝组合(Manosia Assemblage)的基本特征和时空分布,探讨它的群落生态、环境及其标志意义。奥陶纪末的华南板块处于一个相对孤立的古地理位置,且稀少贝幼虫的漂浮能力不强,故未能"飘洋过海"离开华南板块一步;尽管如此,东西向从滇东北到苏南,南北向从陕南到黔北,它成为一个机遇泛滥属种,遍布于整个扬子海域,栖居于深水、低能、贫氧的底域(BA4-5)。稀少贝组合的地层历程从上奥陶统凯迪阶顶部(Diceratograptus mirus亚带)到赫南特阶下部(Normalograptus extraordinarius带中下部);其短暂的历程反映全球气候和海洋环境扰动对扬子海域不同地区造成的影响之开始。这里有一个"先浅水、后深水"的穿时过程:①在上扬子区浅水海域,它仅限于凯迪末期,几乎同时迁移到较深水域并延续到赫南特初期;②侵入到下扬子深水海域则是到赫南特早期并在中期灭绝。因此,华南奥陶纪末大灭绝的起步标志不是赫南特贝动物群本身,而是稀少贝组合的出现;大灭绝的肇端并非始于赫南特初期,而是凯迪末期。同时可能也指示大陆冰盖的形成对世界其他板块不同水深海域的影响也不是等时的。赫南特早中期扬子海域生物群分布状况演变得非常复杂。奥陶纪末生物大灭绝与全球气候和海洋环境的剧变相伴发生,是显生宙唯一一次与冰川活动有密切关联的特大事件。     

化探在福建北部1:5万区域矿产远景调查中的找矿效果及应用前景

根据福建省北部井后、上房等新发现的钼、钨、金矿产的地球化学异常特征,阐述区域矿产远景调查的异常评价,评价步骤为1:5万水系沉积物测量→1:1万土壤测量→地质观察→地表揭露→深部钻探验证.研究认为,次生晕异常特征可反映矿床原生地球化学异常的组份分带,可用原生晕分带理论判断异常的含矿性与否,进而选择有较强针对性的指示元素,开展下一步化探工作,以最经济成本达到最好的异常评价效果.     

中国油气勘探形势和评价——“21世纪中国油气勘探国际研讨会”综述

在今年5月份召开的“21世纪中国油气勘探国际研讨会”上，中国三大石油公司及国外石油机构等方面的代表集中探讨了中国油气勘探形势、前景和勘探的热点，以及全球油气资源分布与人口、环境等方面的问题。中国三大石油公司近年来油气资源总量大幅度增长，不断向新地区、新盆地和新层系延伸，并在实践中总结出“构造脊运移”理论。借鉴对外合作经验，石油勘探应按照新区、未成熟区和成熟区3种类型，分别建立科学的评价方法，油气资源评价关键在于建立地质。经济动态评价模型。文中还介绍了西方石油公司的资源评价方法，在全球优选具规模效益的富集区，精细勘探，降低勘探风险，获取高回报。     

A Protocol for the Determination of the Rare Earth Elements at Picomole Level in Rocks by ICP-MS: Results on Geological Reference Materials USGS PCC-1 and DTS-1

Rare earth element analyses are widely used in geology, environmental science and archaeology. Over the past decade inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry has become an important source of rare earth data on geological material. However, ICP-MS analysis of rock samples without pre-concentration can be problematic because of complex sample matrices that can generate significant molecular isobaric interferences on rare earth peaks and which need to be corrected. Such problems are exacerbated for ultramafic rocks because the low levels of rare earth elements demand more concentrated solutions in order to maintain signals above background levels. These high solid loads result in intra-run changes in instrument sensitivity which need to be monitored. Pre-concentration chemistries have been developed in order to avoid high solid loads but these are time-consuming and must offer quantitative recoveries or use a yield tracer. Here, we describe an alternative method for rare earth element analysis by ICP-MS, which involves no pre-concentration and is, therefore, able to deliver data rapidly. Our approach is to apply an external correction procedure, based on the analysis of a reference material closely matched in composition to the unknown samples, which allows correction for both interferences and variations in instrument sensitivity. Testing this method, we obtained accurate rare earth element results for basaltic rocks with a precision of about 2% (1s). We demonstrate that the method is also applicable to ultramafic rocks with abundances at ultra-trace (ng g⁻¹) level and present data for twelve separate dissolutions of the peridotite USGS PCC-1 and four separate dissolutions of the dunite DTS-1 reference materials. The repeatability of the data is between 3% and 9% (1s).     

海平面升降对海相临滨储层宏观非均质性控制机理——以塔里木盆地哈得逊东河砂岩储层为例

本文研究海平面变化对海相单一亚相储层宏观非均质性的影响。以经典层序地层学理论为指导,应用岩心测试、测井数据,对哈得油田东河砂岩段临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性进行了分析,提出了海平面升降对临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性控制机理,确定了海平面相对变化控制的储层宏观非均质性分布模式。结果表明,准层序、准层序组及体系域内不同级次的海平面变化,对沉积物形成的水动力条件及沉积后所处表生环境产生较大影响,各项储层宏观非均质参数表现出明显的规律性,使准层序内单一临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性表现为向上减弱的变化趋势;准层序组内由于准层序堆砌特征差异,使退积式准层序组内临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性呈向上变强的特征,而进积式准层序组内表现为由强到弱的趋势;高位体系域内单一临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性总体表现为向上逐渐减弱。