地铁行车速度对盾构隧道运营沉降的影响分析

地铁行车荷载经轨道-道床-隧道结构传至地基,在土体内部产生循环动应力以及超孔隙水压力是引起盾构隧道沉降的重要原因。通过车-轨-隧道-地基竖向耦合动力模型分析隧道差异沉降对列车运行荷载的影响,以上海地铁一号线体育馆站附近区间隧道为工程背景建立三维数值模型,结合塑性累积应变及累积孔压经验公式进行计算,对比分析软土盾构隧道下卧土层有、无纵向差异沉降两种情况下,地铁行车速度对隧道运营沉降的影响。结果表明：列车运行速度越快,下卧土体波动越大,但衰减越快。地基差异沉降对其长期运营存在明显不利影响,随着列车速度增大,这种影响也愈加明显。当地基差异沉降小,轨道平顺条件好时,隧道长期沉降随地铁行车速度的增大而减小;当地基差异沉降突出,轨道存在明显不平顺时,隧道运营沉降随行车速度增大而显著增加。     

昆明泥炭质土地铁盾构等代层压缩模量试验研究

在城市地铁盾构施工过程中,地表沉降是重要的工程问题之一,不但影响地铁隧道的安全建设,更直接关系到周边紧临建筑物的正常运营。等代层压缩模量是控制地表沉降的关键参数,特别是软弱土层中的地铁盾构。等代层注浆材料与土体的混合比例关系、注浆后的养护时间是直接影响其压缩模量的重要因素。本文依托昆明地铁3号线石咀段泥炭质土层盾构工程,进行注浆材料与泥炭质土的不同比例关系及不同养护时间条件下的压缩模量试验研究。探索泥炭质土层中盾构等代层中浆体与土体的合理比例关系,并提出注浆后何时能达到预期的等代层压缩模量,为泥炭质土地区地铁盾构施工提供参考。     

南京地铁运营隧道变形的工程地质机理研究

根据南京地区的工程地质与水文地质条件和多年隧道结构变形的监测资料,系统分析了不同地貌单元内隧道结构的变形特征,指出影响南京地铁隧道结构变形的主要工程地质因素是盾构隧道的软土问题和矿山法隧道的水文地质问题。结果表明:南京地区发育不同成因类型的软土,特别是长江河谷平原区软土,具有高孔隙比、高含水量、高压缩性、结构性强等特性,易导致隧道结构发生不均匀沉降。同时,穿越丘岗地区的矿山法隧道,一旦上游水源补给量超过正常值时,易导致隧道结构的衬砌逐渐抬升变形甚至引发运营中断事故。这一研究成果为南京地铁运营隧道结构变形分析提供了工程地质方面的理论基础,以便采取针对性的措施及时控制变形,确保安全营运。     

软土盾构隧道纵向长期稳定性研究分析

离心模型中的固结时间是原型固结时间的1／n2,能够在较短的时间内模拟软土地基的长期沉降。以上海地铁4号线修复段双线盾构隧道为研究对象,利用离心模型试验研究了隧道的纵向长期沉降及稳定性特性,预测了15-20a之后完好段、连接段和修复段隧道纵向沉降量和沉降分布。最后,得出了连接段两端差异沉降最大的结论。并提出隧道与修复段的连接刚度应采用刚性连接,以提高连接点附近隧道适应变形能力的修复意见。     

软土地区地铁道床沉降特征及其诱发因素分析

以上海4条地铁线路道床长期沉降监测资料为基础,分析了地铁隧道的纵向沉降特征;结合该地区地质环境调查资料,深入分析地铁隧道沉降与下卧层地层结构、浅部地下水位变化以及区域地面沉降三个地质环境因素之间的相互作用关系。结果表明,地铁隧道下卧地层结构差异是地铁隧道沉降差异性的重要地质环境因素,深基坑降排水引起降水目的含水层地下水位下降,使得降水目的层以及相邻软黏性土层发生较大的压缩变形,导致以降水目的层上覆软黏性土层为承载体的地铁隧道也随之发生沉降,区域地面沉降也是地铁隧道沉降的重要影响因素。     

软土地区双侧深基坑施工对邻近地铁车站及盾构隧道变形影响的分析

以某软土地区邻近地铁车站及盾构隧道的双侧深基坑工程为背景,运用ABAQUS数值计算软件对邻近地铁车站及盾构隧道的双侧深基坑施工进行数值模拟,研究了双侧深基坑施工过程对基坑坑内土体隆起与坑外土体沉降的影响,分析了双侧深基坑施工过程中地铁车站及盾构隧道变形情况,得出地铁车站及盾构隧道变形规律。计算结果表明:基坑内侧土体隆起最大值为54.3 mm;围护结构X向位移最大值为32.8 mm,Y向位移最大值为26.8 mm;车站竖向位移最大值发生在A1区开挖至坑底工况,最大值为6.8 mm,而车站水平位移最大值为7.6 mm;弯矩累计增量最大值155.9 kN·m/m,经计算,施工过程对车站主体结构影响很小;盾构隧道X向水平位移最大值为4.7 mm;而盾构隧道沉降最大值为3.8 mm,发生在A1区开挖至坑底工况。      

天津软土地区盾构掘进对上方建筑物影响分析

以天津地铁2号线下穿多层建筑物的盾构隧道为例,建立了盾构下穿空旷场地以及下穿建筑物的有限元模型,计算结果与现场实测数据进行了对比验证。在此基础上分析了在天津软土地区盾构隧道施工对地表沉降及多层砌体结构建筑物差异沉降的影响,并对采用小应变土体本构模型与硬化土本构模型的计算结果进行比较。结果表明,采用小应变本构模型的地表最大沉降和横向沉降槽宽度与实测数据吻合良好。盾构斜下穿砌体结构房屋时,建筑物有偏向隧道轴线方向的倾斜,采用小应变土体本构模型的计算结果可以更好地反映建筑物的倾斜斜率的变化。因此,研究软土地区盾构掘进对上方建筑物沉降影响的精细化分析时应考虑土体小应变的影响。     

盾构掘进速度及非正常停机对地面沉降的影响

软土中盾构隧道施工不可避免地扰动周围地层,进而引起地面沉降,沉降过大时将危及邻近建（构）筑物的正常使用和结构安全。全面理解盾构隧道施工引起的地面沉降的影响因素及对沉降的准确预测,对于减少施工环境危害十分重要。考虑盾构压重后,引入Mindlin解计算盾构下卧土层中的附加应力,采用单向压缩分层总和法计算盾构下卧土层的总固结沉降,由盾构掘进速度及停机时间确定附加应力作用时间后,应用太沙基一维固结理论计算在该作用时间内的固结沉降,应用Peck公式建立了盾构下卧土层沉降与地面沉降的关系,并以杭州庆春路过江隧道地面沉降的实测验数据对上述理论进行了验证。分析表明,考虑盾构掘进速度及停机时间的地面沉降计算理论基本合理;盾构掘进速度及停机时间会对隧道施工引起的地面沉降产生显著影响;在其他施工条件相同的前提下,提高盾构掘进速度和减少停机时间有利于减少地面沉降。     

盾构施工引起的地表沉降分析

通过对由盾构施工引起的地表沉降进行了深入研究,对某地铁隧道盾构施工过程的数值模拟和经验公式计算,分析了盾构推进过程中地表处土体的位移和变形以及沉降分布规律,得出数值模拟的地铁隧道横向地面沉降分布曲线与实际沉降非常接近。     

盾构穿越软土地层预加固数值模拟与变形控制

依托佛山地铁3号线创驹区间盾构隧道工程,采用数值模拟得到不同加固方式下的地表沉降和隧道变形,研究了盾构穿越全断面软土地层时的变形规律,提出一套盾构安全穿越加固建议,并结合现场实测,验证了模拟结果的正确性。研究表明：盾构在全断面软土地层中推进时,地表沉降、隧道拱顶沉降和水平收敛值均不断增大,且主要发生在盾构通过时及盾尾管片脱出后,同时该段也是预加固的主要作用范围;先行隧道对地表沉降影响大于后行隧道;盾构穿越未加固土层时地表沉降、隧道拱顶沉降、水平收敛最大值分别为27.7 mm、13.78 mm、10.57 mm,采用超前预注浆加固时各变形分别为未加固的57.0%、69.1%、61.0%,采用三轴搅拌桩预加固时各变形分别为未加固的32.1%、50.2%、43.0%,预加固可有效控制变形,且三轴搅拌桩变形控制优于超前预注浆加固。当盾构区间地面环境复杂,不具备地面加固条件时,建议采用超前预注浆加固控制地表沉降量及隧道变形。     

Grey correlation-hierarchical analysis for metro-caused settlement

Monitoring Shanghai metro tunnels and their surroundings indicates that the maximum settlement caused by metro operation for years has been more than 25 cm in soft soil of tunnel bottom, which has seriously affected the normal operation of subway, and even caused some old house cracking around subway lines. To investigate main influence factors on metro-caused settlement so as to provide the basis for the control of metro-caused settlement, the analytical hierarchy process was adopted to make their weight arrangement. With the experience analogy and grey correlation theory, the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method was proposed to evaluate the possibility of metro-caused settlement in soft soil of tunnel bottom. The correlation of metro-caused settlement and its influence factors (such as dynamic load conditions of metro, soil conditions, burial conditions of soil prone to dynamic settlement, and hydrogeology conditions) was probed. Taking Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel project in China (it is now the largest shield tunnel in the world) as an example, the division estimation and the comprehensive evaluation of possibility and severity for metro-caused settlement were also done. The results were observed as follows: (1) the severity of settlements caused by dynamic load of metro in soft soil of tunnel bottom at the same position increases as the speed of subway trains increases; (2) On comparison between the foundations of silty clay and clayey silt, the former is generally more prone to the metro-caused settlement under the same conditions as dynamic load conditions of metro, void ratio of soil, natural water content of soil, burial conditions, and hydrogeology conditions; (3) the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method is more applicable than grey correlation method for the possibility estimation of metro-caused settlement in the soft soil of tunnel bottom; (4) it may provide the reference for the possibility evaluation of metro-caused settlement in other similar projects.     

上海软土地区多层建筑物长期沉降特性

通过对50幢多层建筑沉降观测资料的分析,研究了上海软土地区多层建筑的长期沉降。对竣工以后的观测数据采用指数模型进行回归分析,可以反映软黏土的流变特性,较好地模拟建筑物后期的沉降发展过程,从而预测得到最终沉降量和沉降稳定时间。根据指数模型的分析结果,并引入地基压缩层内的软黏土厚度所占比例的概念,研究了多层建筑长期沉降与地基土层特性的关系。结果表明,最终沉降和沉降持续时间随着软黏土厚度比例的增加而增大,竣工时沉降占总沉降的比例随着软黏土厚度比例的增大而下降,并且具有线性关系。     

A new approach for estimating the transverse surface settlement curve for twin tunnels in shallow and soft soils

Increasing demand on infrastructures has led to increased attention to shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Especially in metro tunnel excavations, it is important to control the surface settlements which are observed before and after excavation, which may cause damage to surface structures. Unlike motorway, sewage and other infrastructure tunnels, metro tunnels generally have to be excavated as twin tunnels and must have a larger diameter. Metro tunnels also have shallow depth. Due to their shallow depth, metro tunnels generally have been constructed in weak rocks or weak soils in cities. The construction of twin tunnels will generate ground movements which have the potential to cause damage to existing surface and subsurface structures. To solve this settlement problem, experts have used the Earth pressure balance machine (EPBM) and the slurry balance machine. In such excavations, especially in twin tunnels, the main challenges for constructers are estimating the maximum surface settlement, controlling the interaction of transverse surface settlement and shaping the settlement curve. Incorrect estimation of these parameters can lead to significant problems above the tunnels and in nearby structures. This paper focuses on surface settlement measurements, on the interaction of twin tunnel transverse surface settlement and on the relationship between shield parameters and transverse surface settlement for parallel tunnels using EPBM shields in clay and sand soils in shallow depth. Also, a new equation is proposed for estimating the transverse settlement curve of twin tunnels. The results from this proposed equation are compared with the results of field observations. The transverse settlement curve values obtained from the proposed equation have good agreement with the actual results for the Otogar–Kirazli metro case studies.     

Calculation of surface settlements caused by EPBM tunneling using artificial neural network, SVM, and Gaussian processes

Increasing demand on infrastructures increases attention to shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Especially in metro tunnel excavations, due to their large diameters, it is important to control the surface settlements observed before and after excavation, which may cause damage to surface structures. In order to solve this problem, earth pressure balance machines (EPBM) and slurry balance machines have been widely used throughout the world. There are numerous empirical, analytical, and numerical analysis methods that can be used to predict surface settlements. But substantially fewer approaches have been developed for artificial neural network-based prediction methods especially in EPBM tunneling. In this study, 18 different parameters have been collected by municipal authorities from field studies pertaining to EPBM operation factors, tunnel geometric properties, and ground properties. The data source has a preprocess phase for the selection of the most effective parameters for surface settlement prediction. This paper focuses on surface settlement prediction using three different methods: artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), and Gaussian processes (GP). The success of the study has decreased the error rate to 13, 12.8, and 9, respectively, which is relatively better than contemporary research.     

上海软土的流变特性试验研究

本文利用无侧向变形的单向压缩试验仪,对原状和重塑上海软土进行了压缩试验和流变试验,研究了不同压力和超固结比对次固结系数的影响以及压缩特性和次固结变形特性的关系。试验结果表明,原状上海软土的次固结系数随着压力而变化,而重塑上海软土的次固结系数随压力变化不大。上述研究得到的结论及相关参数可为工程实践、上海软土流变模型的建立提供参考数据。     

A simplified method for predicting ground settlement profiles induced by excavation in soft clay

A series of parametric studies was performed to examine the influence factors affecting the settlement influence zone induced by excavation in soft clay. It was found that the excavation depth, width, the soft clay bottom depth and the rock-like soil depth are all related to the settlement influence zone. The potential failure surface, as deduced from the failure mechanism, covering the above-mentioned parameters, is consistent with the settlement influence zone. Thus, a simple method based on the analysis results is proposed to predict the settlement influence zone. Ten case histories and statistical data for the settlements in the Shanghai area were used to verify the proposed method.     

重塑上海软土的压缩和剪切变形特性试验研究

根据典型上海软土重塑土样的等向压缩试验,测K0与不测K0的单向压缩试验结果,得到不同试验条件下的压缩指数Cc和膨胀指数Cs,并分析了它们之间的关系。进行三轴排水剪切试验,得到了重塑上海软土在不同超固结比和围压下的变形和强度特性,并计算出重塑上海软土的内摩擦角。最后,根据一组不同荷载下的长期单向压缩试验结果,得到重塑上海软土的次压缩系数C?与荷载之间的关系。上述研究得到的初步结论及相关参数可为工程实践、超固结上海软土本构模型的建立提供参考数据。     

地铁循环荷载作用下交叉隧道沉降分析

采用FLAC3D软件建立了交叉隧道的三维有限差分模型,以人工数定激励力模拟列车荷载,计算列车动荷载作用下土体的变形和应力。采用修正动偏应力长期沉降计算模型,结合分层总和法计算软土的沉降,预测交叉隧道的长期沉降规律。分析3种不同行车工况下地基长期沉降,工况1为一辆列车单独通过1#隧道,工况2为一辆列车单独通过2#隧道,工况3为两辆列车同时通过1#和2#隧道。对比不同的列车行驶速度、隧道衬砌刚度及厚度对隧道地基的长期影响。结果表明,由列车荷载引起的地基沉降主要集中在距隧道中心轴20 m范围内;在工况3下土体沉降大于工况1、2沉降之和;车速越快,沉降越小;衬砌刚度和厚度越小,沉降越大,且衬砌厚度对沉降的影响较大,衬砌刚度影响较小。