西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨的异同特征分析

利用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料和地面加密自动站资料,通过对2007年四川盆地盛夏3次西南低涡与不同系统相互作用时形成四川盆地暴雨过程的环流特征、影响系统以及风暴相对螺旋度、湿位涡、水汽通量等物理量场特征进行对比分析,找出西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨过程中各物理量的异同点。分析表明,西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的共同点是：暴雨发生在西南低涡中心附近,西南低涡暴雨区内存在着稳定的上升气流和水汽辐合,伴有明显的能量释放特征,西南低涡暴雨都是发生在对流层中层螺旋度大值区,强降水一般出现在对流层低层MPV1〈0同时MPV2≥0的范围内,都具有“低层正涡度辐合,高层负涡度辐散”的典型暴雨动力结构。西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的不同点是：在西南低涡与高原低涡形成暴雨机制中高空急流的作用十分重要,在西南低涡与切变线形成暴雨机制中低空急流的动力作用十分明显,而深厚的西南低涡暴雨高低空急流作用不是十分重要。在西南低涡与切变线或深厚的西南低涡形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用明显,对流层高层MPV1正值区叠加在低层MPV1负值中心上,而与高原低涡相配合形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用不明显,不具有MPV1下负上正的结构。深厚的西南低涡暴雨是非移动的,而西南低涡与高原低涡或切变线形成的暴雨是移动性的。     

西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨的异同特征分析

利用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料和地面加密自动站资料,通过对2007年四川盆地盛夏3次西南低涡与不同系统相互作用时形成四川盆地暴雨过程的环流特征、影响系统以及风暴相对螺旋度、湿位涡、水汽通量等物理量场特征进行对比分析,找出西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨过程中各物理量的异同点。分析表明,西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的共同点是:暴雨发生在西南低涡中心附近,西南低涡暴雨区内存在着稳定的上升气流和水汽辐合,伴有明显的能量释放特征,西南低涡暴雨都是发生在对流层中层螺旋度大值区,强降水一般出现在对流层低层MPV1<0同时MPV2≧0的范围内,都具有“低层正涡度辐合,高层负涡度辐散”的典型暴雨动力结构。西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的不同点是:在西南低涡与高原低涡形成暴雨机制中高空急流的作用十分重要,在西南低涡与切变线形成暴雨机制中低空急流的动力作用十分明显,而深厚的西南低涡暴雨高低空急流作用不是十分重要。在西南低涡与切变线或深厚的西南低涡形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用明显,对流层高层MPV1正值区叠加在低层MPV1负值中心上,而与高原低涡相配合形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用不明显,不具有MPV1下负上正的结构。深厚的西南低涡暴雨是非移动的,而西南低涡与高原低涡或切变线形成的暴雨是移动性的。      

川渝地区两类西南涡形成前环境物理量场分析

利用地面自动站常规资料、探空资料和NCEP再分析资料,挑选了2009~2012年发生在27~33°N,105~110°E的25个有暴雨产生和25个没有暴雨产生的西南涡。通过再分析资料对两类系统形成前的环境物理量场进行对比分析,结果表明有无暴雨产生的西南涡形成前约6h的环境物理量场区别明显:在对流层低层,相对无暴雨产生的西南涡,有暴雨产生的西南涡强度、尺度及冷暖空气交汇更强,涡西北侧有一股较强冷空气侵入;在对流层中层,有暴雨产生的西南涡在上游有小槽存在,而无暴雨产生的西南涡不存在明显的波动小槽;在对流层高层,有暴雨产生的西南涡的涡中心位于南亚高压东北侧,高空急流在距离涡区北侧约500km处,而无暴雨产生的西南涡上空为强劲的高空急流,没有闭合的南亚高压形态存在。有暴雨产生的西南涡水汽输送和水汽汇聚量比无暴雨产生的西南涡更大;有暴雨产生的西南涡具有低层辐合、正涡度和高层负涡度、辐散的一致性叠置特征,而无暴雨产生的西南涡此特征不显著;有暴雨产生的西南涡的涡中心附近上升运动为大值中心,中心及西、南侧为中性或不稳定层结,而无暴雨产生的西南涡的涡中心不是上升运动大值中心,低层为中性层结。      

湖南省西南涡暴雨的分类研究

基于2012—2016年西南低涡年鉴资料、欧洲中心ERA-Interim再分析资料、湖南省站点降水数据及热带测雨卫星TRMM格点降水产品,对西南涡影响下的湖南省暴雨天气过程进行了普查与分析,并进一步利用多变量EOF法和k均值聚类法对西南涡暴雨天气进行了客观分类。结果表明:(1)西南涡暴雨占湖南总暴雨日数的三分之一,大多由偏东路径的盆地涡和九龙涡造成。(2)湖南省西南涡暴雨天气主要分为暖区类、回流类和锋面类,其中暖区类暴雨强度最强,回流类和锋面类强度相当。(3)西南涡暖区暴雨发生在西南涡槽前深厚的暖湿气流中,落区集中在湘中以北。回流暴雨主要形成于低空高压后部东风回流和西南涡槽前西南气流耦合区,落区集中在湘东南,该类是秋季西南涡暴雨的主要天气形势。锋面暴雨因锋区与西南涡槽前耦合叠加,落区位于锋面附近并沿切变线分布。     

西南低涡暴雨的边界层诊断分析

应用有限元方法，诊断分析了１９８２－１９８６年西南涡暴雨天气，重点是１９８３年５－９月四川６次西南涡暴雨天气的边界层动力特征。得到：行星边界层与西南涡暴雨具有密切关系；成都边界层东北风对应西南涡暴雨过程；边界层内正涡度、辐合、上升运动的出现、增强、减弱与西南涡暴雨的发生、发展、结束相联系；与青藏高原地形相关的边界层风场的动力作用，是西南涡暴雨产生的一个重要原因。     

低纬高原西南涡暴雨分析

选取了由西南涡造成的低纬高原暴雨的8个个例,利用中尺度滤波和物理量诊断方法,对低纬高原西南涡暴雨进行了分析研究。研究表明,向东南方向移出的西南涡是造成低纬高原暴雨的重要天气系统,暴雨主要出现在西南涡的西南象限的中尺度辐合线、变形场和气旋之中。造成低纬高原暴雨的西南涡是比较深厚的,其正涡度区在垂直方向通常可达300-400hPa。这种西南涡不仅具有动力性的作用,而且其后部常伴有较强的冷空气活动。正是由于西南涡的动力扰动、冷空气活动和偏南暖湿气流的爬坡抬升共同导致了暴雨的发生。     

梅雨暴雨中高低空急流与西南涡的活动

利用MM5中尺度模式对1991年7月5日00时-6日12时的降水进行了数值模拟。通过对每3h一次模拟结果的诊断分析，发现高空急流的走向与西南涡的活动关系密切，当我国东部位于西北风急流时，西南低涡稳定少动；位于西风急流时，西南涡快速东移；位于西南风急流时，西南涡加强，移速减慢。暴雨活动与西南涡的东移一致。最初暴雨区稳定少动，之后暴雨区快速东移，后期暴雨区缓慢移动。湿位涡对西南涡的斜压性加大有重要的贡献。在西南涡斜压性未建立之前以及冷锋附近，雨区可位于低层西南风急流左侧的任何位置，当低涡的斜压性加大，出现暖空气的作用时，暴雨区均出现在西南风急流的左前方。     

中尺度西南涡、切变线对“07.7”贵州西部暴雨影响的分析与模拟

2007年7月30日贵州西部出现了大范围的强暴雨过程,本文分析了这次暴雨过程的云团特征和环流形势,并利用PSU/NCAR的MM5中尺度数值模式对这次暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,重点研究这次暴雨发生、发展和移向的物理机制。结果表明:这次暴雨过程与中尺度云团、中低层西南涡、切变线、南支槽和中低空急流活动密切相关,同时还与西太平洋副热带高压活动相关。位于四川东部至重庆西部的西南涡、切变线出现在中低空急流的西北侧或西侧,而贵州西部强降水发生在西南涡、切变线南侧与急流交汇处。高、低空正涡度中心在贵州西北部地区上空的叠加、耦合是该西南涡、切变线持续发展的主要物理机制,为暴雨的发生提供动力条件。垂直上升运动是中低空急流和西南涡联系的纽带,也是西南涡动力驱动的结果。西南涡、切变线和中低空急流在暴雨出现前建立,而暴雨、中低空急流和西南涡、切变线几乎同时南移减弱,预示贵州西部暴雨即将结束。     

一次高空槽与西南涡耦合造成的华北暴雨过程分析

2010年7月18-20日西南低涡东北上影响华北,造成了华北地区大范围大暴雨过程。本文利用NCEP/NCAR 1o×1o再分析场资料,分析了本次西南涡北上加强的原因和造成河北大暴雨的形成机制。结果表明：西南涡是这次华北暴雨的主要影响系统,暴雨的持续与西南涡和中纬度高空槽（低涡）的耦合过程密切相关;高、低空急流相互作用,有利于低层上升运动的发展和加强;高空湿位涡扰动下传,使得西南低涡发展加强;暴雨发生时,其上空正涡度中心和强散度中心相耦合,强的上升运动对低层水汽辐合抬升产生暴雨十分有利;中低层的高能高湿为低涡的发展和暴雨的维持提供了能量和水汽。     

高原涡诱生西南涡特大暴雨成因的个例研究

利用多途径探测与再分析资料,通过诊断分析、数值模拟和敏感性试验,对2008年7月20～21日一次高原涡东移诱生西南涡并引发川中特大暴雨的天气过程进行了初步分析,探讨了西南涡特大暴雨发生的中尺度环境场特征,特殊地形和非绝热物理过程在高原涡东移诱生西南涡特大暴雨中的作用。结果表明,高原涡形成后沿高原东北侧下滑,在四川盆地诱生出西南涡,川中特大暴雨在西南涡形成过程中由强中尺度对流系统(MCSs)的活动造成。高原涡东移诱生的低层偏东气流在川西高原东侧地形的动力强迫抬升作用下,释放对流有效位能激发出MCSs产生强降水,降水凝结潜热加热反馈驱动西南涡快速发展。地形的动力作用仅能形成浅薄的西南涡,降水凝结潜热的加入才能使西南涡充分发展。高原涡的发展主要受地面热通量影响,它的发展与否在很大程度上决定西南涡能否形成。盆地周边高大山脉对西南涡的位置分别有不同程度的影响,而盆地周边高大山脉上叠加的中小尺度地形对西南涡和暴雨带的整体位置影响不大,在一定程度上影响暴雨的落区。     

Continental vegetation as a dynamic component of a global climate model: a preliminary assessment

A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m^–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks.     

Numerical analysis of a thermotopographically-induced mesoscale circulation in a mountain basin using a non-hydrostatic model

Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale (sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations, and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense, with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s⁻¹. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind regimes in complex terrain.     

Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model

Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO ₂ concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming.     

Effects of a Fence on Pollutant Dispersion in a Boundary Layer Exposed to a Rural-to-Urban Transition

Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL.     

A cold air lake formation in a basin — a simulation with a mesoscale numerical model

Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures     

一次台风前部龙卷的多普勒天气雷达分析

通过分析2004年8月25日发生在浙江省宁波市的一次台风前部龙卷发生发展的环境特征, 发现该龙卷发生在台风前部风切变区里, 尽管当时涡度、散度等物理量对于深对流发展不是非常有利, 但下湿中干、强的垂直风切变及地形条件等还是有利于局地弱龙卷的产生; 在宁波新一代天气雷达产品上表现为强的钩状回波, 速度场上有相邻的正负速度中心及强的组合切变值等。通过多个反射率产品、剖面产品等综合分析了该风暴的三维结构, 初步了解此类弱龙卷的发生机理, 为以后的预报提供一些经验。     

Evaporation from a blanket bog in a foggy coastal environment

Frequent fog severely restricts evaporation from blanket bogs in Newfoundland because it more than halves the radiant energy input, and it eliminates the vapor pressure deficit, resulting in evaporation at the equilibrium rate (average = 0.99 during fog). During these periods, there is no surface resistance to evaporation because the bog has been wetted by fog drip, and although the latent heat flux dominates over sensible heat (average = 0.8), both are small. In contrast, the surface dries during clear periods, increasing the surface resistance to evaporation so that sensible heat becomes more important ( = 1.05). When the mosses are dry, evaporation is below the equilibrium rate ( = 0.87), although the higher available energy ensures that actual evaporation is higher. During clear periods, daily evaporation averaged 2.5 mm, compared to 1.1 and 0.7 mm for fog and rain, respectively. The suppressed evaporation at this site is important in maintaining appropriate hydrological conditions for blanket bog development.     

Parameterization of a momentum source in a tropical cumulus ensemble

Summary An eddy effect of tropical deep convection on the large-scale momentum, resp vorticity budget is investigated. The process is specified by a simple parameterization approach which is based on a concept of rotating clouds exerting a momentum on the large-scale flow. The cloud rotation is associated with the thermal properties of a cloud ensemble by the principle of conservation of potential vorticity. A decomposition of cloud classes is applied in consistency with the thermodynamical parameterization scheme of Arakawa and Schubert (1974).The parameterization is tested with observations of GATE74, Phase III. The data are processed on a B/C-scale grid (55km) in a region within 9N and 16N, and between 21W and 27W, and with a vertical resolution of 41 levels. The parameterization results correspond to the observed patterns, especially in situations with strong large-scale wind shear. The findings suggest that certain large-scalle flow regimes provoke convective scale momentum generation rather than redistributing large-scale momentum by convective circulations.With 10 Figures     

Spatial structure of a jet flow at a river mouth

The present work concentrates on the latest data measured in the Jordan river flow in lake Kinneret. Spectral characteristics of fluctuating velocity components have been obtained and processed. The three-dimensional structure of turbulence along the flow has been described. The main features of the jet flow turbulence in the river mouth are: a) The supply of turbulent energy changes due to different mechanisms along the flow. b) The structure of turbulence formed in the river decays rapidly along the flow, and c) In the sand area and beyond it, a significant generation of turbulent energy occurs. Quantitative estimations of the above effects were carried out.