摩擦-碟簧三维复合隔震支座的性能试验研究

对适用于大跨结构的摩擦-碟簧三维复合隔震支座进行了振动台试验研究,该支座在水平向和竖向分别采用摩擦滑移装置和碟型弹簧隔震。在水平向,试验重点测试了简谐激励和地震动激励下支座的滞回性能,考察了竖向荷载变化及地震动强度对隔震性能的影响,以期为建立水平隔震理论模型提供依据;在竖向,对碟型弹簧的等效阻尼比和等效刚度进行了测试,研究了竖向预压荷载和动力荷载对竖向滞回性能的影响。结果表明,复合隔震支座在水平向和竖向均具有较好的滞回性能,竖向等效阻尼比在0.10～0.15间,且随着预压荷载的增加而增大。     

三维隔震(振)支座的工程应用与现场测试

首先介绍了一种新型三维隔震(振)支座,该支座由联接件、竖向隔振支座和水平隔震支座组成。竖向隔振支座和水平隔震支座具有较小刚度,采用该类型支座的隔震结构,其竖向基频和水平基频可远离地铁、铁路振动和地震的主频,从而实现竖向隔振和水平隔震作用。其次介绍了该三维隔震(振)支座在某一地铁平台上部结构中的应用情况,对该类型支座进行了竖向性能和水平性能试验。最后对三维隔震(振)结构与传统结构进行了地铁运行时结构振动的对比测试。测试结果表明:三维隔震(振)系统对振动的高频信号具有显著衰减效果。     

一种新型三维隔震支座的试验研究

通过研究三维隔震支座与二维隔震支座力学性能的相关关系,对传统的蝶形弹簧改进,并将改进后的新型蝶形弹簧通过对合叠合的方式组成蝶形弹簧竖向隔震支座,与普通橡胶支座通过串联的方式组合成一个新型的三维隔震支座。对二维天然隔震橡胶支座(LNR)、碟形弹簧竖向隔震支座、三维隔震支座分别进行了水平方向和竖向力学性能试验,分析了独立状态下的二维隔震支座与三维隔震支座相互之间力学性能的关系,并对其规律进行了归纳和总结。试验结果表明:竖向弹簧片支座的竖向刚度随压应力的增加呈线性变化;在低频率情况下频率对其竖向刚度影响不大;三维隔震支座的水平刚度相对于独立状态下的LNR会略有降低;LNR对三维隔震支座的整体竖向刚度的影响不大。     

三维隔震连续梁桥近断层地震响应数值分析

以一座多跨连续梁桥为研究对象,根据水平和竖向预期隔震目标,计算确定了三维隔震支座相关力学参数。建立了三维隔震连续梁桥数值仿真模型,通过时程反应分析和数值仿真分析三维隔震多跨连续梁桥的地震反应,验证了三维隔震支座的水平和竖向隔震效果。研究结果表明,作者所提出的三维隔震支座具有适宜的水平和竖向隔震力学刚度和耗能能力。在近断层三维地震动作用下桥墩弯矩隔震效果达60%~70%,近断层脉冲型地震动会造成隔震支座过大的水平剪切变形,进而造成上部结构水平碰撞甚至支座剪切破坏。跨中竖向地震反应隔震效果达20%~40%,菱形钢板阻尼器的应用显著改善了组合碟形弹簧的竖向隔震效果。三维隔震技术是减轻桥梁结构多维地震动反应的有效途径之一,但脉冲型地震动作用可能会降低三维隔震支座的隔震效果,其影响程度和主要影响因素需进一步深入研究。     

隔震支座非线性特性的数值模拟

对隔震支座进行精细的数值仿真是准确模拟隔震支座力学特性的基础。在确定天然橡胶本构模型参数的基础上,采用有限元软件建立了不同形状系数的隔震支座模型,并对支座施加竖向荷载和水平循环往复位移荷载情形进行了动力特性分析。分析结果表明,铅芯橡胶隔震支座的水平刚度随轴压应力的增大而降低,但是变化幅度不大,而水平刚度随第一、第二形状系数的增大而提高。结果还表明隔震支座的力学特性可以采用数值方法进行准确模拟。     

低硬度橡胶隔震支座基本力学性能及恢复力特性

本研究对低硬度橡胶隔震支座的材料性能（主要包括力学性能）进行了系统的试验开发及理论研究。研究用低硬度橡胶隔震支座包括天然橡胶隔震支座及铅芯橡胶隔震支座两大类18种规格总计近30个大直径隔震支座。研究内容涉及橡胶隔震支座竖向刚度、水平刚度及阻尼等基本力学性能；压缩界限，屈曲及极限剪切变形等界限性能；温度、压力、剪切变形、老化和徐变等相关性及长期特性；同时还对橡胶材料其他性能进行了系统的试验研究。本文主要介绍低硬度天然橡胶隔震支座及铅芯橡胶隔震支座的基本力学性能，如竖向、水平刚度和恢复力等特性。     

SMA-橡胶支座的力学性能试验研究

SMA-橡胶支座是一种由叠层橡胶垫和形状记忆合金（SMA）复合而成的新型隔震支座。阐明了SMA-橡胶支座的设计思路和工作机理,通过SMA-橡胶支座实物模型的伪动力试验,考察了支座的水平和竖向刚度、耗能能力和等效阻尼比,研究了位移幅值、加载频率、竖向荷载等参数对支座力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,SMA-橡胶支座工作性能稳定,耗能能力较强,是一种性能优良的新型隔震装置。     

磁悬浮隔震支座竖向及水平刚度数值研究

基于电磁学原理,开发一种新型隔震支座——磁悬浮隔震支座。该支座在地震发生时能够利用电磁吸力使上部结构与基础脱离接触,从而避免地震动向上部结构传递。推导电磁悬浮隔震系统运动方程,采用ANSYS建立磁悬浮隔震支座有限元模型,数值分析支座的竖向及水平刚度随线圈安匝数、悬浮间隙和水平位移的变化规律。结果表明:磁悬浮隔震系统是一种主动变刚度隔震系统,竖向及水平刚度与安匝数、悬浮间隙和水平位移存在非线性关系。此外,竖向刚度可以通过调整电流达到"零刚度"状态,从而使上部结构在竖直方向上不发生振动。     

球面网壳结构的分段式多维隔震控制

球面网壳结构是典型的大跨度空间结构,地震时水平和竖向地面运动分量对其地震响应的影响均十分显著。为了提高网壳结构的抗震性能,可采用支座型隔震装置形成分段式多维隔震机制。在这类多维隔震体系中,碟形弹簧支座可用于结构的竖向隔震,同时,可将其与适用于水平隔震的摩擦摆(FPS)或SMA-橡胶支座配合使用。基于上述概念设计,提出了水平和竖向隔震装置的构造和计算模型。进而,根据网壳结构多维隔震的动力方程,开展了El Centro波作用下双层球面网壳和单层球面网壳结构多维隔震控制的数值模拟。计算结果表明,多维隔震球面网壳结构的杆件内力、加速度和位移的减振效果能达到50%以上,验证了所提多维隔震技术对保护球面网壳结构免遭地震破坏的有效性。     

隔震层竖向刚度对高层基础隔震结构的影响

高层隔震建筑的隔震层在罕遇地震作用下会产生拉应力。本文通过对一栋20层的高层隔震结构,分别采用等拉压刚度模型和不等拉压刚度模型进行动力非线性时程分析,研究叠层橡胶隔震支座竖向刚度模型对高层基础隔震结构动力响应的影响。研究表明,超出线弹性工作范围后,竖向等拉压刚度模型将会低估隔震层的竖向位移量,低估上部结构的动力响应。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.