两种云天辨Cb

当天空大量Cu、Sccug、Fc等共存或当受高空低槽及地面锋面等天气系统影响初期，Cb特征不易明显看清时，根据天气系统的特征和实际工作经验，分析、排除疑点，准确判定Cb云。     

夜间怎样识辨这几种云

Cb cap、Sc tra(Sc op)和Sc cug这几种云所表示的天气各不相同,但从外形特征上看,有许多相似之处,在白天比较容易辨识,而到夜间就容易产生混淆。夜间识辨Cb cap的主要特征是有闪电和雷声。有Cb cap即可看到闪电,闻到雷声,云块的天空部分乌黑一片,但在云顶的前部带有卷云特征,可     

观测Cb之体会

经验表明,对于“积云忽作闷雷声,雨弹光鞭欲杀人”的云层,及能够目击全部外形特征的孤立积雨云,无疑都会记作Cb。但对某些情形,要准确判定Cb却非易事。本文对几种云天情况,粗略谈点判断Cb的体会。 1 以Cu、Sc cug、Fc等为主,天空云量多,云块相互遮掩,不易看清云的顶部特征,尚未产生伴随的天气现象。这种现象常见于夏季午后。受热力对流作用,Cu不断生成和发展,多成为淡积云、浓积云、积云性层积云、碎积云并存,云量多。观测员目力所及仅在云块的底部或侧面,难于见到云顶。此种情况确实难于判定是否有Cu云块已发展成为Cb云了。这时须防止两种偏向。一是认为没有什么天气系统影响,忽视积云的发展变化,不产生雷电阵雨现象就不考虑记Cb云。另一种偏向是,仅看到云块黑一些或移过头顶时下几滴“过云雨”,便轻易地将Cu记为Cb云。     

春季Cb云的观测

春季,正是冷暖空气在我区频繁交绥的时候,天气复杂,有时较难识别天空中有否Cb云存在,它不象夏季有Cb云时常伴有雷暴及产生强度变化较大的阵雨等。当春季阴雨连绵的时候,云层布满全天,阴暗的云底时而均匀,时而混乱。此时,往往有可能Cb云底部在本站;或者Cb云在Sc云或Ns云之上;也可能动力抬升作用加强使其它云演变为Cb云。但因不易看到云的形状及顶部结构,所以判断有否Cb云的难度较大。     

小心测报工作中的发报陷阱

陷阱一：危险天气雷雨形势方位编报 实例：平湖站9：20从西北方移来Cb云达到5成，但未闻雷声，10：05西北闻雷，至10：35结束，11：20Cb云量减少至2成。     

观测Cb云的体会

对于观测员来讲,能够见到外形特征明显的孤立的Cb云,无疑都能做出正常记录。但对于某些天空状态下的Cb云,要准确判定却不是一件很容易的事。笔者根据多年来的观测经验,浅谈几种云天情况下观测Cb云的体会。 1 大面积的Cb云移至测站上空,布满全天,而未产生闪电、雷暴、阵雨。当时测站上空低云多,不易看清Cb云的侵袭,此时不可因天空     

Cb云观测之体会

经验表明,对于“积云忽作闷雷声,雨弹光鞭欲杀人”的云层,及能够目击全部外形特征的孤立积雨云,无疑都会记作Cb云。但是,在下述几种情形下,准确判定Cb云并非轻而易举的事。 1.以Cu、Sc Cug、Fc等为主、天空云量多,云块相互遮掩,不易看清云的顶部特征,尚未产生天气现象时;     

青藏高原上的积雨云

一、青藏高原积雨云(Cb)的云态特点 1.夏季 青藏高原上夏季Cb出现较多,其云态特点可概括为“云不够浓密、色不够暗,冰晶化高度低,云体垂直厚度小,水平长度宽,虽经常带幡,但翻腾现象不强烈,而且很少见到云腰(指砧状与主体结合的蜂腰部位)”。高原降水多数由Cb产生,但大多数Cb并不降水,是所谓“干Cb”。照片1(本文照片请见封三封四)是夏季青藏高原上比较典型的鬃状积雨云(Cb cap),发展完整,主要特征也很明显。但从     

Sc与“60”、“80”

前段时间我站出现了几次这样的问题:早上是SC而降明显的阵雨,值班员把WW仍记“60”。其理由是看到的是SC而看不Cb,SC只能降“60”而不能降“80”,这样才能使WW的电码与云状电码相符。我认为这是不对的。 在水汽充沛的华南受静止锋影响,高空又没有明显的系统配合的天气条件下,常常是连绵细雨天气,但由于辐射等的影响,有时气层趋向不稳定, SC也可以降“80”天气的。     

Cb云走向的判断

当班时有Cb云出现必须严密监视.掌握Cb云的走向是记录好雷暴系统的主要依据.具体观测上应根据有关气象要素的变化来判断.第一,利用高空气流的方向:云砧前伸的方向就是Cb云前进的方向;第二,利用地面风向.因近地层空气是向Cb云中心流动的,故风向标所指方向常是Cb云的中心;第三,当风向标摇摆不定时,说明Cb云中心正要接近本站或从本站附近移过.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.