BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA*

In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urban area in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered structure of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heights and morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heat and moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is presented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed during the transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise.     

基于微波辐射计和气溶胶激光雷达的边界层高度研究及应用

分别基于微波辐射计温湿度廓线资料的气块法、位温法和比湿法,地面气象资料的罗氏法及气溶胶激光雷达数据的梯度法,计算得出广州地区大气边界层高度,对比分析5种边界层高度结果及其与气象条件、空气质量之间的关系,结合典型大气污染过程分析边界层高度对PM_2.5、O₃浓度的影响。结果显示：(1)利用位温法、气块法、罗氏法、比湿法和梯度法计算得出广州地区平均边界层高度分别为2 207 m、1 239 m、901 m、717 m和660 m,位温法显著高估了广州地区的边界层高度;(2)利用气块法得出的混合层高度日变化能够较好地表征白天大气边界层演变特征,利用气块法和比湿法得出的白天混合层高度与近地面O₃浓度有显著的正相关关系,相关系数在0.5以上,在O₃污染防治中,应同时考虑边界层内垂直输送的影响;(3)利用梯度法得出的边界层高度在污染天气时与PM_2.5浓度的相关性较好,能较好地表现出大气污染情况,在PM_2.5污染天气过程分析中具有较好的应用价值。     

涡动相关仪探测台风边界层动量通量特征分析

台风的发展维持受制于自身(内部结构)及与下垫面间的通量传输过程,利用台风“利奇马”登陆前后的涡动相关仪观测数据,分析台风过境前后地面要素变化及动量通量特征。分析结果表明：台风过境期间,地面气象要素在短时间内出现急剧的变化,动量通量在台风登陆过程中显示出“三峰”的结构,对应的摩擦速度随风速的变化以10 m/s为分界线,低风速下呈现明显的正相关性,高风速时则慢慢转为持平甚至回落;能谱分析中,峰值主要存在于0.000 2 Hz和0.06 Hz的位置上,另有一位于0.001 Hz外的较弱峰值;能量贡献上,大尺度系统占据主导作用,但中尺度对流系统与湍流尺度运动在能量贡献中同样不可忽视。     

近地层组合法确定湍流通量精度的研究

近地层组合法的实质是将廓线法和地面能量平衡方程联立而计算湍流参数和通量的一种方法。本文利用实测的脉动场和平均场的同步梯度资料研究组合法的精确性及其应用价值。     

南极近地层大气的热量逆梯度输送现象

根据南极中山站观测结果 ,分析了南极地区近地层热量逆梯度输送的现象。结果表明南极地区在近地层逆温较明显时 ,常会出现热量逆梯度输送的现象 ;同时也探讨了近地层在稳定层结条件下 ,热量逆梯度输送通量的多尺度计算方法。计算结果表明 ,逆梯度输送的感热通量主要是由浮力湍涡的穿越能力决定的 ,而经典的梯度输送公式在该场合下无法使用。     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphereboundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures ofatmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged inprimary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation fordiurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetationevaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulentmomentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used tostudy the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in cityregions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscalemodel.     

陆面过程和大气边界层相互作用敏感性实验

文中建立了一个研究陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用的模式。模拟了草原下垫面的土壤 环境物理、地面热量通量、蒸发、蒸散及大气边界层结构特征。并对主要的环境物理参数进 行了敏感性实验。结果表明，本模式能合理地模拟地表热量平衡、土壤体积含水量、植被蒸 发阻抗、地表水汽通量日变化和湍流交换系数、湍流动能、位温和比湿廓线等。该模式还可 进一步应用于研究城市陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制，及与中尺度大气模式耦合用于区域气候的研究。     

A diagnostic analysis on the effect of the residual layer in convective boundary layer development near Mongolia using 20th century reanalysis data

Although the residual layer has already been noted in the classical diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer,its effect on the development of the convective boundary layer has not been well studied. In this study, based on 3-hourly20 th century reanalysis data, the residual layer is considered as a common layer capping the convective boundary layer. It is identified daily by investigating the development of the convective boundary layer. The region of interest is bounded by(30°–60° N, 80°–120° E), where a residual layer deeper than 2000 m has been reported using radiosondes. The lapse rate and wind shear within the residual layer are compared with the surface sensible heat flux by investigating their climatological means, interannual variations and daily variations. The lapse rate of the residual layer and the convective boundary layer depth correspond well in their seasonal variations and climatological mean patterns. On the interannual scale, the correlation coefficient between their regional averaged(40°–50°N, 90°–110° E) variations is higher than that between the surface sensible heat flux and convective boundary layer depth. On the daily scale, the correlation between the lapse rate and the convective boundary layer depth in most months is still statistically significant during 1970–2012. Therefore, we suggest that the existence of a deep neutral residual layer is crucial to the formation of a deep convective boundary layer near the Mongolian regions.     

CONCENTRATION AND FLUX OF CO_2, TURBULENCE FLUXES AND RADIATION BALANCE IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OVER WHEAT FIELD

The gradient of CO_2 concentration, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). net radiation.soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above awheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing,China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated byusing the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, theerrors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. Theresults show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO_2 concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0. 86.3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm: the average CO_2 concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppmfor the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction ofthe CO_2 fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon (1100 to 1300 BT (BeijingTime)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO_2 fluxes andgradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning (0400 to0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO_2 flux and the net radiation (Rn),available energy (H LE). photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and momentum flux (τ).     

通量-方差法估算沿海近地面层的湍流通量分析

利用通量-方差法,通过确定速度和温度归一化标准差与稳定度之间的变化关系,估算出东南沿海地区的湍流动量通量和感热通量。我们发现在中性条件下 并不像Tillman等认为是常数,而是随稳定度参数按指数形式变化。与涡动协方差相关测量系统测量结果进行比较发现,通量-方差方法估算结果与测量值两者符合得较好,相关性高,动量通量的相关系数为0.87,而感热通量的为0.95。利用该方法估算沿海近地面层的湍流通量具有一定的代表性。     

南海季风建立前后珠江三角洲的陆气热量交换与热力边界层结构特征

根据动力与热力指标,2004和2005年南海季风建立前后可分成明显的4个阶段--季风建立前的雨期、非雨期;季风建立后的活跃期与非活跃期.对2004和2005年南海季风建立前后的广州番禺综合外场观测资料进行分析,得到了这4个阶段陆气热量交换与热力边界层的主要特征净辐射与净短波辐射的变化趋势基本一致,净短波辐射与净长波辐射之比为3.49-4.81,净短波辐射是净辐射的主要贡献项,云量与降水是控制净短波辐射与净辐射的直接因素;季风活跃期间午间对流云系对太阳辐射衰减显著,造成了辐射各分量以及热通量的峰值区变窄,量值急剧变小;季风建立前后感热与潜热均是净辐射的主要消耗项,占净辐射的90%以上,潜热明显大于感热,2005年较2004年潜热的分配额有明显的增加,其原因可能与近地层的风速较大,总是维持向上的湿度梯度有关;季风建立前后除季风活跃期外边界层位温结构均具有明显的日变化特征,午间混合层可发展至1070 m,而季风活跃期间午间混合层发展受到对流云释放潜热的抑制,导致季风活跃期混合层消失的现象,分析还发现季风建立前后各阶段夜间残余混合层均不明显.分析表明引起陆气能量过程及边界层热力结构差异的关键因素之一是云系与降水,加强边界层过程与降水宏微观过程相互作用的研究是深入认识陆气过程与边界层结构特征的关键.     

北太平洋海水表层铅直热通量收支的季节变化及与海温的联系

分析表明，北太平洋中纬度地区海水表层铅直热通量收支的分布特征与海流密切有关。暖流区的受热相对较小或失热相对较大，冷流区则反之。海水表层铅直热通量收支的季节变化分别具有一年、半年和四个月三种周期，并分别与太阳辐射、海流以及大气环流等相系。海温变化的滞后时间，基本场为２个月，扰动场为１个月。     

下垫面特性突变时的内边界层数值研究

本文建立了一个考虑层结的二维内边界层数值模式,研究了下垫面粗糙度、温度、湿度突变引起的内边界层。结果表明:下垫面温度突变引起的温度内边界层与下垫面粗糙度突变引起的速度内边界层具有明显的差异。     

温室内土壤热量垂直通量及其对土壤热状况的影响

根据日光温室内外土壤温度的实测资料，计算了温室内外土壤热量垂直通量的平均日变化；利用热量平衡方程探讨了温室内土壤的增温效应，为推广和应用温室蔬菜栽培技术提供科学依据。     

ON THE PDF MODELS FOR ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION IN BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper, taking its turbulent exchange coefficient as a function of the Lagrangian timescale and standard variance of the turbulence in atmosphere, the atmospheric dispersion PDFmodels are obtained on the basis of atmospheric diffusion K-theory. In the model the statistics ofwind speed are directly used as its parameters instead of classic dispersion parameters. The bi-Gaussian PDF is derived in convective boundary layer (CBL), from the statistics of verticalvelocity in both of the downdraft and updraft regions that are investigated theoretically in the otherpart of this paper. Giving the driven parameters of the CBL (including the convective velocity scalew* and the mixing depth h_i) and the time-averaged wind speed at release level, the PDF model isable to simulate the distribution of concentration released at any levels in the CBL. The PDF'ssimulations are fairly consistent with the measurements in CONDORS experiment or the resultsbrought out by some numerical simulations.     

CONCENTRATION AND FLUX OF CO2, TURBULENCE FLUXES AND RADIATION BALANCE IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OVER WHEAT FIELD

The gradient of CO₂ concentration, photosynthetically active radiation(PAR). net radiation.soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above a wheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing,China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated by using the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, the errors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. The results show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO₂ concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0.86. 3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm:the average CO₂ concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppm for the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and 10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction of the CO₂ fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon(1100 to 1300 BT(Beijing Time)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO₂ fluxes and gradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning(0400 to 0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO₂ flux and the net radiation(R_n),available energy(H+LE). photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) and momentum flux(τ).     

农田近地面层CO2和湍流通量特征研究

利用１９８５年５月至６月在北京郊区中国科学院农业生态试验研究站的麦田中实测的小麦不同生长期的ＣＯ２浓度梯度、光合有效辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量和温度、湿度及风速梯度等量的数据，采用空气动力学方法，计算了ＣＯ２通量、感热通量、潜热通量和动量通量。并对观测场地、仪器设备、校准方法及误差分析进行了描述。结果表明：从５月１４日到６月１５日，在１ｍ，２ｍ和１０ｍ处，ＣＯ２浓度振幅的日变化分别为１０３．４到２７．５，８７．５到２７．３和６９．８到１１．５ｐｐｍ；光合型和呼吸型的平均ＣＯ２浓度分别为３４５．３，３５０．６，３５７．５ｐｐｍ和３７３．９，３６９．７，３６２．１ｐｐｍ。在白天，ＣＯ２通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（１１时到１３时）输送达到负的最大值。在夜间，ＣＯ２通量和梯度输送的方向与白天相反，并且，在早晨（４时到６时）达到正的最大值。ＣＯ２通量与净辐射（Ｒｎ）、可利用能（Ｈ＋ＬＥ）、光合有效辐射和动量通量之间有较好的相关关系     

EFFECTS OF OROGRAPHY AND AIR FLOW IN EKMAN BOUNDARY LAYER

It is convenient to use σ-coordinates to discuss the dynamic effect of orography and the flow inEkman boundary layer.In this paper,the theory of mixing length is generalized to the σ-coordinate system.Then the governing equations,describing the motion in the boundary layer over the mountain regions arederived.The features of flow in the boundary layer,especially the effects of Ekman pumping,are discussed indetails.It is pointed out that there are three factors affecting the vertical motion at the top of the boun-dary layer:(1)vorticity distribution in the boundary layer,which is directly related to the divergence andconvergence of air flow caused by friction,(2)the upslope or downslope motion of flow over the mountainslopes,and(3)the mutual effect of orography and friction induced by the ageostrophic component climbing up-ward or downward in the boundary layer over mountain regions.     

利用WRF对兰州冬季大气边界层的数值模拟

本文介绍了WRF中尺度模式的有关概况,分析了模式的物理结构,并利用WRF中尺度模式对河谷城市兰州冬季大气边界层的风场和温度场进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果与观测事实基本一致,表明WRF模式具有良好的稳定性能。     

UNCERTAINTY IN THE SPECIFICATION OF SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS: A STUDY OF PREDICTION ERRORS IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER

The effects of uncertainty in the specification of surface characteristics on simulated atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) processes and structure were investigated using a one-dimensional soil-vegetation-boundary layer model. Observational data from the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment were selected to quantify prediction errors in simulated boundary-layer parameters. Several numerical 12-hour simulations were performed to simulate the convective boundary-layer structure, starting at 0700 LT 6 June 1987.In the control simulation, measured surface parameters and atmospheric data were used to simulate observed boundary-layer processes. In the remaining simulations, five surface parameters – soil texture, initial soil moisture, minimum stomatal resistance, leaf area index, and vegetation cover – were varied systematically to study how uncertainty in the specification of these surface parameters affects simulated boundary-layer processes.The simulated uncertainty in the specification of these five surface parameters resulted in a wide range of errors in the prediction of turbulent fluxes, mean thermodynamic structure, and the depth of the ABL. Under certain conditions uncertainty in the specifications of soil texture and minimum stomatal resistance had the greatest influence on the boundary-layer structure. A lesser but still moderately strong effect on the simulated ABL resulted from (1) a small decrease (4%) in the observed initial soil moisture (although a large increase [40%] had only a marginal effect), and (2) a large reduction (66%) in the observed vegetation cover. High uncertainty in the specification of leaf area index had only a marginal impact on the simulated ABL. It was also found that the variations in these five surface parameters had a negligible effect on the simulated horizontal wind fields. On the other hand, these variations had a significant effect on the vertical distribution of turbulent heat fluxes, and on the predicted maximum boundary-layer depth, which varied from about 1400–2300 m across the 11 simulations. Thus, uncertainties in the specification of surface parameters can significantly affect the simulated boundary-layer structure in terms of meteorological and air quality model predictions.