南海北部陆坡区混合过程观测

为了解南海北部陆坡区的内部混合过程,2004年4月30日至5月1日,延平2号科考船在该海域利用自由沉降式的微结构剖面仪TurboMAP-Ⅱ进行了一次混合过程的直接观测。观测海区南海次表层水团和南海中层水团形成的特定温盐结构,使得150～500m之间出现盐指现象。通过对观测数据的处理和分析,研究了观测海区的湍动能耗散率、热耗散率和热扩散系数的分布以及盐指现象对混合效率的影响。观测海区的湍动能耗散率为2.0×10-10～7.8×10-7W/kg,最大值出现在上混合层;热耗散率为2.7×10-9～1.5×10-6℃2/s,最大值出现在温跃层附近。层结稳定区混合效率的平均值为0.18,与常用值0.2非常接近,盐指发生区混合效率的平均值为0.76,表明盐指现象的存在提高了混合效率。     

渤海弱层化期湍流混合观测特征分析

利用2017年9月在渤海共享航次中取得的湍流混合直接观测数据,本文研究了渤海海域湍流混合的空间分布特征及有关的影响因素。9月观测海区水体垂向层结较弱,莱州湾受黄河冲淡水影响出现高温低盐结构,位于渤海中央浅滩南北两侧洼地的双中心冷水结构依旧存在。湍流观测结果表明湍动能耗散率在10^-9～10^-5W/kg之间变化,统计上满足对数正态分布。耗散率强值区出现在辽东湾及渤海湾湾口近岸处,相应的垂向湍扩散系数约为10^-6～10^-2m²/s。垂向上,水体表、底层混合较强,进一步研究发现弱层化水体的平均湍动能耗散率〈ε〉与风速和正压潮流速的大小存在正相关关系。另一方面,耗散率ε与浮性频率N近似满足ε=2.0×10^-8+3.0×10^-7(N²/N₀²)^-5的拟合函数关系,反映了层化对水体垂向混合的抑制作用。     

南海南部上层的湍流混合特征

A turbulent microstructure experiment was undertaken at a low latitude of 10°N in the South China Sea in late August 2012. The characteristics of the eddy diffusivity above 650 m were analyzed, which is one order of magnitude larger than that in the open ocean at that low latitude. Enhanced eddy diffusivities by strong shears and sharp changes in topography were observed. The strongest eddy diffusivity occurred in the mixed layer, and it reached O(10–2 m2/s). Strong stratification in the thermocline inhibited the penetration of surface eddy diffusivities through the thermocline, where the mixing was weakest. Below the thermocline, where the background eddy diffusivity was approximately O(10–6 m2/s), the eddy diffusivity increased with depth, and its largest value was O(10–3 m2/s).     

Estimation of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the bottom boundary layer of the Pearl River Estuary

A structure function approach is applied to estimate the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) dissipation rate in the bottom boundary layer of the Pearl River Estuary(PRE).Simultaneous measurements with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter(ADV) supplied independent data for the verification of the structure function method.The results show that,1) the structure function approach is reliable and successfully applied method to estimate the TKE dissipation rate.The observed dissipation rates range between 8.3×10 4 W/kg and 4.9×10 6 W/kg in YM01 and between 3.4×10 4 W/kg and 4.8×10 7 W/kg in YM03,respectively,while exhibiting a strong quarter-diurnal variation.2) The balance between the shear production and viscous dissipation is better achieved in the straight river.This first-order balance is significantly broken in the estuary by non-shear production/dissipation due to wave-induced fluctuations.     

Influence of surface forcing on near-surface and mixing layer turbulence in the tropical Indian Ocean

An autonomous upwardly-moving microstructure profiler was used to collect measurements of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (ε) in the tropical Indian Ocean during a single diurnal cycle, from about 50 m depth to the sea surface. This dataset is one of only a few to resolve upper ocean ε over a diurnal cycle from below the active mixing layer up to the air–sea interface. Wind speed was weak with an average value of ~5 m s⁻¹ and the wave field was swell-dominated. Within the wind and wave affected surface layer (WWSL), ε values were on the order of 10⁻⁷–10⁻⁶ W kg⁻¹ at a depth of 0.75 m and when averaged, were almost a factor of two above classical law of the wall theory, possibly indicative of an additional source of energy from the wave field. Below this depth, ε values were closer to wall layer scaling, suggesting that the work of the Reynolds stress on the wind-induced vertical shear was the major source of turbulence within this layer. No evidence of persistent elevated near-surface ε characteristic of wave-breaking conditions was found. Profiles collected during night-time displayed relatively constant ε values at depths between the WWSL and the base of the mixing layer, characteristic of mixing by convective overturning. Within the remnant layer, depth-averaged values of ε started decaying exponentially with an e-folding time of 47 min, about 30 min after the reversal of the total surface net heat flux from oceanic loss to gain.     

潮汐应变对长江口北槽枯季湍流混合与层化的影响

利用TELEMAC-3D开展了长江口北槽2010年枯季条件下湍流混合与层化的有限元数学模拟研究。该模型在外海开边界设置了8个主要分潮,并在自由表面考虑了定常风的影响,利用北槽水域3个潮位站(横沙、北槽中、牛皮礁)和2个水文观测站(北槽中段CSW、北槽下段CS8)2010年枯季的潮位、流速及盐度观测资料对模型进行验证并获得了良好的精度,从而得到北槽水域纵向、平面流场和盐度场。模拟得到的流速、盐度被用来计算势能差异(φ)、势能差异变化率(φ/t)、Simpson数(Si)和梯度Richardson数(Ri)。结果显示:1)北槽水域大潮平均和小潮平均的势能差异的变化范围分别约为0~30 J/m3和0~90 J/m3,且较大的势能差异基本位于主航槽,这些表明北槽水体小潮的层化大约是大潮的3倍,主航槽的层化强于坝田区,而北槽中段往往具有更强的层化。2)落急时刻,就北槽下段而言,潮汐应变、潮汐与风共同搅动引起的势能差异变化率的范围分别约为-20×10-4~100×10-4W/m3、0~100×10-4W/m3,这些表明,从大潮至小潮,潮汐应变总体增强而潮汐与风共同搅动总体减弱。空间上,主航槽丁坝附近的潮汐应变明显强于坝田区,潮汐与风共同搅动的强度在坝田区内、外也存在差异,导堤和丁坝的影响明显。3)对于北槽下段CS8站,大潮至中潮的Si数在0.15~0.4之间(介于下临界值0.088和上临界值0.84之间),表明潮汐与风共同搅动占优,属于应变致周期性层化(SIPS)。小潮的Si数在0.9~1.5之间(高于上临界值0.84),表明潮汐应变显著增强并占优,属于持续性层化。4)北槽下段CS8站梯度Ri数的量级范围在混合较好的表层和底层约10-3~10-2,在层化较好的中间水层约100~101。该站湍动能耗散率的量级范围大潮为10-3~10-9W/kg,小潮为10-5~10-10W/kg,具有明显的M4周期性特征和涨、落潮不对称分布,且表层和底层分别由于风应力和底摩擦作用而具有较强的耗散,中间水层稳定层化区的耗散则显著减小,潮汐应变是造成湍动能耗散率在涨、落潮周期内不对称分布的重要因素。     

变性绕极深层水入侵时南极普里兹湾湍流混合特征研究

基于中国第28、29和31次南极科学考察中的CTD数据,利用Thorpe尺度方法计算了普里兹湾及其附近海域湍动能耗散率,分析了其分布特征,并对当地的水团结构进行研究.结果表明,普里兹湾及其附近海域中,前两个航次观测中次表层湍动能耗散率强度在陆架坡折区域达到最大.在水团分布方面,在第28和29航次中均观测到了变性绕极深层...     

Characteristics of water mass under the surface mixed layer in Tsushima Straits and the southwestern Japan Sea in autumn

Two different cold waters were found under the surface mixed layer in Tsushima Straits and the southwestern Japan Sea in autumn 2004. One is cold saline water with a low concentration of dissolved oxygen, and the other is cold less saline water with a high concentration of dissolved oxygen. The older saline water originates from the bottom of the East China Sea, strongly influenced by the Kuroshio water with high salinity. The bottom density in the eastern channel of the Tsushima Straits is coincident with that of the East China Sea in autumn, corresponding to the season when the cold saline water was frequently found in the Tsushima Straits. The newer less saline water originates from the front of Tsushima Warm Current between the Tsushima Warm Current water and the surface cold water in the Japan Sea. This water is formed by subduction above the isopycnal surface from the front of the Tsushima Warm Current.     

2012年夏季海南岛东岸上升流区的混合观测

The turbulent mixing in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island in the South China Sea is analyzed based on in situ microstructure observations made in July 2012. During the observation, strong upwelling appears in the coastal waters, which are 3℃ cooler than the offshore waters and have a salinity 1.0 greater than that of the offshore waters. The magnitude of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε in the upwelling region is O(10–9 W/kg), which is comparable to the general oceanic dissipation. The inferred eddy diffusivity K_ρ is O(10–6 m~2/s), which is one order of magnitude lower than that in the open ocean. The values are elevated to K_ρ≈O(10–4 m~2/s) near the boundaries. Weak mixing in the upwelling region is consistent with weak instability as a result of moderate shears versus strong stratifications by the joint influence of surface heating and upwelling of cold water.The validity of two fine-scale structure mixing parameterization models are tested by comparison with the observed dissipation rates. The results indicate that the model developed by Mac Kinnon and Gregg in 2003 provides relatively better estimates with magnitudes close to the observations. Mixing parameterization models need to be further improved in the coastal upwelling region.     

长江口水域春季鱼卵仔鱼分布及其与温度盐度的关系

利用2003年春季在长江口水域进行调查的数据,对该水域的鱼卵仔鱼的种类组成和数量分布、表层水温、盐度的分布特征以及它们之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:共捕获鱼卵仔鱼13种,出现率为81.25%。鱼卵出现站位资源密度(CPUE)为1～760粒/网,平均每网采获鱼卵63.6粒;仔稚鱼出现站位CPUE为1～174尾/网,平均每网捕获仔稚鱼18.75尾。按照表层温度、盐度的变化,该水域可分为高温低盐、低温高盐、低温低盐三个区。鱼卵出现水域主要集中在高温低盐区;而仔稚鱼在长江口水域广有分布,但主要出现水域是高温低盐和低温低盐区控制的近岸水域,在远离海岸的低温高盐区仅有少量的分布。     

季节内振荡对热带印度洋SST日变化的调制——一维混合层模式的诊断结果

热带印度洋SST的日变化幅度受到大气季节内振荡(Madden-Julian Oscillation,MJO)的调制,其在MJO对流最强(弱)位相达到极小(大)值,并且在MJO对流增强位相显著强于其对流减弱位相。本文利用逐时的再分析海表通量强迫一维海洋混合层模式,定量地诊断了MJO事件中SST日变化的差异成因。结果表明,SST日变化在MJO对流最强与最弱位相的显著差异主要是由短波辐射的季节内变化所致(40%),其次是风应力(38%)和潜热通量(14%),其他要素的影响较小。而SST日变化在MJO对流增强与减弱位相所呈现的不对称特征,主要是由纬向风应力的不对称性所致,这是MJO扰动结构与背景环流相互作用的结果。     

孟加拉湾及其邻近海域海表日增温的季节变化特征及其机制研究

利用1998―2007年Seaflux资料结合太阳短波辐射及海面风场数据,分析了孟加拉湾海表日增温（Diurnal Warming of Sea Surface Temperature, dSST）的季节变化特征及其形成机制。结果显示,在赤道海域（5.0°N以南）,dSST以年周期变化为主并呈现12月至次年5月高、6—11月低的单峰结构,在湾内（5.0°N以北）,dSST则表现出显著的半年周期变化而呈现独特的春、秋季高,夏、冬季低的双峰结构。dSST空间分布形态春季呈湾中部高、四周低的态势;秋季湾口较低、湾内及赤道海域较高;夏、冬季形态基本一致均呈赤道高、湾内低的格局,但夏、冬季湾内高值中心略有不同,分别位于斯里兰卡岛东北部近海及湾西边界区。进一步分析表明,海面风速对整个研究海域的影响均较为重要,因此决定了dSST空间分布形态的季节变化。太阳短波辐射对湾内dSST季节变化的影响也较为重要,但在湾口以南至赤道大部分海域的影响较弱。