新一代天气雷达负仰角探测能力分析

由于地球曲率的影响,当CINRAD.SA新一代天气雷达使用目前最低仰角同定为0.5°的模式探测时,探测肓区较大,对低层降水回波的探测能力严重不足.在实地展开试验的基础上,推导了负仰角探测时雷达最低探测高度计算公式,计算出仰角为0.5°、0°、-0.3°、-0.5°时不同探测距离上的雷达最低探测高度,对比分析不同仰角观测模式的主要雷达产品特点,探讨新一代天气雷达使用负仰角观测模式的局限性,提出了新一代天气雷达使用负仰角观测的建议.     

基于模板匹配法的长乐雷达强超折射回波识别

我国有许多新一代天气雷达架设在高山上,由于海拔高度较高,加上地球曲率的影响,在使用VCP11/VCP21模式探测时,造成较大的探测盲区,对低层降水回波的探测能力严重不足。长乐新一代天气雷达经过调整观测模式后,采用负仰角扫描有利于中小尺度灾害性天气系统的监测和预警,但同时会带来地物回波增强、海浪回波及超折射等负面效应。基于此,通过大量个例统计并分析长乐雷达在特定大气条件下的强超折射回波特征,借助模式识别理论提出了一个新方法"模板匹配法"识别强超折射回波。利用大量强超折射回波数据的检验和分析,结果表明该方法能够在不影响负仰角扫描模式下有效滤除长乐雷达的强超折射回波。目前该方法正在试运行,即将应用到中国新一代天气雷达建设业务软件系统开发ROSE项目中。     

改进新一代天气雷达低层探测能力研究

为进一步改进新一代天气雷达低层探测性能和提高风暴顶高的准确性,利用SRTM(Shuttle Radar TopographyMission)地理信息数据,研究和设计新一代天气雷达的体扫模式,主要是增加中低层仰角数和负仰角,以提高我国新一代天气雷达的低层探测能力。选取福州、龙岩两部雷达为例来计算降水模式的仰角,得出两部雷达新的观测模式VCP12。通过观测试验表明,增加低仰角或负仰角后,能够提高雷达的低层探测性能。     

超低仰角扫描改进雷达观测台风的探讨

利用长乐雷达超低仰角探测资料,对比分析了台风"海棠"和"蔷薇"的超低仰角和0.5°仰角PPI回波资料的差别。结果表明,在不受或尽量少受地物影响的情况下,雷达合理选用超低仰角探测是可行的,且在低层降水回波探测方面效果较0.5°仰角好,特别在远距离探测能力方面有明显改进,一般在距离>100km后探测能力较0.5°仰角有明显优势。雷达超低仰角反映出的台风云块的分布比较清晰,雷达加入超低仰角探测对台风低层探测和预警有一定程度的改进。降低0.12°后的超低仰角探测可提前台风预警时间和提早约2～6个体扫;提高台风探测范围约1.09倍,其他几次体扫的对比情况也反映出降低仰角,0.31°仰角比0.48°仰角提高台风"蔷薇"探测范围约为2.1%～9.6%。雷达超低仰角提高探测台风云体低层结构的同时,更易受近距离海浪杂波的影响,海浪杂波有时可能干扰对台风结构的判断,应引起注意。在选取多大的超低仰角时,应兼顾二者关系。     

多普勒天气雷达组网拼图有效数据区域分析

在正常情况下, 由于天线仰角和地球曲率原因, 雷达波束位置在远距离处要比近距离处高。当雷达电磁波能量被部分阻挡时, 回波强度观测值低估; 被完全挡住时, 探测不到地物后的目标。该文利用高分辨率地形高程数据计算波束阻挡率, 确定组网拼图有效数据区域以及波束部分阻挡时的回波强度订正方法。根据业务观测模式VCP11及VCP12的14个仰角值, 在标准大气假定下, 对湖南、江西、浙江、福建、广东、广西和海南已建多普勒天气雷达组网的数据有效区域进行计算, 绘制出海拔1500 m, 3000 m和6000 m高度上有效区域图。分析结果表明:CAPPI数据有效范围比等射束高度图更能反映出多普勒天气雷达业务观测范围; 若采用VCP12模式观测, 与采用VCP11或VCP21模式观测相比, 不仅增加低层探测密度, 而且可扩大雷达实际探测距离, 其回波数据更适合于组网拼图。     

基于高分辨率高程数据统计分析新一代天气雷达组网的地形遮挡影响

新一代天气雷达由于受到地形限制产生波束遮挡导致波束能量衰减,从而造成雷达探测回波强度偏弱、雷达定量估测降水结果失真,因此对于雷达波束遮挡情况的统计和分析是一项重要的基础研究工作。利用SRTM （Shuttle Radar Topography Mission）数字高程数据对中国目前业务运行的212部新一代天气雷达波束遮挡情况进行模拟计算分析。计算结果包括雷达单站遮蔽角、VCP21模式0.5°、1.5°、2.4°、3.4°、4.3°仰角波束遮挡率、混合扫描及分区混合扫描波束遮挡率、雷达单站探测范围覆盖情况;计算并绘制全国天气雷达组网遮挡率拼图,统计全国天气雷达组网遮挡情况;利用2019年8月广东省11部天气雷达基数据对比验证单站及组网遮挡计算结果。结果表明雷达组网探测面积覆盖率超过70%,整体覆盖效果较好,遮挡计算结果与实际数据对比验证结果高度一致,对雷达数据订正、降水估测等产品具有正贡献。      

高山上新一代天气雷达的探测分析与效能发挥

以泰山新一代天气雷达CINRAD/CD为例,结合泰山原713天气雷达多年的使用经验,计算并分析了天气雷达的最佳探测仰角和最低探测高度,根据泰山新一代天气雷达(简称泰山CD雷达)与济南新一代天气雷达(简称济南SA雷达)回波的DBZM、C-VIL对比分析,揭示不同海拔高度雷达在相同仰角下观测的回波的差异,指出泰山CD雷达由于使用了与平原雷达统一的0.5°以上仰角的观测模式,造成了对降水回波的探测能力不足,并指出泰山CD雷达要发挥最大效能应如何改进的建议。     

新一代天气雷达布网设计的有效覆盖和地形遮挡分析

一般情况下,地形影响造成的雷达波束遮挡是长期保持不变的。研究雷达地形遮挡情况有助于提升雷达探测资料的有效性和可靠性。利用先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型地形数据,对我国已建成的208个新一代天气雷达站点进行地形遮挡分析,计算业务体扫模式(Volume Coverage Pattern modes, VCP)21的九个仰角下200 km范围内雷达反射率的波束阻挡系数,绘制观测仰角分别为0.5°、1. 45°、2. 4°和3. 35°时雷达有效观测区域的覆盖图,计算相应的有效覆盖面积。结果表明全国新一代天气雷达站200 km范围内0. 5°、1. 45°、2. 4°和3. 35°仰角平均遮挡比例分别为30. 7%、8. 5%、2. 5%和1.0%,平均有效覆盖面积分别为83210.5、109354.2、118170.9、121631.5 km~2,只有少数几个雷达站受邻近山脉地形遮挡影响严重,雷达站总体有效覆盖情况较好。     

新疆C波段多普勒雷达地物回波识别方法应用研究

地物回波直接影响雷达定量探测降水物质以及雷达资料同化的应用，基于回波纹理变化以及径向速度参数开展新疆C波段多普勒雷达地物回波识别方法应用研究。通过雷达探测范围内第一层至第三层仰角地形遮挡与FY-2H总云量信息，对不同天气条件下新疆伊宁、喀什两部雷达低层仰角的地物回波识别方法效果进行定性分析，结果表明：晴空天气条件下，该方法不仅能够有效识别雷达站附近的地物回波，同时对因地形遮挡引起的地物回波也能进行有效识别；在降水天气条件下，能够有效识别地物回波且未对降水回波造成误判；高分辨率的地形数据以及卫星产品对雷达地物回波的识别有一定指导意义，可作为判定因子进一步改进雷达质控方法。     

利用雷达回波资料作临近预报应注意的几个问题

利用雷达回波资料作临近预报应该注意以下几个问题:新一代雷达存在静锥区,静锥区内没有雷达探测数据,要通过调用邻近雷达站的低仰角资料来弥补;正确理解平面位置显示(PPI)是准确地进行回波分析的基础;地球曲率会影响天气雷达的探测,雷达波束在前进方向上随着距离增加距地面高度逐渐增加;地物杂波对雷达低仰角的产品会造成影响;使用线性外推作临近预报只有在一定的短时间内才可获得最好的效果。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。