有机凝胶调剖剂强度的剪切恢复性能研究

采用动态剪切实验研究了两种有机凝胶类调剖剂强度的剪切恢复性能,通过测定不同条件下凝胶体系的储能模量／耗能模量和相位角的变化,分析了在聚交比一定的条件下,聚合物浓度、温度以及交联剂类型对凝胶剪切后强度恢复性能的影响。结果表明：在一定的应力下,随着聚合物浓度的增加,凝胶的成交点频率向低频移动;相同聚合物浓度和放置时间下,有机金属交联型调剖剂的强度大于有机酚醛交联型调剖剂;同种凝胶体系,在聚交比一定的条件下,浓度高时体系强度的剪切恢复性能好;对于两种凝胶体系来说,温度升高使得体系的剪切恢复性能下降;有机金属交联的凝胶体系剪切恢复能力高于有机树脂交联的凝胶体系。     

江篱琼胶的研究——Ⅲ.琼胶产率与凝胶强度的季节变化

自本世纪四十年代开始,一些国家的科学工作者便着手研究利用江篱作为制造琼胶的原料。我国在1951年也开始这方面的研究工作,解决了江篱琼胶的凝胶强度问题,制成了质量良好的江篱琼胶,在六十年代建立了我国的江篱琼胶工业。江篱品种不同对琼胶的产率和凝胶强度影响很大。此外,由于采集季节不同,其琼胶产率和凝胶强度亦均有变化。1946年De Loach等人测定了7—11月采集的江篱(Gracilaria Verrucosa),发现7月采集的产率最高(34%),同时凝胶强度也最     

一种改进的琼胶凝胶强度测定器

琼胶(Agar),在我国有琼脂、洋粉、冻粉、洋菜等各种名称。它是由某些红藻如石花菜、江蓠等加热提取出来的一种天然高分子化合物,是海藻工业中的一种重要的产品。其化学组成为线形半乳糖胶的硫酸酯。 琼胶的凝胶强度通常是用凝股强度测定器测定其1%溶胶凝固后的凝胶的耐压强度,即于凝胶表面上施加压力至破裂时的重量即其强度。 目前,我国的琼胶制造工厂以及有关的水产科学研究机关和商品检验单位都很需要一个统一的测定方法,以便取得数据能够互相比较。在本文中我们用一种改进的凝胶强度测定器对于在实验室所制备的石花菜琼胶和江蓠琼胶进行了不同浓度和不同测定温度的实验。实验证实,该测定器使用上比较方便、准确,可供有关方面参考使用。     

耳突麒麟菜卡拉胶提取工艺条件的优化选择

通常,由于C_6和C_2上硫酸酯的存在,未经碱处理的耳突麒麟莱藻体中所含的卡拉胶的凝胶强度低。为提高产品凝胶强度,扩大应用范围,已有不少学者对“碱改性”处理工艺进行过大量研究。作者在实验中直接采用NaOH溶液于不同温度条件下处理菲律宾     

几种鱼皮胶原蛋白的理化特性及其影响因素

利用水产加工废弃物研究了鳙鱼、鲈鱼、鲫鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的氨基酸组成、粘度、凝胶强度、热变性温度(Td)等理化特性及其影响因素。结果表明,在0．1mol／L的乙酸溶液中鱼皮胶原蛋白溶液的粘度随着胶原蛋白浓度的增大而增大,随着温度的升高而下降。热水法提取鳙鱼、鲈鱼、鲫鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的热变性温度分别为30℃,25℃,27℃。鱼皮胶原蛋白的凝胶强度则随着粘度、温度、pH值、外加介质等的变化而变化。     

江蓠琼胶产率、物理性质和化学组成的季节变化

六十年代以前,我国主要用石花菜作琼胶原料,为弥补石花菜资源的不足,我们开展了用江蓠制造琼胶的研究,并取得了成功,使江蓠也成了制造琼胶的良好原料。但是,由于江蓠的种类、生长环境和采集季节等的不同,所含琼胶的数量及其物理化学性质变化很大,有的产琼胶率高、质量好,有的则很差。1946年美国的DeLoach分析了江蓠(G.verrucosa)的琼胶产率和凝胶强度的季节变化。其后,John等人研究了加纳齿江蓠(G.dentata)。Hoyle研究了夏威夷的脆江蓠(G.bursapastoris)和伞房江蓠(G.coronpifolia)的琼胶产率和凝胶强度的季节变化。Oza除测定了印度的皮江蓠(G.corticata)     

不同碱处理法制造江蓠琼胶的比较

为了扩大制造琼胶的原料来源,弥补石花菜的不足,早在三十年代就有人开始研究利用江蓠来制造琼胶。研究的主要问题是如何提高江蓠琼胶的凝胶强度。1936年柳川最早发现用碱加热处理能提高江蓠琼胶的凝胶强度。其后陆续出现了不同的碱处理法。归纳起来可分为四类:一是低浓度碱热处理法;二是高浓度碱冷处理法;三是高浓度碱中溫处理法;四是中浓度碱热处理法。这些方     

异枝麒麟菜和扇形叉枝藻卡拉胶的研究

于１９８８－１９９０年以海南文昌海藻养殖场进口的异枝麒麟菜和在山东省青岛市采集的扇形叉枝藻为材料进行多糖产率，凝胶强度、粘度、凝固点、融点、硫酸酯和３．６－内醚－半乳糖含量分析，同时用红外光谱和＾１３Ｃ－核磁共振波谱分析它们的组成结构。     

提取pH和温度对罗非鱼(Tilapia zillii)鱼鳞明胶特性的影响

以罗非鱼(Tilapia zillii)鱼鳞为原料, 考察提取pH和温度对明胶蛋白组分及其性质的影响。结果表明, 鱼鳞明胶蛋白在浸提pH大于5时容易发生酶解, pH小于3时会发生热降解, 而在pH 4下酶解和热降解均被有效抑制。在pH 4下利用40℃浸提明胶时, 蛋白的提取率只有1.84%, 提取的明胶中亚氨基酸比例低而钙、磷、钠、镁等矿物质含量高, 因而无法形成凝胶和蛋白膜。当浸提温度提高到50℃及以上时, 明胶提取率大幅增加, 明胶中亚氨基酸比例上升且矿物质含量比例下降。另外, 在pH 4、70℃下浸提的明胶其凝胶强度可达283g, 可形成机械强度为50MPa的蛋白膜, 表明该条件提取的鱼鳞明胶具有替代哺乳动物明胶的潜力。     

石花菜酸预处理的研究

文报道了有关石花菜酸预处理时的实验条件和所取得的结果。石花菜在O℃和30‰H_2SO_4、50℃和1‰H_2SO_4、30℃和2—3‰H_2SO_4等三种不同条件下进行预处理,出胶率和凝胶强度均可取得较好效果。经比较,最后确认30℃和2—3‰H_2SO_4为石花菜酸预处理的适宜条件,具有工业化生产的实用价值。     

淀粉系列海上溢油凝油剂的制备与凝油性能

利用玉米淀粉的羧甲基化与酯化等方法改性合成了一系列海上溢油凝油剂，实验发现，当羧甲基取代度足够时，凝油剂的凝油性能随酯化度的增加而增大，当酯化度足够时，羧甲基淀粉酯凝油剂的凝油性能随羧甲羧甲基取代度的增加而增大，凝油性能还与凝油剂中多价金属离子的种类，油品的种类和脂肪酸的碳原子数目有关，凝油性能随水盐度变化很小，即凝油剂对淡水水面溢面仍然有效，凝油性能随油品不同差异较大，对具有一定极性的油的胶凝作用比对非极性油的胶凝作用更强，对水面的原因及植物油比对燃料油具有更好的胶凝效果。     

CA-CTA混合膜中“气泡”的观测与消除

我们在制备CA-CTA混合膜(二醋酸纤维素-三醋酸纤维素混合膜)用于反渗透试验时,发现刮制的大部分膜具有“气泡”。这种气泡一般呈圆球形,用普通光学显微镜即可观察到。我们挑选了气泡较少的膜进行过反渗透现场运行试验,结果运行时间不长,由于气泡破裂,膜的脱盐率明显下降。由此可见,气泡的存在对于膜的脱盐性能已有着极为不利的影响。     

Effects of fly ash and slag content on the solidification of river-dredged sludge

Abstract

River-dredged sludge has a high water content and minimal bearing capacity and strength. Adding cement, fly ash, and slag to dredged sludge as a combined curing agent can quickly reduce its water content and improve its strength. This study experimentally investigates the solidification effectiveness of different proportions of curing agents using methods including electron microscopy, particle size analysis, water ratio limit, and water content and direct shear tests. The water content and shear strength of different combined curing agents are obtained at different ages. We find that an optimum curing agent combination exists. With increases in fly ash and slag content, test results indicate that the water content of solidified sludge first decreases and then increases, whereas the shear strength first increases and then decreases, allowing an optimal combination curing agent to be obtained. When using industrial waste residue as curing agent, it is necessary to consider the negative effects of the curing agent to better control the dosage so as to achieve better curing effect.     

长心卡帕藻愈伤组织的诱导与其形态建成的初步研究

以PES液体培养基、固体培养基,采用正交设计,开展了长心卡帕藻(Kappaphycus alvarezii)棕色藻株组织培养和愈伤组织诱导实验,探索了蔗糖、光强、植物生长调节剂对新芽形成和愈伤组织形成的影响,结果表明,固体培养基、IBA、6-BA处理可诱导该藻产生愈伤组织,同时固体培养基更利于诱导形成愈伤组织;显微跟踪观察显示,该藻愈伤组织与高等植物的疏松愈伤组织不同,由细丝状细胞组成,系藻枝段中心髓部细胞脱分化形成的致密型愈伤组织;另外,愈伤枝段比新芽枝段有更高的光合和呼吸速率。     

Preparation and Properties of Embeddable Ag/Ag Cl Gelling Reference Electrode for Rebars Corrosion Monitoring in Concrete

Reference electrodes are a key part for corrosion monitoring and measurement of rebars in concrete. A reference electrode that can be buried in concrete is fabricated by using Ag/Ag Cl electrode and methyl cellulose gelling electrolyte. The stability, repeatability and anti-polarization of the reference electrode are investigated; the influences of the inner electrolyte loss, exterior OH- contamination, and temperature on the potential of the reference electrode are also investigated in this paper. The results show that the reference electrode has good stability, repeatability, and antipolarization. The influences of inner electrolyte loss, exterior OH- contamination, and temperature on the potential of the reference electrode are minimal. Therefore, it can be used for corrosion monitoring and measurement of rebars in concrete.     

Preparation and Properties of Embeddable Ag/AgCl Gelling Reference Electrode for Rebars Corrosion Monitoring in Concrete

Reference electrodes are a key part for corrosion monitoring and measurement of rebars in concrete. A reference electrode that can be buried in concrete is fabricated by using Ag/AgCl electrode and methyl cellulose gelling electrolyte. The stability, repeatability and anti-polarization of the reference electrode are investigated; the influences of the inner electrolyte loss, exterior OH? contamination, and temperature on the potential of the reference electrode are also investigated in this paper. The results show that the reference electrode has good stability, repeatability, and anti- polarization. The influences of inner electrolyte loss, exterior OH? contamination, and temperature on the potential of the reference electrode are minimal. Therefore, it can be used for corrosion monitoring and measurement of rebars in concrete.     

海洋路由勘测对海底光缆工程的影响分析

介绍了水深、海底坡度、土壤剪切强度以及潮流、雷暴等海洋路由各勘测要素及其在海底光缆通信施工中的作用,并对它们在施工中的作用及其必要性进行了评价,从而使海洋路由勘测与施工的需要结合得更紧密,更具有针对性。     

Analysis of Wave Loads on A Semi-Submersible Platform

For the global and structural fatigue strength analysis of a semi-submersible platform, wave loads under design conditions are calculated by use of the three-dimensional boundary element method. Methods for calculating the forward-speed free-surface Green function are discussed and a computer program with this Green function is developed. According to the special rules, the wave loads under several typical design conditions of the platform are calculated. The maximum vertical bending moment, torsion moment and horizontal split force are determined from a series of contour maps of wave loads for the wave period of 5 to 18 seconds at a certain interval and the wave phase of 0°to 360°at a certain interval. The wave height is determined by the function of wave period with a given exceedance probability. The maximum wave loads under the combination of wave parameters are used as the input of hydrodynamic pressure in the three-dimensional finite element analysis process. The transfer functions of wave loads     

Behavior of Marine Clay Subjected to Cyclic Loading with Sustained Shear Stress

Foundations of offshore structures are designed to withstand a combination of static and cyclic loads due to ocean waves. Wave action on offshore structures can cause a significant amount of cyclic horizontal and vertical forces to be transmitted to the soil through the foundation. In all these cases, these cyclic loads are considered to be superimposed over the initial sustained static stress due to the self-weight of structures. This study considers various factors that influence the development of deformation and pore water pressure in a typical cemented marine clay. These results show that the sustained static shear stress significantly influences the strength and deformation behavior of marine clay under cyclic loading. Up to a certain range of sustained static stress, there is an improvement in strength during cyclic loading and the cyclic strains are greatly reduced.     

Behavior of Marine Clay Subjected to Cyclic Loading with Sustained Shear Stress

Foundations of offshore structures are designed to withstand a combination of static and cyclic loads due to ocean waves. Wave action on offshore structures can cause a significant amount of cyclic horizontal and vertical forces to be transmitted to the soil through the foundation. In all these cases, these cyclic loads are considered to be superimposed over the initial sustained static stress due to the self-weight of structures. This study considers various factors that influence the development of deformation and pore water pressure in a typical cemented marine clay. These results show that the sustained static shear stress significantly influences the strength and deformation behavior of marine clay under cyclic loading. Up to a certain range of sustained static stress, there is an improvement in strength during cyclic loading and the cyclic strains are greatly reduced.