呼和诺尔盆地伊敏组含煤特征分析

呼和诺尔盆地属海拉尔盆地群,为张性盆地,区域性的北东向断裂控制了盆地的形态和规模。盆地主要含煤地层为下白垩统伊敏组,发育11个煤组,其中4煤组、8煤组煤层较稳定,全区大部可采;11煤组煤层稳定,厚度达15～20m,为全区主要可采煤层。根据伊敏组含煤地层沉积特征,,划分了四个沉积旋回,分析了影响煤层沉积的主要因素,认为盆地沉积明显受同沉积断层的控制,表现在断层两盘岩层生长指数和沉积特征均有明显的差异。本次研究将对海拉尔盆地乃至相邻蒙古国盆地的煤田勘查提供借鉴。     

河南晚石炭世含煤地层中的风暴异地煤

河南省晚石炭世含煤地层中,存在着因风暴作用强烈侵蚀滨海泥炭沼泽,而后通过风暴回流把泥炭物质和植物遗体长距离搬运到浅海环境再沉积的风暴异地煤。这种异地煤的直接顶底板是具有风暴沉积特征的浅海碳酸盐岩.煤破碎成粉砂级—泥级,煤层原生结构已完全看不到,煤层下部为含有大量海相动物化石的滞积层,中部为具有类似丘状层理的波状层,上部为水平纹层,其层序特征几乎可与煤层直接顶底板浅海碳酸盐风暴岩类比。研究这种异地煤的沉积背景和形成机制以及这种煤层所反映出的煤质特征、煤岩特征、沉积特征、层序及层序类型特征,不仅可以开拓出一种新型异地成煤类型而扩大煤地质学的研究领域,而且有助于研究古气候、古水深和煤岩层对比等问题。     

珲春煤田下含煤段沉积与聚煤特征

从收集整理以往资料入手,阐述了煤层分布特征,分析珲春煤田下含煤段的沉积与聚煤特征,即下含煤段第一阶段沉积特征以冲积扇、河流、小型湖泊沉积为主,形成的煤层结构复杂、稳定性差;第二阶段沉积特征以三角洲平原沉积为主,形成的煤层分布面积较大、结构较简单、稳定性较好。聚煤特征为富煤带位于盆地的中西部,富煤中心位于向斜(凹陷)核部。得出同沉积构造控制盆地的沉积环境,沉积环境直接控制聚煤作用的结论。今后的找煤工作应依据聚煤规律,采用物探和钻探相结合的方法较为适宜。     

山西大同晚古生代含煤地层的沉积特征及其层序地层意义

本文论述了山西大同晚古生代含煤地层的沉积特征及其层序地层学意义，该区的含煤地层虽包括碎屑－碳酸盐屑混合滨岸沉积，三角洲沉积及河流沉积三大类，但以河流沉积为主，通过这些沉积相特征的研究，分析了基准面升降沉积相带的迁移规律，总结了碎屑储层和沉积相带分布与层序界面的关系。     

青海省大煤沟井田含煤地层特征浅析

通过对大煤沟井田含煤地层特征、煤层特征和煤质特征等的分析与研究,依据井田内含煤地层的聚煤规律,考虑到后期构造改造作用对煤系、煤层的影响,对可能含煤的区域进行了预测,为今后在该区找煤指出了方向。     

青海省大煤沟井田含煤地层特征浅析

通过对大煤沟井田含煤地层特征、煤层特征和煤质特征等的分析与研究,依据井田内含煤地层的聚煤规律,考虑到后期构造改造作用对煤系、煤层的影响,对可能含煤的区域进行了预测,为今后在该区找煤指出了方向。     

陇南煤田含煤沉积地质特征研究

通过对陇南煤田已知煤矿点有关资料的分析,研究了该区侏罗纪煤系的沉积特征和古构造展布特征。结果表明,陇南煤田的古构造对含煤沉积的控制作用,主要是通过对古河流展布和古气候的控制而体现的。不同层位的煤层,其下面普遍有河流相沉积,说明煤层是在古河流基础上发展起来的;适于成煤的气候自早侏罗世至晚侏罗世,具有由西向东迁移的特点,因此,陇南煤田的找煤勘探应沿古武都河的西北—东南延伸方向开展。      

河南省赋煤单元划分及控煤构造模式分析

河南省在大地构造位置上跨越华北板块、秦岭-大别造山带两个重要构造单元,是华北聚煤域的重要组成部分,由于特殊的构造位置,使得河南省煤田构造格局具有南北分带、东西分区的基本特征。结合地层（含煤地层）沉积特征和煤层赋存状况分析,将河南省赋煤单元划分为太行赋煤构造带、嵩箕赋煤构造带、崤熊赋煤构造带和秦大赋煤构造带,各赋煤构造带可进一步划分为2个赋煤构造亚带。根据区内构造发育特征,控煤构造模式可分为5大类17小类,其中滑动构造、逆冲叠瓦构造、伸展构造及同沉积构造4种控煤构造样式为河南省煤田典型控煤构造模式。     

淮北闸河矿区二叠系含煤地层沉积环境分析

运用岩矿鉴定、光谱分析、Ｘ衍射、沉积磷酸盐分析等先进的实验手段，对淮北闸河矿区二叠系含煤地层的沉积特征进行了详细的研究。在沉积特征研究的基础上，确定本区二叠纪时为以河流作用为主的建设性河控浅水三角洲沉积环境。     

大同煤田白洞矿区5号煤层煤相特征

采用光学显微镜、X射线荧光光谱（XFS）和电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）等方法测定了大同煤田塔山井田太原组5号煤的宏观煤岩类型、显微煤岩类型和地球化学参数,探讨了煤的煤岩学、煤地球化学及煤相特征,系统地分析了煤层的原始成煤泥炭沼泽环境及演化规律。研究结果表明,5号煤层有4种煤相类型,即湖沼相、泥炭沼泽相、潮湿森林沼泽相和较干燥森林沼泽相,相应表现为湖泊、障壁岛后潟湖、上三角洲平原和洪泛盆地含煤沉积体系特征。煤层自下而上存在5次比较明显的沉积旋回韵律,与之相随的水介质环境也发生了相应的海陆、咸水、淡水交替变化,从而形成了一套以陆相为主、海陆交互的成煤泥炭沼泽环境,沉积环境逐渐从海相、海陆过渡相向陆相演化。     

南屯煤矿下组煤开采水文地质条件

分析了兖州南屯煤矿下组煤开采的水文地质条件,绘制了下组煤灰岩厚度等值线图、单位涌水量等值线图、灰岩含水层渗透系数等值线图、14灰至奥陶系间距等值线图,分析了隔水层、断裂导水的可能性,总结了南屯煤矿下组煤水害特征以及对安全生产产生的影响特性.     

辽宁红阳煤田控煤构造与深部煤炭资源潜力

针对辽宁红阳煤田局部采区浅部煤炭资源逐渐枯竭的问题,通过煤田构造发育规律和演化史研究、油气地震勘探资料解译、平衡剖面恢复等技术和方法,预测了该煤田深部及外围煤炭资源的赋存状况、远景勘探开发区及煤炭资源量。结果显示:煤田二区为正常背斜的控煤构造,-1500m以浅的煤炭资源储量为83148万t;煤田南部岳家堡背斜往南发育,徐往子勘探区东部存在一个低次序含煤向、背斜构造,可作为远景勘探区,估算-1500m以浅的煤炭资源量为1.85亿t。      

Hydrocarbon generation from coal,extracted coal and bitumen rich coal in confined pyrolysis experiments

Three sets of pyrolysis experiments were performed on extracted coal (R_o% 0.39), coal (initial bitumen 13.5 mg/g coal) and bitumen enriched coal (total bitumen 80.9 mg/g coal) at two heating rates of 2 °C/h and 20 °C/h in confined systems (gold capsules). For all three experiments, the yields of bitumen, Σn-C₈₊, aromatic components and ΣC_2–5 at first increase and then decrease with increasing EASY%R_o and reach the highest values within the EASY%R_o ranges of 0.67–1.08, 1.07–1.19, 1.46–1.79 and 1.46–1.68, respectively. In contrast, C₁/ΣC_1–5 ratio at first decreases and then increases with EASY%R_o and reaches a minimum value in EASY%R_o range of 0.86–1.08, closely corresponding to the maximum values of the yields of bitumen and Σn-C₈₊. Methane yields increase consistently with EASY%R_o. Nearly half of the maximum yield of methane from kerogen was generated at EASY%R_o > 2.2. The differences in methane yields among the three experiments at the same thermal stress are relatively minor at EASY%R_o < 2.2, but are greater with thermal stress at EASY%R_o > 2.2. This demonstrates that the kerogen always retained relatively more hydrogen and hydrocarbon generative potential at the postmature stage of bitumen rich coal than the extracted coal or coal.The maximum yield of ethane is 20–25% higher in the bitumen rich coal experiment than the extracted coal or coal, while the maximum yields of C₃, C₄ and C₅ in the former are double to triple those in the latter. This result demonstrates that the added bitumen in bitumen rich coal substantially increased the generation of these wet gases. However, the averaged values of activation energies (with the same frequency factors) for both the generation and cracking of individual wet gases are similar and do not show consistent trends among the three experiments. For all three experiments, activation energies for the generation and cracking of wet gases are significantly lower than those in previously published oil pyrolysis experiments with same frequency factors (Pan et al., 2012; Organic Geochemistry 45, 29–47). Methane δ¹³C values at the maximum temperature or EASY%R_o are close to those of initial wet gases, especially C₃, implying that the major part of methane shared a common initial precursor with wet gases, i.e., free and bound liquid alkanes.     

不同成因类型煤的可选性评价

煤的可选性受控于煤的聚积环境。通过对内蒙古乌达矿区主采煤层9、10、12、13和15煤中黄铁矿和粘土矿物的赋存特征与煤层成因关系的研究,发现河控下三角洲平原形成的煤层中黄铁矿含量低,粘土矿物含量高,其可选性较好;潮控下三角洲平原形成的煤层,其硫分含量高,粘土矿物含量较低,其可选性中等,而在潮坪沉积基础上形成的煤层中黄铁矿和粘土矿物的可选性最差。      

反映煤储层渗透性的参数之一——块煤率

煤储层的渗透性在很大程度上取决于煤体结构,煤体的整体结构决定煤炭筛分试验所获得的块煤率,所以块煤率可以从整体上反映煤储层的渗透性。辽中地区几个矿区煤储层块煤率与渗透率有很好的相关性,为块煤率作为评价煤储层的参数之一,提供了一个实例。      

Health impacts of coal and coal use: possible solutions

Coal will be a dominant energy source in both developed and developing countries for at least the first half of the 21st century. Environmental problems associated with coal, before mining, during mining, in storage, during combustion, and postcombustion waste products are well known and are being addressed by ongoing research. The connection between potential environmental problems with human health is a fairly new field and requires the cooperation of both the geoscience and medical disciplines. Three research programs that illustrate this collaboration are described and used to present a range of human health problems that are potentially caused by coal. Domestic combustion of coal in China has, in some cases, severely affected human health. Both on a local and regional scale, human health has been adversely affected by coals containing arsenic, fluorine, selenium, and possibly, mercury. Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), an irreversible kidney disease of unknown origin, has been related to the proximity of Pliocene lignite deposits. The working hypothesis is that groundwater is leaching toxic organic compounds as it passes through the lignites and that these organics are then ingested by the local population contributing to this health problem. Human disease associated with coal mining mainly results from inhalation of particulate matter during the mining process. The disease is Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis characterized by coal dust-induced lesions in the gas exchange regions of the lung; the coal worker's “black lung disease”.     

张集井田13-1煤缩小防水煤柱开采实践

本文简要阐述了张集井田的水文地质特征,从煤矿开采过程中围岩及地表移动规律的角度出发,论证了张集井田防水煤柱留设高度的可行性,并付之实践,取得了成功的经验.     

Fine coal covering for preventing spontaneous combustion of coal pile

In order to investigate the effect of fine coal covering around the bottom of coal stockpile on spontaneous combustion prevention, a two-dimensional math model was established to numerically simulate the fine coal covering coal pile and a coal pile temperature-rising experimental system was setup to study the two-dimensional heat and mass transfer characteristics of air diffusion in the horizontal direction and air heat convection in the vertical direction inside coal stockpiles covered by different thicknesses of fine coal. The results showed that (1) the fine coal located at the bottom of the coal pile can effectively inhibit air convection and diffusion, cut off oxygen replenishment, and prevent the temperature rise inside coal pile, and (2) thicker fine coal has more obvious effect. Finally, the field experiments on the fine coal covering coal piles for preventing self-ignition of coal pile were carried out successfully. The results showed that the uncovered or exposed coal piles self-ignited rapidly within a very short period (18 days), while the coal pile covered with 1 m fine coal lasted for 123 days with a maximum coal temperature of only 59.9 °C. The characteristics of temperature distribution and diffusion inside coal stockpile were studied, and the high-temperature region was found in the region 1.3 m high and 2–3 m deep in the coal pile. The effects of environment temperature and precipitation on self-ignition of coal pile were also analyzed in field experiment. The experimental results proved that the fine coal covering technology can effectively prevent the spontaneous combustion of coal stockpiles.     

Flow of top coal and roof rock and loss of top coal in fully mechanized top coal caving mining of extra thick coal seams

This study investigates the flow and caving characteristics of top coal and roof rock, as well as top coal loss pattern in the fully mechanized top coal caving mining of extra thick coal seams. The two dimensional discrete element numerical simulation software program, particle flow code (PFC), is used for the simulation of top coal caving and the inversion analysis. The original locations, distribution, and migration pattern of caved top coal and lost coal were obtained. The analysis shows that in the initial site of caving, the caved bodies are in the form of arc shaped strips in front of the working face. During the caving, caved bodies of different heights move towards the lower rear of the face at different speeds. The lost coal and caved roof rock are originally located at the interface between coal seam and roof, the lost coal is mainly distributed in the goaf on the floor. Behind the support, the caved top coal bodies originally are arc shaped strips, with the highest points located at the midline of the caving opening. The strips are more curved near the goaf than those near the support. During top coal caving, the strips successively cave, with the adjacent outer strip replacing the caved one. The variations of top coal loss and waste rock ratio with time reflect the different phases of top coal caving. In order to improve coal recovery and limit the amount of caved roof rock, the waste rock ratio should be controlled below 10 %. When the waste rock ratio reaches this value, the caving opening should be closed. This paper provides theoretical bases for the improvement of top coal recovery in the fully mechanized top coal caving mining of extra thick coal seams.