桂北地区中元古代层状锡矿化的发现及其意义

在桂北地区,部分锡多金属矿体产于四堡中期(约1600Ma)的镁铁质和超镁铁质侵入-喷出杂岩中。对于其成因,一些学者认为是镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩原始富锡,经区域变质作用而聚集成矿。但由于锡矿床全部分布于雪峰期黑云母花岗岩体内外接触带的断裂中,其成矿时代(700—820Ma)与区域变质作用时代(340—450Ma)不吻合等,故上述的成因认识迄今尚未得到大多数地质工作者的承认。笔者经过近五年的工作,从多方面证明了桂北地区的锡矿床与雪峰期黑云母花岗岩有着密切的成因联系,后者不仅是成矿的能源,而且也是成矿的物质来源。锡矿床与其周围的铜、铅、锌和锑矿床构成了一个完整的成矿系列。     

超镁铁岩的REE特点及其对青海德尔尼铜钴矿的成因意义

不同成因的超镁铁岩具有不同的ＲＥＥ特点。与硫化镍矿有关的侵入超镁铁岩有较高的ＲＥＥ含量，富集轻稀土；蛇绿岩套中的变质橄缆岩ＲＥＥ含量较低，以“Ｕ”型或轻稀土亏损型为特点。德尔尼超镁铁岩体有变质橄缆岩的ＲＥＥ特征，属蛇绿岩套的一部分，为地幔物质低度部分熔融的产物，部分熔融程度约为５％。德尔尼铜矿属火山成因的块状硫化物矿床，由于构造作用致使矿体产于超镁铁岩中。阿尼玛卿山地区铜钴矿的找矿方向是原布青山群     

与镁铁－超镁铁质岩石有关的矿床类型

本文综述了近年来的研究成果,介绍了与镁铁质-超镁铁质岩有关的矿床类型和成矿作用。重点讨论的矿种有钒钛磁铁矿、铜-镍、铬铁矿、磁铁矿、铂族、钴、金、镁、磷灰石、金刚石、石棉、蛭石、宝玉石等,涉及的矿床成因类型主要有:岩浆型(包括岩浆熔离、贯入、分异和爆发型)、热液型、矽卡岩型、变质型、火山喷溢型、风化型(包括风化壳和砂矿)以及复合型等。从勘查找矿考虑,可从含矿镁铁-超镁铁质岩石类型入手,结合矿床成因类型和产出构造环境因素,将矿床分为与深成岩、浅成岩和喷出岩有关的三大类和若干亚类矿床,并详细介绍了各类的主要矿床类型、成矿地质特征、成因特点和矿床实例。在此基础上,对与镁铁-超镁铁质岩有关的成矿作用进行了4个层次讨论,包括单一矿床的复合成矿作用、杂岩体本身的不同矿床类型和矿种的组合、不同镁铁-超镁铁质岩套之间的伴生,以及与非超镁铁质岩套的共生与组合。     

香花岭锡多金属矿田成矿地质条件及矿床成因探讨

在研究香花岭锡多金属矿田内地质构造、赋矿地层及含锡花岗岩发育特征及其控矿作用后、认为赋矿地层具有成矿物质初始富集特征:花岗岩属于具高难度、适度富碱、贫钙镁铁.富合面矿元素和挥发组分、高度分异演化的陆壳重熔花岗岩、成矿性良好.总结了区内主要类型的锡多金属矿床基本地质特征,重点阐述了本区新发现的斑岩锡矿床地质特征.根据矿化富集与地层和花岗岩体的时空关系,锡石矿物地球化学特征,矿床稀土地球化学特征,矿物包裹体成分统计分析等最新研究成果,提出了锡多金属矿床的地层—花岗岩的“双控”成因.     

胶东变质超镁铁—镁铁质岩石的地球化学特征及地幔源区性质

本文以地球化学方法为研究手段,结合野外宏观地质特征,论述了胶东地区前寒武纪变质建造中超镁铁—镁铁质岩石的地球化学性质及其成因。研究结果表明,该区超镁铁—镁铁质岩石为地幔不同程度熔融的产物,超镁铁质岩石相当于科马提岩类;镁铁质岩石为拉斑玄武岩类,并按橄榄质科马提岩→玄武质科马提岩→拉斑玄武岩演化系列的化学组成表现出连续的变化趋势。 拉斑玄武岩中的微量元素(主要是稀土元素)地球化学特征表明,其形成环境与现代板块构造的典型火山(岛)孤或孤后盆地环境相类似,并反映出地幔源区具有“富集型”地幔的特点,且存在着地幔不均一性。     

大厂锡矿床成因综合分析及成矿模式

本文通过对大厂锡多金属矿床区域成矿地质环境、矿体形态特征、原生金属-矿物分带、矿床地球化学的综合分析与研究,论述了该矿床在许多方面具有喷气沉积成因的特点。为此,我们把大厂锡多金属矿床与块状硫化物矿床、绿岩带金矿床及某些层控锡矿床进行了对比,从而明确了大厂锡矿属于含锡块状硫化物型层控锡矿床。本文还从发展、演化的角度,对大厂层控锡矿形成后的变形-变质作用进行了系统研究,阐明了同生与后生地质现象同时存在的原因,解决了对该矿床所提出彼此矛盾成因假说的难题。最后,建立了大厂锡矿的成因模式,并探讨了该超大型锡矿形成的特殊地质环境。     

东天山黄山东和黄山西铜镍硫化物矿床含矿超镁铁岩的成岩-成矿作用机制:来自斜长石成分的约束

东天山黄山东和黄山西镁铁-超镁铁岩是区域早二叠世大规模幔源岩浆作用的产物,赋存有两个大型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床.黄山东和黄山西矿床的主要矿体均赋存于超镁铁岩中,其含矿超镁铁岩的成因机制研究对揭示区域铜镍硫化物成矿作用机制具有重要意义.本文对黄山东和黄山西含矿超镁铁岩进行了详细的电子背散射图像研究,发现其斜长石斑晶存在显著的不平衡结构,并系统进行了电子探针成分剖面分析.结果显示斜长石具有剧烈变化的成分环带,其中黄山东超镁铁岩斜长石An值介于48.6~75.6,黄山西含矿超镁铁岩斜长石An值介于44.9~79.2,表明两个矿床含矿超镁铁岩的母岩浆在侵位过程中发生过显著的成分变化.结合黄山东和黄山西镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体地质特征,本文认为高分异镁铁质岩浆的加入导致了低分异超镁铁质岩浆成分发生显著变化,致使岩浆硫化物熔离,以及黄山东和黄山西大型铜镍硫化物矿床的形成.      

红旗岭―茶尖岭矿带部分含矿岩体时代认识——从陆壳、岩石圈角度认识含矿镁铁-超镁铁质岩体时代

红旗岭―茶尖岭矿带发育镁铁-超镁铁岩体(岩墙群)及铜镍硫化物矿床。关于该矿带含矿岩体时代的观点包括华力西期和印支期。含铜镍硫化物矿床的镁铁-超镁铁岩体(岩墙群)发育要件:初始成熟陆壳、较薄的岩石圈、拉张应力背景,三者缺一不可。只有符合地质事实、符合矿带含铜镍矿镁铁-超镁铁岩体(岩墙群)发育要件的同位素定年数据,才能代表含矿岩体的成岩成矿时代。红旗岭—茶尖岭矿带印支期不具备含矿镁铁-超镁铁岩体(岩墙群)产出的要件。华力西期350Ma,矿带具备红旗岭1号、7号含中、大型铜镍硫化物矿床的镁铁-超镁铁岩体产出的要件,理应代表1号、7号岩体时代;华力西期258Ma,矿带具备茶尖岭包括1号、6号、新6号等含小型铜镍硫化物矿床的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体产出的要件,均代表茶尖岭矿区的镁铁-超镁铁岩体的时代。     

论造山带中超镁铁岩的成对分布

文中把俯冲-碰撞型造山带中出露的超镁铁岩分为蛇绿岩型和火山弧型两类,后者又细分为义敦型、阿拉斯加型及橄榄岩-闪长岩型等三个亚类。在同一造山带内,如果蛇绿岩与火山弧型超镁铁岩在空间上相伴分布,侵位的时间相近,则可共同组成一对超镁铁岩带。蛇绿岩代表封闭的洋盆残迹,而火山弧型岩体则来自过渡壳之下、消减带之上的地幔楔。文中还概述了造山带中成对超镁铁岩的分布、产出条件及其在造山带研究中的意义。     

大别山超高压变质镁铁－超镁铁岩中钛斜硅镁石（±钛粒硅镁石）—菱镁矿组合成因

大别山超高压变质镁铁－超镁铁岩中钛斜硅镁石（±钛粒硅镁石）—菱镁矿组合成因樊祺诚，刘若新，徐平，张旗，赵大升，马宝林（国家地震局地质研究所．北京１０００２９）（中国科学院地质研究所．北京１０００２９）关键词大别山，镁铁－超镁铁岩，钛斜硅镁石（±钛粒硅...     

Relationship between petroleum reservoir rocks and source rocks

A substantial fraction of sandstones containing commercial quantities of oil are proposed to be in contact with source rocks which produce oil. For these situations the quantity of oil collected in a sandstone is proportional to the area of contact with a source rock of relatively low permeability, rather than to the total thickness of the potential source rock. It is inferred that source rocks along the upper or lower faces of a sandstone should produce more oil into the sandstone than source rocks lateral to the sandstone. Semiquantitative estimates of the thickness or width of required source rock are obtained. The arguments and results are based on published statistical studies and the assumption that a degree of geometrical similarity exists among sandstones.     

KREEP Rocks

KREEP rocks with high contents of K, REE and P were first recognized in Apollo-12 samples, and it was confirmed later that there were KREEP rock fragments in all of the Apollo samples, particularly in Apollo-12 and -14 samples. The KREEP rocks distributed on the lunar surface are the very important objects of study on the evolution of the moon, as well as to evaluate the utilization prospect of REE in KREEP rocks. Based on previous studies and lunar exploration data, the authors analyzed the chemical and mineral characteristics of KREEP rocks, the abundance of Th on the lunar surface materials, the correlation between Th and REE of KREEP rocks in abundance, studied the distribution regions of KREEP rocks on the lunar surface, and further evaluated the utilization prospect of REE in KREEP rocks.     

碳酸盐岩地区古风化壳岩溶储层

世界整装大油气田均以海相盆地为主,储集类型首推碳酸盐岩岩溶孔洞＋裂缝.岩溶发育的程度除相控外,层序不整合界面与区域性地层不整合面的复合面,在表生成岩作用环境下可形成碳酸盐岩古风化壳型岩溶.塔里木盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系古喀斯特油气藏的重大突破,佐证了碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的特殊意义.我国海相盆地碳酸盐岩风化壳岩溶的形成和演化,均与加里东构造旋回中的幕次古隆起和海平面下降共耦,埋藏期和热水溶蚀的叠加可改善岩溶的储集性能.在大面积覆盖的油气田区预测古风化壳型的岩溶储层,可通过地震剖面追踪区域性地层不整合面和层序界面,圈出古岩溶的时空展布、推测古岩溶地貌以及与不同层位岩性相的关系.孔洞充填方解石与碳酸盐围岩的氧碳同位素有别,前者的Z值小于120,是反馈淡水岩溶环境的重要标志之一.     

Tellurium in rocks

Twenty different rocks have been analyzed for tellurium by atomic absorption. The average tellurium content of 12 igneous rocks is 82 p.p.b., with a range, 3.4 p.p.b. ≥ Te = 210 p.p.b. In ultrabasic rocks, the tellurium content is ? 10 p.p.b. Of the rocks analyzed, carbonates showed the highest Te content, 1–2 p.p.m., and the tellurium concentrations in 6 sedimentary rocks decrease in the following order: carbonates > shales > sandstones.     

Britain's oldest rocks

In August 1994, Britain's top science journal, Nature, announced that a team of scientists working at the University of Cambridge had found Europe's oldest rocks at a remote location near to Gruinard Bay in the Scottish Highlands. They reported ancient volcanic rocks with an age of 3300 million years. This was more than 300 million years older than any age previously measured on rocks in the British Isles and between 100 and 200 million years older than any rocks known in Europe. The discovery of itself is in many ways unremarkable, for much older rocks are known from ancient continental shield areas in Canada, Australia and Greenland. What was important was that the reported age did not agree with any of the other measured ages known within the British Isles. This was highlighted in a comment in the same issue of Nature, which suggested that the new data were so important that they require a massive revision of our views on the earliest history of the British Isles. For other scientists, however, the conflict between these new data and previously reported ages began to raise questions about the methods employed in dating the 'oldest rocks'.     

The Precambrian rocks

Bauxite deposits in Gippsland are small, low in grade, and buried under a thick cover of Tertiary sands. Occurring at various stratigraphic levels in the Thorpdale volcanic sequence, they are also texturally and compositionally primitive and hence now presumably fossilised. Although broadly comparable with deposits in Tasmania and New England, they show few obvious analogies with other Australian bauxites. Profile studies reveal a somewhat erratic vertical mineralogical zonation which can, at least in part, be accounted for by assuming a degree of post‐bauxitisation planation so that some profiles are now truncated. Some profiles show gibbsite increasing with depth and at least in the Boolarra profile this has significant genetic implications. Here, during submergence of the lateritic surface, rising carbonated connate waters precipitated scarbroite and this, with subsequent renewed leaching, decomposed initially to form nordstrandite, and finally gibbsite.     

碳酸盐岩与泥质烃源岩生气规律对比研究

配制了两套成熟度相近的碳酸盐岩和泥质岩丰度系列样品。采用半封闭外加温加压式热压模拟装置对碳酸盐岩的生烃情况进行了热模拟实验，研究了碳酸盐岩生气量随成熟度和温度变化的趋势，探讨了碳酸盐岩生气的变化规律。碳酸盐岩与泥质岩的生烃潜力是有机质质量和有机质丰度的函数，与岩性无关；碳酸盐岩的产气规律与泥质岩相似，而且两者产烃的量级也相当，并不存在碳酸盐岩生排烃效率高的现象；碳酸盐岩和泥质岩总有机碳(TOC)含量在热模拟过程中基本上不发生变化；不同岩性的有机质的产烃效率主要受温度和有机质类型决定。     

Uranium in metamorphic rocks

The distribution of U has been studied in two metamorphic rock-series with a gradient of regional metamorphism. One series ranges from the lowest greenschist to amphibolite facies and the other one shows increasing metamorphic grade from amphibolite to granulite facies. Several medium and high pressure granulitic inclusions from alkali basalts were also analyzed. The abundances of U in the rocks do not appear to be affected by metamorphism below the granulite facies grade. Granulites are depleted in U in comparison with equivalent rocks of amphibolite facies grade. There are also differences in their U distribution, as the bulk of U in amphibolite facies rocks is located along the fractures and cleavage planes of ferro-magnesian minerals and in U-rich accessories, while in granulites, most of the U resides in accessory minerals. It seems that the depletion of U in granulites is due to a loss of U which is not located in accessory minerals or in the crystal structure of rock-forming minerals and may also be related to a migration of hydrous fluids, perhaps during dehydration.     

Fluids in metamorphic rocks

Basic principles for the study of fluid inclusions in metamorphic rocks are reviewed and illustrated. A major problem relates to the number of inclusions, possibly formed on a wide range of P–T conditions, having also suffered, in most cases, extensive changes after initial trapping. The interpretation of fluid inclusion data can only be done by comparison with independent P–T estimates derived from coexisting minerals, but this requires a precise knowledge of the chronology of inclusion formation in respect to their mineral host.

The three essential steps in any fluid inclusion investigation are described: observation, measurements, and interpretation. Observation, with a conventional petrographic microscope, leads to the identification and relative chronology of a limited number of fluid types (same overall composition, eventually changes in fluid density). For the chronology, the notion of GIS (Group of synchronous inclusions) is introduced. It should serve as a systematic basis for the rest of the study. Microthermometry measurements, completed by nondestructive analyses (mostly micro-Raman), specify the composition and density of the different fluid types. The major problem of density variability can be significantly reduced by simple considerations of the shape of density histograms, allowing elimination of a great number of inclusions having suffered late perturbations. Finally, the interpretation is based on the comparison between few isochores, representative of the whole inclusion population, and P–T mineral data. Essential is a clear perception of the relative chronology between the different isochores. When this is possible, as illustrated by the complicated case of the granulites from Central Kola Peninsula, a good interpretation of the fluid inclusion data can be done. If not, fluid inclusions will not tell much about the metamorphic evolution of the rocks in which they occur.