用OSL方法确定雅鲁藏布江大拐弯第四纪晚期冰川堰塞湖年龄

雅鲁藏布江是青藏高原上的一条大河, 其河谷地貌和地质环境演化的发育历史对于青藏高原地质研究有重要意义。前人用ESR和14C测年方法对雅鲁藏布江河谷两岸广泛分布河湖相沉积物、冰碛物测年确定了有四期堰塞湖。作者用光释光(OSL, Opically Stimulated Luminesecence)测年方法分析采集到的湖相样品年龄为(50.9±2.1) ka BP和(1.8±0.1) ka BP, 证明雅鲁藏布江大拐弯处末次冰期早冰阶和新冰期存在 古堰塞湖。     

雅鲁藏布江大峡谷的形成

通过时雅鲁藏布大峡谷流域地貌形成响应时间域的定量估算,大峡谷与上游河道特征的时比,以及大峡谷入口处河湖阶地的沉积分析和定年研究．结合构造研究的新进展和数值地貌分析成果,系统论证了雅鲁藏布大峡谷的形成。研究结果表明,现今的雅鲁藏布大峡谷与大峡谷上游的河道在大峡谷形成之前分属不同的河流体系,大约在距今30kaBP前后,原属于帕隆藏布江水系支流的扎曲一直白河段因溯源侵蚀,袭夺了位于现今直白河段上游的古雅鲁藏布江水系,使得此前向南经南伊沟（纳伊普曲）流出高原的古雅鲁藏布江与帕隆藏布江合二为一,雅鲁藏布大峡谷得以贯通和强烈的侵蚀下切,形成现今著名的大峡谷和大拐弯式样的流域结构。     

山西河曲黄河阶地序列初步研究

黄河干流奇特的"几"字形格局是其复杂发育历史的表现。由于流域内的地质与气候条件复杂多样,分段开展深入研究是全面认识黄河的基础。晋陕峡谷是研究黄河演化的关键地段之一,河流阶地忠实地记录着河流发育的历史。文章选择山西河曲县城附近黄河阶地发育典型的河段进行研究,在实测河流阶地地貌剖面的基础上,系统采集了20个年代样品进行光释光(OSL)测年。依据地貌类型、沉积特征以及定年结果,建立了该河段黄河阶地的演化序列,得出以下结论:1)河曲地区黄河曲流凸岸形成有4级阶地,T₄阶地的形成主要受构造控制,而T₃,T₂和T₁阶地的形成主要与气候变化有关,各阶地的年龄分别是T₄为90ka,T₃为30ka,T₂为20ka,T₁为3.4ka。2)河曲地区约140ka以来河流地貌的演化经历了5个阶段,各阶段以下切侵蚀开始,结束于各阶地堆积面的塑造。约90ka以来,该地区河谷谷底下降速度和曲流可能最大侧蚀速度的平均值分别为0.9mm/a和33.4mm/a。在不同阶段,二者的大小变化及组合状况各异,在构造相对稳定条件下,河流以侧蚀作用为主,其侧蚀速度与气候和岩性条件有关。3)河曲地区的黄河曲流是在河流下切过程中逐渐侧蚀、演化而成的,具有内生曲流的特点。4)T₄阶地的泥流沉积和加积堆积,可能记录了地方性气候变化,其范围和意义有待进一步研究,另外,T₃,T₂和T₁形成过程中气候变化的作用也有待探讨。     

六盘山东麓泾河上游河流阶地的形成年代及新构造运动意义

六盘山是研究青藏高原东北缘隆升与构造变形的关键部位,其东麓泾河河流阶地是第四纪以来六盘山构造隆升的地貌载体。通过对泾河上游河流阶地的剖面实测,厘定了河流阶地的级序,泾河上游主要发育5级河流阶地T5-T1,不同地段阶地的形态类型不同,柳树沟T5、T4和T3为堆积阶地,T2和T1为基座阶地,高家山均为侵蚀或基座阶地;利用光释光(OSL)、电子自旋共振(ESR)测年并与黄土-古土壤序列进行对比,建立了河流阶地的年代格架,T5-T1年代分别为541 ka B.P.、477 ka B.P.、279 ka B.P.、60 ka B.P.和8 ka B.P。阶地的形态类型、形成年代与气候阶段的对应关系研究表明,泾河上游河流阶地以构造隆升驱动为主,气候变化影响为辅;541~279 ka B.P.期间柳树沟地区为堆积区,堆积速率为0.31 m/ka,而高家山为构造隆升区,河流下切速率为0.37 m/ka,堆积速率与侵蚀速率基本一致,说明T5、T4和T3阶面上较厚的砾石层是六盘山隆升的相关沉积;279 ka B.P.时期由于六盘山快速隆升驱使山前柳树沟地区由堆积区转为侵蚀区,河流侵蚀作用加强造成T2、T1平均下切速率增大为1.13 m/ka,这次地貌转换事件是在青藏高原扩展隆升的背景下六盘山向东挤出隆升的结果。研究结果为青藏高原东北缘以面积和体积扩张的观点提供了新的依据。     

西藏东南雅鲁藏布大峡谷入口处 第四纪多次冰川阻江事件*

在第四纪的末次冰期、新冰期和小冰期期间,位于大峡谷入口处的则隆弄跃动冰川发生多次的快速前进,多次发生阻塞雅鲁藏布江事件,在大峡谷以上河段形成4期(Ⅳ~Ⅰ)的林芝古堰塞湖。¹⁴ C测年结果指示第2次、第3次和第4次堰塞湖分别发生在9760~11300aB.P.,1220±40~1660±40aB.P.和287±93~394±83aB.P.。估计Ⅳ~Ⅱ期堰塞湖库容量约2150km³,835km³和81km³。冰川阻塞湖坝的溃决释放突发性洪水,对下游的雅鲁藏布大峡谷河段及下游地区的环境产生巨大的影响。     

青藏高原西北部晚第四纪以来的隆升作用 ——来自西昆仑阿什库勒多级河流阶地的证据

青藏高原的隆升是新生代最壮观的地质事件,关于青藏高原隆升研究一直是地学界的研究焦点.河流阶地的发育记录了丰富的构造运动和气候变化的信息,近年来被广泛应用于构造运动和气候演变的研究,但前人研究的河流阶地基本分布在青藏高原的周缘,阶地的形成可能是气候与构造运动共同作用的结果.本文通过高分辨率卫星影像的解译,在青藏高原内部的西昆仑阿什库勒地区发现了多达七级的河流阶地.对该处河流阶地结构、沉积特征、几何特征的研究表明该阶地是典型的构造成因阶地.野外利用全站仪对河流阶地地貌形态进行了精细的测量,获得了各级阶地的拔河高度分别为4～5m(T1)、9～ 10m(T2)、16 ～ 18m(T3)、28～31m(T4)、45～48m(T5).通过宇宙成因核素10Be测年方法对各级阶地面的暴露年龄进行了测定,获得了各级阶地的形成时代分别为7.7±0.7ka(T1)、32.7±3.lka (T2)、53.6±2.5ka(T3)、115.7±23.2ka(T4)、166.8±10.4ka (T5)、19.5±8.5ka (T6).由此确定了晚第四纪166.8ka以来不同时期的河流下切速率总体介于0.2～0.35mm/yr,该速率代表了青藏高原西北部晚第四纪166.8ka以来的平均隆升速率.     

北天山山前安集海河阶地形成的时代及意义

北天山山前几条主要河流普遍发育河谷阶地。安集海河发育６～８级阶地,通过年代测定及区域对比,可得出安集海河阶地形成于中更新世晚期一晚更新世早期（约１２～１４万年左右）。第四纪以来构造活动及气候变化控制着河流下切和侧蚀作用的进行,安集海河阶地的形成和发育明显受第四纪晚期构造活动和气候变化等因素的影响。     

Aeolian Deposits in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin,Southern Tibetan Plateau: A Brief Review

The Yarlung Zangbo River is located in the southern Tibetan Plateau. Loess since the geological history and modern aeolian sand dunes are widely developed in the basin, bearing rich information on the aeolian processes and environmental evolution. In this work, we reviewed the main research progress of aeolian deposits in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin in recent years, and discussed the distribution characteristics, accumulation age, sediment characteristics and provenance and the possible formation mechanism of aeolian deposits and the history of aeolian activity. The results show that loess is mainly developed on the river’s terraces and some of the hilltops, and mostly formed since the last glacial maximum and mainly developed since Marine Isotope Stage 1 (about 14 ka BP), while aeolian sand deposit is mainly developed in the river’s wide valley, with relatively short accumulation time. The sediment particles mainly underwent mechanical transport and physical weathering, but chemical weathering was weak. Although the physical and chemical properties of sediments show some spatial changes, there still exist obvious local characteristics, which are closely related to the nearby surface sediments. Under the background of aeolian source, the local-source genesis of loess is generally recognized. The surface loose material at the bottom of valley is main material source of aeolian deposits. The evolution of aeolian activity is relatively complex. In addition to the regional climate change, the local environment is also an important factor affecting the aeolian activity and its regional difference. Based on the previous studies, we suggest that the systematic study on the physical and chemical properties of aeolian sediments, climate change since the Holocene and the impact of dust emission on human living environment should be strengthened in the future research.     

Impact of phased uplift of Tibetan Plateau on environmental changes since late Middle Pleistocene: Palynological records in the three terraces of Middle Shiquan River

Three fluvial terraces in Porougong River in the middle reach of Shiquan River were identified, and the palynological records were investigated to decipher the paleoenvironmental changes in the west inland of the Tibetan Plateau. Three phases of uplift in the west inland of the Tibetan Plateau are suggested to be associated with the third, second, and first fluvial terraces (T₃, T₂, and T₁) being formed at ca.126-25.1 ka B.P., 25.1-4.5 ka B.P., and 4.5-1.3 ka B.P., respectively. The differentiated uplift rate infers that the inland Tibetan Plateau shows an earlier uplift than the surroundings. Coincident with the phased uplift, three episodes of the changes in paleovegetation and paleoclimate since late Middle Pleistocene could be identified by the spore-pollen records, including the forests under the warm-wet climate featured by the assemblage of Picea + Pinus-Betula-Ulmus-Chenopodiaceae-Epheara in the third terrace, the forest-grassy vegetation under the semi-arid and semi-wet climate as shown by the Picea + Pinus-Chenopodiaceae-Epheara assemblage in the second terrace, and the grassland under the cold-dry climate indicated by the Chenopodiaceae-Artemisia-Ephedra assemblage in the first terrace. The association of the paleovegetation and paleoclimate changes with the phased uplift of the fluvial terraces has revealed the important impact of the Plateau uplift.     

基于ASTER-DEM的雅鲁藏布江下游差异抬升分析

雅鲁藏布江是东构造结的核心区域,为研究雅鲁藏布江大拐弯流域现今隆升发育现状,本文基于ArcGIS平台,对雅鲁藏布江下游大拐弯流域的ASTER-DEM30 m面积-高程积分值（Hypsometry Index,简称HI法,是一种基于数字高程模型来获取流域演化特征及其构造活动响应指标的方法）进行计算,并结合构造、岩性、气候、第四系以及河流等基础资料探讨该地区隆升差异。结果表明:HI>0.43的隆升区主要集中在大拐弯缝合带以外的区域且分布与各断块中的三级夷平面具有较好的耦合性;而HI>0.60拉萨断隆隆升区分布范围最大,加拉白垒断隆分布最小,仅在大拐弯小范围分布;HI < 0.43的侵蚀下切区,处于河流的一二级谷肩位置以及河流发育较为成熟的区域;林芝-派镇段区域内HI < 0.35,以侵蚀下切为主。由以上得出:区内构造挤压作用依然存在,而气候、河流以及断裂带密度的影响是在构造背景下产生的,随着时间推移以上因素会逐渐抑制构造抬升作用,并且对侵蚀的促进作用在不同区域内表现不同;当构造作用发挥主要作用时,断块以隆升作用为主,HI>0.43;气候作用的影响使加拉白垒与南迦巴瓦峰处于隆升停滞,HI < 0.43;林芝段HI < 0.35说明在气候、河流发育以及断裂带密度的影响下会加大侵蚀的力度使得区域内以侵蚀下切为主,未有抬升迹象。整体上,在构造、气候、河流发育及断裂带密度综合影响下,隆升作用由雅鲁藏布江流域下游外部向内部逐渐减弱,而局部区域上的差异是由影响因素发挥作用的差异决定的。     

藏东南帕隆藏布现今河流地貌特征 及其晚第四纪演化

河流沉积与地貌对构造与气候的变化极为敏感,可记录区域构造活动、气候变化和环境演变等多方面的丰富信息。由于独特的构造背景与气候条件,帕隆藏布不仅成为雅鲁藏布水系水量最大的支流,而且其流域在藏东南地区占有重要的地位。帕隆藏布流域内地表过程活跃且河流地貌演化过程快速,是揭示青藏高原东南部构造地貌演化的重要载体。通过对该河流地貌的形态学和沉积学分析发现,帕隆藏布河流形态具有明显的线状特征,其干流近似直线展布,而主要支流呈羽状分布,两者多呈直角交汇,表明河流形态明显受到嘉黎断裂带的构造形迹控制。进一步利用光释光和¹⁴C定年方法,对帕隆藏布的晚第四纪河流地貌演化,尤其是干流和东久河支流的晚第四纪河流阶地进行研究后发现,末次冰期以来的气候变化导致帕隆藏布的晚第四纪河流地貌呈现出典型的分段式特征,根据海拔高度主要可划分为3段：1）海拔2 600 m以下的河谷地貌呈V形峡谷,河谷比降大,阶地沉积年龄均在9.0～2.0 kaBP间,沉积属性以河流相和坡积相为主,表明是全新世以来气候变暖条件下形成的;2）海拔2 600～3 300 m的中游段河谷呈冰蚀围谷盆地、U形槽谷等,河谷比降小,河岸谷坡坡度小,主谷两岸冰碛垄发育,存留了古冰缘地貌遗迹,阶地沉积属性以古湖相、冰水相及河流相为主,测年结果在29.8～10.9 kaBP和50.9～39.8 kaBP间,显示其曾经为末次冰期和冰消期冰缘湖泊体系,后被现今的帕隆藏布所贯通;3）海拔3 300 m以上河流地貌为典型的冰川U形槽谷,谷底平坦,发育现代冰湖,仅发育Ⅰ级阶地并上面覆有冰碛物堆积体,有末次冰期的冰缘地貌遗迹,但主要受周围海洋性冰川作用,呈现现代冰缘地貌特征。整体上看,帕隆藏布的现今河流地貌上、下游两端年轻,主要形成于全新世期间;中游的河流地貌出现较早,残留了末次冰期和冰消期的冰缘地貌特征,并保留了广泛的古冰湖相沉积物。因此,帕隆藏布现今的河流形态主要出现在末次冰期以来。     

Growth and reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sophora moorcroftiana</Emphasis> responding to altitude and sand burial in the middle Tibet

Sophora moorcroftiana, an endemic leguminous shrub in Tibet, is found in valleys, slopes, terraces from 3,000 to 3,900 m above sea level along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. S. moorcroftiana is more tolerant of sand burial than other species in the valleys and is regarded as an ideal species for studying acclimatization to climatic factors. Stem basal diameter showed decline as altitude increased from 3,039 to 3,928 m in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. Population density increased with the rise of altitude. However, seed bank density, seed germination and seed weight of S. moorcroftiana did not change with changing elevation. Plants responded to altitude variances with remarkable sensitivities. Stem basal diameter size declined along the vertical gradient between plateau and mountainside. Both in alpine and plateau areas, plants similarly adapted growth to altitude, but displayed different responses with respect to reproductive parameters, such as seed bank density, dry weight of seed, seed germination, seedling density and sapling density. Sand accretion remarkably reduced seed bank density and seedling density of the total population of S. moorcroftiana, but could promote shoot sprouting and shoot growing on the individual scale that stimulated the overall development of the population. The results suggested that this particular foredune species did not merely tolerate sand burial, but actually responded positively to sand accumulation.     

藏东南波堆藏布江谷地古冰碛堰塞湖初步研究

藏东南作为青藏高原内外动力作用最强烈的地区之一,是河流堰塞-溃决洪水链式灾害频发地区。研究该区域古堰塞湖的形成与演化,对认识、评估灾害风险具有重要意义。研究结果表明,波堆藏布江谷地保存有一套湖相沉积地层,通过地貌填图和光释光测年等手段,并结合前人研究成果,推测海因里希事件1(H1)以来波堆藏布江谷地可能发生了一期古堰塞湖事件。该古堰塞湖可能是由波堆藏布江侧蚀白玉沟沟口冰碛垄,致使冰碛物滑塌并阻江形成的,古湖的最大湖面面积约为18.8km2,库容蓄水量约为0.13km3。该古堰塞湖的形成时间可能介于H1～10ka之间,其溃决时间可能在～6ka之后,后期河流溯源侵蚀及下切作用形成了多级以湖相地层为基座的阶地。     

川西岷江松潘段第四纪与新构造运动特征分析

在已有调查研究的基础上,通过野外地质调查和剖面测量,重点分析了岷江松潘段的漳腊盆地、斗鸡台盆地地貌特征、第四纪沉积物类型、物质成分、空间分布等特征,并系统测量和研究了松潘段岷江干流及其支流的河流阶地特征。研究表明,新构造运动控制了松潘段第四纪盆地的形态和地貌演化过程,漳腊盆地和斗鸡台盆地形成于中新世末至上新世初,西侧控盆断裂为东倾正断层,东侧为西倾逆断层,盆地为断块发生西降东升的翘板式断块运动过程中形成的,称之为"翘板式箕状盆地"。松潘段岷江河谷地貌呈现出宽谷和窄谷交替出现的特点,岷江干流及其支流中发育多处湖相地层,沉积特征表现为堰塞湖。岷江上游松潘段最多发育6级阶地,以侵蚀阶地和堆积阶地为主,主要形成于中更新世晚期—全新世时期。阶地级数具有分段性特点,不同区段阶地阶面宽窄不一,受区内新构造活动控制明显。岷江上游新构造运动表现为南北条带性和东西向差异掀斜抬升的特点,红桥关以上整体为构造隆升区,至少具有3次构造隆升,岷江上游斗鸡台盆地构造隆升强度整体上大于漳腊盆地。在尕米寺地区可能发生了6次构造抬升,红桥关一带构造抬升明显要强于漳腊盆地。     

岷江上游河流阶地发育特征及与古滑坡关系初步分析

河流阶地形成演化及其对滑坡的控制是近年来古滑坡研究的热点问题。笔者在对岷江上游河流阶地和古滑坡实地调查测试的基础上,对岷江上游河流阶地的级序、拔河高度、成因类型等进行了分析,绘制了阶地高程位相图和年龄位相图,并结合阶地和古滑坡年代,讨论了阶地与古滑坡的发育关系等。主要取得了以下认识:1)岷江上游的河流阶地具有分段性,成因主要为气候多期次波动与构造活动共同作用,古滑坡及堰塞湖是影响高山峡谷区河流阶地发育的重要因素;2)叠溪-茂县段在20~30 ka B.P.发生了多处大型古滑坡,其中20 ka B.P.的古滑坡可能主要是气候波动引发,30 ka B.P.发生的古滑坡可能主要受控于构造活动(地震);3)岷江上游大量分布的古滑坡堆积体与阶地发育的叠置关系有待进一步理清,开展该地区的河流阶地级序研究要充分考虑古滑坡和堰塞湖的影响.     

Strath terraces of Jinshaan Canyon, Yellow River, and Quaternary tectonic movements of the Ordos Plateau, North China

ABSTRACT Studies of the strath terraces in Jinshaan Canyon − where the Yellow River cuts through the Ordos Plateau in the continental interior of China − provide an opportunity to solve some of the critical problems associated with Quaternary tectonic movement of the plateau. Six strath terraces indicate that five episodes of regional epeirogenic uplift affected the Ordos Plateau during the Quaternary. The local tectonic deformation is superimposed on the regional epeirogenic uplift, expressed either as faulting or as non-uniform uplift induced by local arching. The results have important implications for understanding the relationship between the regional epeirogenic uplift of the Ordos Plateau and the uplift of the Qingzang Plateau, time lines of climate change in the regional epeirogenic uplift landscape, and the genesis of strath terraces associated with the through-flowing plateau drainage in the continental interior.     

Isotopic effect of runoff in the Yarlung Zangbo River

This paper mainly analyzed the isotopic effect of precipitation in the Yarlung Zangbo River.On the whole,the isotopic compositions of most water samples fall on the upper right of the global meteoric water line.According to δD and δ18O data of the samples,the precipitation equation is figured out as δD=8 δ18O+10,showing that they are derived from precipitation but have experienced intensive evaporation.With obvious region-continental effect(a continuous depletion in heavy isotopes in water bodies occurs with increasing distance from the coast),the water presents a reducing trend of δD and δ18O westwards and southwards.Altitudinal effect is evident here,occur-ring in both trunk stream and main branches of the Yarlung Zangbo River.The distribution of water isotopic compo-sitions is concerned with the movement of precipitation clouds from the Bay of Bengal and the Nujiang River and is affected by the topographic and climatic conditions of the Tibetan Plateau.     

青藏高原水源涵养能力时空变化规律

利用水均衡原理和地表能量平衡原理定量评估青藏高原地区水源涵养量,利用多年降雨和蒸发数据研究青藏高原水源涵养能力在空间上的分布状况及其随时间的变化过程,探讨近几十年来青藏高原水源涵养能力时空变化规律。结果表明,近几十年来青藏高原主要形成了3个水源涵养量持续减少的中心区域和2个水源涵养量增强的区域,其中水源涵养能力减弱的区域主要分布于雅鲁藏布江源头、青藏高原南部边缘地带和青海省东部与甘肃交界地带;水源涵养能力增强的区域主要分布于雅鲁藏布江中游河谷地带、澜沧江和金沙江中游河谷地带。     

川西高原岷江上游河流阶地初步研究

基于岷江上游干流阶地地貌的野外观察和阶地沉积物的ESR年代测定,结合前人阶地测年数据,阐述了岷江上游干流晚第四纪阶地的形成过程和河谷下切历史,探讨了阶地演化对岷山和龙门山构造带隆升的响应过程。      

贵州涟江惠水段河流阶地特征与地貌演化研究

贵州涟江惠水段级次清晰的四级阶地是流域地貌阶段性演化的直观记录。笔者等利用差分GPS测量法精确厘定了涟江阶地的级序和高程,结合剖面观测发现从上游到下游,涟江惠水段阶地标高和级差逐渐降低,地貌面整体呈“收拢”趋势;阶地沉积物呈现砾石层厚度变小,砾石含量降低、砾径减小,砂质沉积占比增大趋势;阶地类型从基座阶地为主向堆积阶地为主演变。光释光(OSL)测年显示,T1阶地埋藏年龄31.2±2.0 ka BP到14.7±1.3 ka BP,T2阶地122.4±8.5 ka BP到66.9±3.8 ka BP,阶地年龄与贵州高原其他流域十分相近,具有同步演化特征。结合阶地时代和发育特征,认为贵州高原河流阶地是构造运动的产物。涟江四级阶地记录了在更新世以来四次构造抬升背景下,流域经过多期自北向南“削高补低”的地貌改造,逐步由构造洼地演变为山间盆地的地貌过程。