香港地区断裂构造的新活动性

香港地区主要分布有北东东－近东西、北东和北西向三维断裂。北东向断裂分布全区，燕山期有过强烈活动，第四纪早－中期仍有过活动，以后的活动性不明显。其余两组构造虽然具有不同的发展历史，但在新构造运动中为一组共轭构造。在晚更新世（距今９－１１万年）仍有明显活动全新世以来活动性相对较弱，全新世滑动速度为０．６－０．９ｍｍ／ａ     

Facies architecture and Late Pliocene – Pleistocene evolution of a felsic volcanic island, Milos, Greece

The volcanic island of Milos, Greece, comprises an Upper Pliocene –Pleistocene, thick (up to 700 m), compositionally and texturally diverse succession of calc-alkaline, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks that record a transition from a relatively shallow but dominantly below-wave-base submarine setting to a subaerial one. The volcanic activity began at 2.66±0.07 Ma and has been more or less continuous since then. Subaerial emergence probably occurred at 1.44±0.08 Ma, in response to a combination of volcanic constructional processes and fault-controlled volcano-tectonic uplift. The architecture of the dominantly felsic-intermediate volcanic succession reflects contrasts in eruption style, proximity to source, depositional environment and emplacement processes. The juxtaposition of submarine and subaerial facies indicates that for part of the volcanic history, below-wave base to above-wave base, and shoaling to subaerial depositional environments coexisted in most areas. The volcanic facies architecture comprises interfingering proximal (near vent), medial and distal facies associations related to five main volcano types: (1) submarine felsic cryptodome-pumice cone volcanoes; (2) submarine dacitic and andesitic lava domes; (3) submarine-to-subaerial scoria cones; (4) submarine-to-subaerial dacitic and andesitic lava domes and (5) subaerial lava-pumice cone volcanoes. The volcanic facies are interbedded with a sedimentary facies association comprising sandstone and/or fossiliferous mudstone mainly derived from erosion of pre-existing volcanic deposits. The main facies associations are interpreted to have conformable, disconformable, and interfingering contacts, and there are no mappable angular unconformities or disconformities within the volcanic succession.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at     

Preliminary Study on Cenozoic Group and Fault Activity in the Sea Area Near the Yangtze River Mouth

By shallow seismic prospecting, the Cenozoic Group in the sea area near the Yangtze Rver Mouth can be divided into five seismic sequences. They correspond to the Quaternary,Pliocene, Upper Miocene, Lower Miocene and Eocene respectively. The Quaternary System covers all the detecting area. The Tertiary System overlaps and thins out from NE to SW. The sedimentary basement mainly consists of volcanic rock (J3) and acidic rock (r35). Paleogene or Late Cretaceous basins are not found there. The faults that have been detected are all normal faults. They can be divided into three groups (NE, NW, near EW) by their trend. The NE and NW-trending faults are predominant, and agree with aeromagnetic anomaly. Their length and displacement are larger than that of the EW-trending faults. The activity of the NEtrending faults is different in different segments. The SW segment is a Quaternary fault, the middle segment is a Neogene fault, The NE is Paleogene. But the segment of the NW-trending fault is not obvious. The average vertical displacement rate is about 0.015mm/a.     

辽宁省主要活动断层与地震活动特征分析

本文结合编制 1：100 万辽宁省地震构造图,分析了辽宁省近 20 年来地震构造环境相关研究成果,确定辽宁地区共有第四纪以来活动断裂 29 条：全新世断裂 1 条;晚更新世断裂 5 条;早、中更新世断裂 23 条。其中北东向晚更新世活动断裂和北西向全新世活动断裂为辽宁地区的主要控震、发震构造。北东向晚更新世活动断裂与北西向断裂交汇部位、海城河隐伏断裂的端点部位和鸭绿江断裂南西端黄海海域是未来发生中强地震的主要部位。本研究可为深入研究辽宁地区地震构造条件、编制第五代全国地震区划图提供基础资料。     

1976年唐山地震发震断裂的活动性研究

震后野外考察及航空摄影发现的地裂缝带,说明唐山断裂与１９７６年唐山７．８级大地震的发震构造有密切关系。用卫星遥感信息和浅层地震勘探结果对唐山断裂的活动性做了新的研究。卫星图像解释结果表明：震前一年多时间内,ＮＥ向的唐山断裂被ＮＮＷ向断裂截切而ＮＷＷ向断裂受到牵引,因而显示出右旋走滑的活动形迹。浅层地震勘探结果则证明,唐山断裂是倾向ＮＷ,高倾角的右旋走滑正断层,它断错了全新统（Ｑ４）、晚更新统（Ｑ３）、中更新统（Ｑ２）和早更新统（Ｑ１）地层     

用地震反射剖面研究汤阴地堑上地壳结构与断裂特征

汤阴地堑位于太行山脉与华北平原的过渡带,是太行山前重要的地质构造单元。为研究汤阴地堑上地壳结构和断裂特征,利用安阳市与新乡市活断层探测获得的深、浅地震反射剖面,结合研究区已有地震、地质资料,对汤阴地堑浅部结构、汤东断裂特征进行分析研究。结果表明,汤阴地堑北部与南部地壳结构差异明显。地堑北部是由汤东断裂控制的半地堑,地堑内反射震相丰富、反射波层组关系清晰,多组新生代、古生代沉积层强反射不整合地覆盖在自西向东倾伏的结晶基底反射T_g上,且随着深度增加,地层倾角增大,显示出明显的多期掀斜运动特征。地堑南部表现为由汤东、汤西断裂共同控制的断陷型地堑,地堑内新近系底界面反射波TN自西向东倾伏,其下为一些横向呈水平或东倾、延续性较短的反射震相。地堑南部与北部不同的反射震相特征表明,测线控制区域内的汤阴地堑沉积环境与运动特征可能有所差异。汤东断裂为走向NE,倾向NW的铲型正断层,汤西断裂为走向NE、倾向SE的正断层,北部中深层地震反射剖面上未发现该断层的存在。     

The volcano-plutonic complex of La Gomera (Canary Islands)

Two distinct major units are present in La Gomera island: the basal complex and the later volcanic formations. The basal complex is formed by basic and ultramafic layered plutonic rocks that show a zonal arrangement, and submarine sedimentary and volcanic rocks overlying them. The ensemble is cut by an extremely dense dyke swarm, amounting to 80% of the rock in volume. There is an important « stratigraphic » hiatus between the basal complex and the later volcanic formations. These are constituted of trachyticphonolitic and basaltic series separated by unconformities. A process of alkalinization of the host rocks produced by the intrusion of syenitic rocks is described. The consolidation of the plutonic rocks could have happened in a reservoir beneath a volcano or else at deep levels of the crust or in the upper mantle. In either case, after consolidation, they were uplifted and croded and then submarine materials covered them. New uplift accompanied by the intrusion of the dyke swarm took place later. This dyke swarm is thought to represent the roots of an important and now destroyed volcanic field. It is postulated that the repeated intrusion of magmas in the area was possible due to the development of a zone of weakness within a field of tensional stresses that could be related to the formation of the atlantic rift. The trachytic-phonolitic formation situated imediately over the main unconformity represents the roots of an croded volcanic field formed by the accumulation of cumulo domes and related materials.     

Experimental modelling of shallow magma emplacement: Application to saucer-shaped intrusions

Saucer-shaped dolerite and sandstone intrusions are common in sedimentary basins world-wide. We have conducted a series of scaled experiments simulating the process of magma emplacement in sedimentary basins, with particular attention on the formation of saucer-shaped sills. The model materials were (1) cohesive fine-grained silica flour, representing brittle crust; and (2) molten low-viscosity oil, representing magma. The experiments were performed in both homogeneous and layered models. In all the experiments, oil injection resulted in doming of the surface. In the homogeneous models, the injected oil formed cone sheets and sub-vertical dykes. Cone sheets formed for shallow injection (1–3 cm), and vertical dykes formed for deeper injection (4–5 cm). In layered models, the injected oil always formed saucer-shaped intrusions. Our experimental results show that (1) sill intrusion results in the formation of a dome, with melt erupting at the rim; (2) layering controls the formation of sills and saucer-shaped sills; (3) saucer-shaped sills are fed from the bottom and the fluid flows upward and outward; and (4) the diameter of saucer-shaped sills increase with increasing emplacement depth. The systematic relation between domes and sills and the depth-dependence of sill diameters show that saucer-shaped intrusions result from the interaction between a growing flat-lying shallow sill and doming of the free surface. We conclude that saucer-shaped intrusions represent fundamental geometries formed by shallow magma intrusion in stratified basins.     

Voluminous lava flows at Oldoinyo Lengai in 2006: chronology of events and insights into the shallow magmatic system

The largest natrocarbonatite lava flow eruption ever documented at Oldoinyo Lengai, NW Tanzania, occurred from March 25 to April 5, 2006, in two main phases. It was associated with hornito collapse, rapid extrusion of lava covering a third of the crater and emplacement of a 3-km long compound rubbly pahoehoe to blocky aa-like flow on the W flank. The eruption was followed by rapid enlargement of a pit crater. The erupted natrocarbonatite lava has high silica content (3% SiO₂). The eruption chronology is reconstructed from eyewitness and news media reports and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data, which provide the most reliable evidence to constrain the eruption’s onset and variations in activity. The eruption products were mapped in the field and the total erupted lava volume estimated at 9.2 ± 3.0 × 10⁵ m³. The event chronology and field evidence are consistent with vent construct instability causing magma mixing and rapid extrusion from shallow reservoirs. It provides new insights into and highlights the evolution of the shallow magmatic system at this unique natrocarbonatite volcano.     

The eruptive rate and history of Kuju volcano in Japan during the past 15,000 years

The eruptive history of Kuju volcano on Kyushu, Japan, during the past 15,000 years has been determined by tephrochronology and ¹⁴C dating. Kuju volcano comprises isolated lava domes and cones of hornblende andesite together with aprons of pyroclastic-flow deposits on its flanks. Kuju volcano produced tephras at roughly 1000-yr intervals during the past 5000 years and 70% of the domes and cones have formed during the past 15,000 years. The youngest magmatic activity of Kuju volcano was the 1.6 km³ andesite eruption about 1600 years ago which emplaced a lava dome and block-and-ash flow. Kuju volcano shows a nearly constant long-term eruption rate (0.7–0.4 km³ for 1000 years) during the past 15,000 years. This rate is within the range of estimated average eruption rates of late Quaternary volcanoes in the Japanese Arc, but is about one order of magnitude higher than the eruption rate of Unzen volcano. Kuju volcano has been in phreatic eruption since October 1995. The late Quaternary history of Kuju indicates that it poses a significant volcanic hazard, primarily due to block-and-ash flows from collapsing lava domes.     

The ground-based InSAR monitoring system at Stromboli volcano: linking changes in displacement rate and intensity of persistent volcanic activity

Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Archipelago, Southern Italy) experienced an increase in its volcanic activity from late December 2012 to March 2013, when it produced several lava overflows, major Strombolian explosions, crater-wall collapses pyroclastic density currents and intense spatter activity. An analysis of the displacement of the NE portion of the summit crater terrace and the unstable NW flank of the volcano (Sciara del Fuoco depression) has been performed with a ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GBInSAR) by dividing the monitored part of the volcano into five sectors, three in the summit vents region and two in the Sciara del Fuoco. Changes in the displacement rate were observed in sectors 2 and 3. Field and thermal surveys revealed the presence of an alignment of fumaroles confirming the existence of an area of structural discontinuity between sectors 2 and 3. High displacement rates in sector 2 are interpreted to indicate the increase in the magmastatic pressure within the shallow plumbing systems, related to the rise of the magma level within the conduits, while increased displacement rates in sector 3 are connected to the lateral expansion of the shallow plumbing system. The increases and decreases in the displacement rate registered by the GBInSAR system in the upper part of the volcano have been used as a proxy for changes in the pressure conditions in the shallow plumbing system of Stromboli volcano and hence to forecast the occurrence of phases of higher-intensity volcanic activity.     

A tertiary silicic cauldron complex at the northern margin of the basin and range province,central Arizona,U.S.A.

The Superior volcanic field occupies approximately 8,000 square kilometers of central Arizona in the zone between the southern Basin and Range Province and the Colorado Plateaus Province. The primary structural elements of an eruptive center in the western part of this field are: 1) volcanic plateau, 2) ring fracture zone, and 3) resurgent caldera core. A northwest trending graben controls the location of three small subsided blocks, the Willow Springs cauldron (2 km diameter), the Black Mesa cauldron (4 km diameter), and the Florence Junction cauldron (8 km diameter), which were centers for rhyolite ash and lava eruption. These late features are superimposed on a much larger volcano-tectonic structure, the Superstition resurgent cauldron which subsided at an earlier stage following the extrusion of quartz latite welded tuff. The history of the volcanic center is as follows: An early ring of dacite domes of up to 900 meters in relief formed a semi-circular are 7 km in diameter on the western margin of the caldera. The last phases of dome building were contemporaneous with the extrusion of a vast quartz latite welded tuff (22.6 m.y.). The plateau formed by the welded tuff collapsed to a maximum depth of 800 meters along a northwest trending graben which is the locus of three small cauldrons. These late cauldrons were the source of rhyolitic magma which produced non-welded ash flows, lava (21 m.y.), and a thick sequence of epiclastic breccias. The rhyolitic volcanism was followed by intrusion of domes and extrusion of glassy lavas (20 m.y.) of quartz latite composition in a 270° are 16 km in diameter concentric to the arc of older dacite domes. Following deposition of the epiclastic breccia and intrusion of the ring fracture dikes was the extrusion of mafic lava (18 m.y.) into low places in the graben. The mafic lava composition ranges from basalt to basanite.     

山东半岛北部近海海域北西向蓬莱-威海断裂带的声波探测

在山东半岛北部近海海域进行了多条剖面的声波探测,初步查明了蓬莱－威海断裂带的基本活动特征.该断裂带由一系列北西走向的次级断层组成,主体在长岛至大竹岛之间的海域,多数断层以正断兼有走滑运动为主,部分断层具有逆冲运动性质.断裂带在第四纪活动明显,以北东向桃村-东陡山断裂在海域的延伸段为界,蓬莱-威海断裂带可分为两段：长岛-烟台段和烟台-威海段.西段长岛-烟台段为晚更新世活动段,多数次级断层上断点埋深位于海底以下30m,明显错断了中更新世地层,部分断层明显错断了晚更新世早期地层,有些断层达到晚更新世地层中部,但没有发现全新世地层错动现象.东段烟台-威海段为中更新世活动段,没有发现晚更新世地层错断现象.蓬莱-威海断裂带对历史地震和现代小震活动具有明显控制作用,其中1548年7级地震发生于断裂带西段,1948年6级地震发生于断裂带东段.蓬莱-威海断裂带与北东向断裂交汇区是中强地震发生的有利部位.     

海丰震群发震构造型式的讨论

海丰震区发育着规模宏大的 NE 向海丰——梅陇断裂及一系列与其平行的次级断裂.同时,还存在与其共轭的断续分布的 NW 向断裂.震群中的三个子群的主震的震源机制解非常类似,其中一节面为 NE,另一节面为 NW.从余震的空间分布及极震区的长轴方向来看,2月26日 ML3.3和4月9日 MLL,4.2地震的断层面为 NE 向;而3月14日 ML,3.4地震,其断层面应取 NW 向.又据137个小震的四个台的 P 波初动符号的组合特征,可划分为八个类型并作出相应的迭加震源机制解.综上所述,本区破裂过程,主震及Ⅰ、Ⅳ 类地震是岩块沿NE 及 NW 向共轭构造的粘滑;Ⅱ——Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ 类地震是岩块在粘滑过程中对前后邻接岩块引起平行滑动方向的挤压(前)和引张(后)的转换应力场所产生的剪切破裂.      

Two-step interface and velocity inversion—— Study o e of the Tangshan seismic region

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Gravity and seismicity analyses of the El Chichon volcano,Chiapas, Mexico

Subduction induced compressional stress, lateral displacement faults probably linked to the NW extension of the Polochic-Motagua fault system, and local magma emplacement create a complex geological setting for the El Chichon volcano.Gravity analysis reveals that the principal structures in the area correspond to synclines and anticlines. Downward continuation of the gravity field suggests the presence of magma emplacement SE of the volcano. This magmatic emplacement appears to be the principal cause of the truncation of the syncline in which the volcano lies.Analyses of earthquakes occurring after eruptions show that the vertical distribution of events is confined to a roughly cylindrical zone which correlates well with the region of magmatic emplacement inferred from the gravity analysis.Even though more than 350 km separate the volcano from the Middle American trench, the compressional stress regime reported for the area may correlate with subduction stress (N30°E). However, the strike direction for the principal faults in the zone, N60°W, permits us to postulate that the NW extension of the Polochic-Motagua fault system is implicated in the local tectonics of the El Chichon area.     

A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002–03 Etna eruption: insights into a complex plumbing system

The 2002–03 Mt Etna flank eruption began on 26 October 2002 and finished on 28 January 2003, after three months of continuous explosive activity and discontinuous lava flow output. The eruption involved the opening of eruptive fissures on the NE and S flanks of the volcano, with lava flow output and fire fountaining until 5 November. After this date, the eruption continued exclusively on the S flank, with continuous explosive activity and lava flows active between 13 November and 28 January 2003. Multi-disciplinary data collected during the eruption (petrology, analyses of ash components, gas geochemistry, field surveys, thermal mapping and structural surveys) allowed us to analyse the dynamics of the eruption. The eruption was triggered either by (i) accumulation and eventual ascent of magma from depth or (ii) depressurisation of the edifice due to spreading of the eastern flank of the volcano. The extraordinary explosivity makes the 2002–03 eruption a unique event in the last 300 years, comparable only with La Montagnola 1763 and the 2001 Lower Vents eruptions. A notable feature of the eruption was also the simultaneous effusion of lavas with different composition and emplacement features. Magma erupted from the NE fissure represented the partially degassed magma fraction normally residing within the central conduits and the shallow plumbing system. The magma that erupted from the S fissure was the relatively undegassed, volatile-rich, buoyant fraction which drained the deep feeding system, bypassing the central conduits. This is typical of most Etnean eccentric eruptions. We believe that there is a high probability that Mount Etna has entered a new eruptive phase, with magma being supplied to a deep reservoir independent from the central conduit, that could periodically produce sufficient overpressure to propagate a dyke to the surface and generate further flank eruptions.Editorial responsibility: J. Donnelly-Nolan     

Evolution of tuff ring-dome complex: the case study of Cerro Pinto, eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

Cerro Pinto is a Pleistocene rhyolite tuff ring-dome complex located in the eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The complex is composed of four tuff rings and four domes that were emplaced in three eruptive stages marked by changes in vent location and eruptive character. During Stage I, vent clearing produced a 1.5-km-diameter tuff ring that was then followed by emplacement of two domes of approximately 0.2 km³ each. With no apparent hiatus in activity, Stage II began with the explosive formation of a tuff ring ~2 km in diameter adjacent to and north of the earlier ring. Subsequent Stage II eruptions produced two smaller tuff rings within the northern tuff ring as well as a small dome that was mostly destroyed by explosions during its growth. Stage III involved the emplacement of a 0.04 km³ dome within the southern tuff ring. Cerro Pinto’s eruptive history includes sequences that follow simple rhyolite-dome models, in which a pyroclastic phase is followed immediately by effusive dome emplacement. Some aspects of the eruption, however, such as the explosive reactivation of the system and explosive dome destruction, are more complex. These events are commonly associated with polygenetic structures, such as stratovolcanoes or calderas, in which multiple pulses of magma initiate reactivation. A comparison of major and trace element geochemistry with nearby Pleistocene silicic centers does not show indication of any co-genetic relationship, suggesting that Cerro Pinto was produced by a small, isolated magma chamber. The compositional variation of the erupted material at Cerro Pinto is minimal, suggesting that there were not multiple pulses of magma responsible for the complex behavior of the volcano and that the volcanic system was formed in a short time period. The variety of eruptive style observed at Cerro Pinto reflects the influence of quickly exhaustible water sources on a short-lived eruption. The rising magma encountered small amounts of groundwater that initiated eruption phases. Once a critical magma:water ratio was exceeded, the eruptions became dry and sub-plinian to plinian. The primary characteristic of Cerro Pinto is the predominance of fall deposits, suggesting that the level at which rising magma encountered water was deep enough to allow substantial fragmentation after the water source was exhausted. Isolated rhyolite domes are rare and are not currently viewed as prominent volcanic hazards, but the evolution of Cerro Pinto demonstrates that individual domes may have complex cycles, and such complexity must be taken into account when making hazard risk assessments.     

Geology and eruptive history of Unzen volcano, Shimabara Peninsula, Kyushu, SW Japan

During the past 500 thousand years, Unzen volcano, an active composite volcano in the Southwest Japan Arc, has erupted lavas and pyroclastic materials of andesite to dacite composition and has developed a volcanotectonic graben. The volcano can be divided into the Older and the Younger Unzen volcanoes. The exposed rocks of the Older Unzen volcano are composed of thick lava flows and pyroclastic deposits dated around 200–300 ka. Drill cores recovered from the basal part of the Older Unzen volcano are dated at 400–500 ka. The volcanic rocks of the Older Unzen exceed 120 km³ in volume. The Younger Unzen volcano is composed of lava domes and pyroclastic deposits, mostly younger than 100 ka. This younger volcanic edifice comprises Nodake, Myokendake, Fugendake, and Mayuyama volcanoes. Nodake, Myokendake and Fugendake volcanoes are 100–70 ka, 30–20 ka, and <20 ka, respectively. Mayuyama volcano formed huge lava domes on the eastern flank of the Unzen composite volcano about 4000 years ago. Total eruptive volume of the Younger Unzen volcano is about 8 km³, and the eruptive production rate is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the Older Unzen volcano.     

Post-eruptive volcanic dome evolution as revealed by deformation and microgravity observations at Usu volcano (Hokkaido, Japan)

Usu volcano (Hokkaido, Japan) is a dacitic volcano, known for its high production rate of lava domes and crypto-domes. It is thus a good target to study processes of volcanic dome evolution (upheaval and/or relaxation). We carried out repeated GPS and microgravity surveys on the three most recent domes of Mt. Usu (1910: Meiji Shinzan; 1943–1945: Showa-Shinzan and 1977–1982: Usu-Shinzan). The repeat period was 1 to 2 months and extended from October 1996 to June 1997. We also compare new data with results from former studies. More than 20 years after the start of Usu-Shinzan dome growth, there is still subsidence at a maximum rate of about 7 to 8 cm/year. The reasons for this subsidence are discussed. Repeated gravity surveys revealed an increase of gravity on the domes (about 60±10 microgal/year for Usu-Shinzan, about 15 microgal at Showa-Shinzan and 10 to 20 microgal for Meiji-shinzan); this gravity increase exceeds that expected due to subsidence. We discuss and interpret the excess gravity change in terms of a density increase in the edifice, caused by a combination of processes (contraction of the edifice, water level change, devesiculisation, cooling and magma intrusion). Quantification of these processes at Usu volcano may help to understand the processes of evolution at domes on other volcanoes such as Merapi (Indonesia), Unzen (Japan) or Montserrat (West Indies).