石林

云南石林世界地质公园位于云南省石林彝族自治县，占地总面积400km^2，是一个以石林地貌景观为主的岩溶地质公园。晚古生代这里为滨海-浅海环境，沉积了上千米的石灰岩、白云岩，为形成本区石林地貌奠定了基础。经受后期地壳运动的抬升作用成为陆地，多期次遭受地下水、地表水沿岩石裂隙进行溶蚀，最后形成了组合类型多样的石林地貌景观。     

路南石林发育及其演进

<正> 云南路南石林以其独特的景色闻名于世,它不仅吸引着国内外的旅游者,更是岩溶(喀斯特)学者们所注目的地方。路南石林的记载与论述已见于许多文献,马希融(1936)从岩性、地质构造、气候等条件讨论了石林的发育,认为石林是地表溶蚀的结果。巴拉兹(1959)认为在具有贫瘠土壤及稀疏植被,且获得大量雨水的条件下,可呈现出大规模的沟槽及流痕岩溶,在形态、成因上与温带石芽完全相似,仅仅是规模不同。锯齿状石脊间岩缝的迂回曲折神秘莫测,称为热带石林。杰显义(1966)认为石林形成需要具备:巨厚或厚层灰岩;岩层产状近水平或缓倾斜、一般倾角小于10°;处在包气带;经常出现在分水岭或近分水岭地带。      

云南石林地质公园土岩、土根界面过程和土下溶蚀速率

综合考虑土下界面过程对溶蚀速率的影响,不仅有助于客观评价不同土地利用下土壤溶蚀速率的差异及其控制因素,也有助于判别特定气候条件下区域或流域尺度的现代岩溶作用与碳循环强度。在云南石林世界地质公园,选择近原生滇青冈林(密枝林地)、云南松林地(人工辅助恢复林)、荒草地、石漠地等4种土地利用类型及不同界面开展为期2年的标准溶蚀试片(试片为圆形,直径40 mm,厚约3 mm)试验研究,同步测定土壤理化性质、水分、土壤CO_2。结果表明石林不同土地利用土下(土壤界面)平均溶蚀量为82.3 mg/a,最大年溶蚀量位于密枝林土下50 cm,达285.7 mg/a,最小年溶蚀量位于石漠地土下10 cm,为17.4 mg/a。总体上,土下年平均溶蚀量从大到小依次为密枝林地(182.6 mg),荒草地(76.4 mg),云南松林地(46.5 mg)与石漠地(23.8 mg)。土岩界面附近土下年溶蚀量为17.7～68.8 mg/a,均值为44.7 mg/a,从小到大依次为灌丛稀疏林(17.7 mg),石漠地(47.6 mg)与荒草地(68.8 mg)。土根界面附近土下溶蚀量为43 mg/a。土下溶蚀量要大于岩面溶蚀量,密枝林土下溶蚀量远远大于其它三种土地利用类型,荒草地和密枝林土下溶蚀量随土壤深度均呈现增加的趋势,尤其是后者的增幅相当显著,说明随着植被的正向演替可极大地促进岩溶作用的进行,提高碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率。石漠地岩土界面溶蚀速率约为岩面或正常土下溶蚀速率的2倍,为石柱水平土蚀凹槽的形成提供了岩溶作用动力学证据。利用密枝林地(原生性植被样本)土下溶蚀速率推断,石林形成鼎盛期的土下溶蚀速率为35.1～46.8 mm/ka。     

云南石林岩溶发育的古环境研究

以地质地貌景观调查、填图为基础,应用区域地层、古地磁资料、植物和孢粉化石、岩石与古土壤的化学成分(含稀土元素)、古土壤粘粒硅铝比值、钙华、溶蚀率等资料,研究了石林岩溶各主要演化阶段的古环境特点。石林地区能保留有早二叠世晚期至第四纪的石林岩溶是源于该区特殊古地理环境演变所控制的不同古环境下的岩溶过程差异。按照岩溶与环境的关系,可将石林岩溶演化的漫长过程分别划分出有利于石林岩溶发育与有利于石林岩溶保存的不同时期。石林地区的石林岩溶经历了古热带湿热海岸边缘、古热带行星风系干旱环境、半干旱山地湖泊环境与热带低海拔湿热气候到高原亚热带干湿季风气候演变。石林地区是研究漫长地质时期的不同环境下石林岩溶发育与保存的较好地点之一。      

南方典型溶蚀丘陵系统现代岩溶作用强度研究

我国典型溶蚀丘陵系统分布于湖南中西部雪峰山地区的新化 -涟源县一带。主要宏观岩溶地貌类型有丛丘谷地、峰丘谷地、峰丛洼 (谷 )地、丘岭谷地。它们之间岩溶发育程度、形态组合特征差异明显。本文在论述不同地貌系统岩溶水水化学特征及其溶蚀能力的基础上 ,用水化学平衡法对不同地貌区的溶蚀速度进行了计算 ,并分析了现代岩溶作用强度趋异的原因。溶蚀丘陵区平均溶蚀速度为 2 5 .19m3·km- 2 ·a- 1 ,决定了该区宏观地貌以半岩溶形态为主导特征。     

鄂西清江岩溶与地质灾害的关系

鄂西清江流域碳酸盐岩分布广泛,岩溶地质灾害较为发育。文章在清江流域11个县市地质灾害详细调查成果基础上,运用统计归纳和工程地质类比等方法,分析清江岩溶与地质灾害的关系表现在4个方面:岩溶水系统导致岩溶塌陷（及灾害链）;溶蚀扩张和岩溶化诱发加剧滑坡和崩塌,溶蚀风化形成危岩（潜在不稳定斜坡）;钙质胶结的存在加强了滑坡崩塌的稳定性;岩溶与地质灾害易混淆,以新塘石林为例强调二者之间需甄别。指出碳酸盐岩区地质灾害调查应加强岩溶孕灾地质背景研究;研究钙质胶结的分布规律与加固效果可应用于滑坡和崩塌防治。      

鲁中南岩溶分区初步研究

依据山东省中南部地质、气候环境的差异,划分岩溶区、亚区及岩溶系统。对岩溶区域的岩溶形态,由宏观到微观,由地表到地下,由溶蚀形态特征到堆积形态特征进行了详细论述。该区岩溶形态丰富多彩,既有代表半干旱岩溶区特征的干谷、大泉、常态山含石灰岩角砾的坡麓堆积的组合,也有代表半湿润岩溶区特征的溶丘、溶沟田、溶蚀洼地、地下河、洞内指向流纹、天锅、边槽及红壤土等的组合。     

岩溶地下水富集的地貌组合形态

岩溶地貌组合形态是地质背景条件、地壳隆升、断裂和褶皱等构造运动及溶蚀、侵蚀作用等内外动力地质作用的综合表象。特定的岩溶地貌组合形态,能够反映地下岩溶发育的过程和特征,表现地下水的运动及赋存状态,因而可作为寻找和圈定地下水富集区段的标志。文章通过总结区域水文地质调查实践的成果及经验,列出了8种能够有效反映地下水富集区段的岩溶地貌组合形态,分别是:岩溶山间平坝区、谷地及洼地古地表干流遗迹线、沟口洼地孤峰下、溶蚀沟谷交汇处、岩溶陡崖下、岩溶谷中湾对湾段、缓坡及浅洼地边缘、垄岗台地丘陵区。并逐一描述各个地貌形态特征,通过典型实例剖析,分析了它们的赋水机制。实践证明这些地貌组合形态可作为寻找地下水富集区段的标志。      

云南石林石柱表面水平凹槽特征及其环境意义

以云南石林5m以上石柱侧面的水平凹槽遗迹为研究对象,测量不同地形部位和不同海拔上的石柱高度、宽度,石柱地面高程、经纬度,石柱上土蚀凹槽层数、各层凹槽距地面的高度。统计表明:石柱上的水平凹槽遗迹有土蚀和水蚀作用形成的两种,水蚀凹槽长度平均1.77m,长于土蚀凹槽(1.33m);水蚀凹槽深度平均0.45m,比土蚀凹槽(0.40m)深;水蚀凹槽宽度平均0.25m,小于土蚀凹槽(1.13m)。调查点不同地形部位(溶蚀洼地底部、洼地斜坡、溶丘顶部)的石柱高度分别是14.00m、12.3m和11.30m,平均高度12.53m;不同地形部位石柱上的土蚀凹槽层数分别是5.0层、4.9层和4.7层,平均4.95层;石柱上第一至第三层土蚀凹槽距离地面的高度分别是2.00m、4.09m和6.20m。经检验:土蚀凹槽的长、宽、深随海拔高度增加而减小,水蚀凹槽特征(长、宽、深)与海拔高度无相关性,两凹槽宽度有显著差异;不同地形部位石柱高度、凹槽层数及层高差异不显著,说明在石林发育演化过程中没有强烈的褶皱运动和差异性掀斜性升降活动,整体处于相对一致的构造环境中,岩溶作用均匀。      

岩石节理对大石林景观空间结构塑造和控制

大石林景区节理走向集中在NW30°～60°以及NE50°～75°两个方向,形成“X”型共扼性质,表现出高密度、高角度、深切割、延伸长的特点。景区剑状石林与溶蚀洼地的组合、石柱的定向展布以及空旷地、廊道和游路所体现出的特有空间结构都受到上述节理的塑造和控制。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861