带地形的ZTEM倾子资料三维正反演研究

Z轴倾子电磁法(ZTEM)是一种新型频率域航空天然场源电磁法,该方法采用倾子作为研究参数,可用于起伏地形下的大规模地质勘探.本文在对TEM三维有限差分正演和数据空间OCCAM反演算法研究的基础上,考虑地形起伏的影响,研究了带地形的频率域三维ZTEM正反演算法.首先,对起伏地表下ZTEM正演算法的准确性进行了验证,计算和分析了纯地形的ZTEM三维异常响应特征.其次,通过对山峰和山谷地形下低阻棱柱体合成算例的反演分析,表明带地形的ZTEM数据空间OCCAM反演算法能够获得比较接近真实导电性结构的地电模型,尤其对地下目标体的横向边界具有理想的约束效果.最后,与不带地形的ZTEM反演结果对比,验证了所开发的带地形ZTEM倾子资料反演算法的有效性.     

From well-test data to input to stochastic continuum models: effect of the variable support scale of the hydraulic data

The question of how well the true underlying hydraulic conductivity statistics of heterogeneous media are captured by well tests is addressed. The hydraulic conductivity value and the corresponding support volume associated with a theoretical well are correlated, causing a bias in the statistics derived from well-test analyses. Statistics derived from numerically simulated well tests are compared with the known underlying conductivity statistics and the results indicate an under-prediction by simulations at higher hydraulic conductivities. The deviation starts at about mean conductivity and can be as large as an order of magnitude, with the conductivity in the vicinity of the well defining the upper boundary. In other words, the conductivity value interpreted from the well test cannot be larger than the value that the well test first encounters. Consequently, for data in this simulation exercise, the standard deviation, if only determined for the upper range of the conductivity values, would be underestimated by a factor of 1.6–2. While this specific range is likely to depend on the scale and degree of the underlying heterogeneity as well as the duration of the test, the results should be indicative of a more general behaviour and are likely to occur in other heterogeneous data as well.

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Resumen Se plantea la pregunta de qué tan bien son representadas en las pruebas de pozo, las estadísticas reales de conductividad hidráulica subyacente de medios heterogéneos. Son correlacionados el valor de conductividad hidráulica y el volumen de apoyo correspondiente asociado con un pozo teórico, causando una distorsión en las estadísticas derivadas del análisis de la prueba de pozo. Las estadísticas derivadas de las pruebas de pozo simuladas numéricamente son comparadas con las estadísticas de conductividad subyacente conocidas, y los resultados indican una sub-predicción por las simulaciones hechas con conductividades hidráulicas más altas. La desviación empieza casi con la conductividad media y puede ser tan grande como un orden de magnitud, con la conductividad en la vecindad del pozo definiendo el límite superior. En otras palabras, el valor de conductividad interpretado a partir de la prueba del pozo no puede ser más grande que el valor que la prueba de pozo encuentre primero. Por consiguiente, para los datos en este ejercicio de simulación, la desviación estándar, si solamente fue determinada para el rango superior de los valores de conductividad, se subestimaría en un factor de 1.6–2. Mientras es probable que este rango específico dependa de la escala y del grado de la heterogeneidad subyacente, así como de la duración de la prueba, los resultados deben ser indicativos de un comportamiento más general y son probables también de ocurrir en otros datos heterogéneos.

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Résumé Nous posons ici la question de savoir dans quelle mesure les statistiques de la conductivité hydraulique des milieux hétérogènes pourrait être révélée par des essais de puits. La valeur de la conductivité hydraulique et le volume capté correspondant sont corrélés, créant un biais dans l’analyse des statistiques dérivées des essais de puits. Les statistiques en provenance de simulations numériques d’essais de puits sont comparées avec les statistiques de conductivités connues et les résultats indiquent une sous-évaluation par les simulations, pour les conductivités hydrauliques les plus élevées: la déviation commence à partir de la valeur moyenne de la conductivité et peut atteindre la magnitude d’un ordre de grandeur en considérant la conductivité mesurée au voisinage du puits. Autrement dit, la valeur de la conductivité interprétée via l’essais de pompage ne peut être plus importante que les premières valeurs rencontrées. Par conséquence, pour les données de cet exercice de simulation, la déviation standard sera sous-estimée d’un facteur compris entre 1.6–2 pour les valeurs les plus élevées. Tandis que l’échelle spécifique de valeurs est dépendante de l’échelle et du degré de l’hétérogénéité souterraine, de même que de la durée du test, les résultats pourraient être indicatifs d’un comportement plus général et seraient sans doute observables dans d’autres cas de données hétérogènes.

     

地矿行业3D打印技术的应用现状

随着地矿行业大转型的发展趋势,三维业务的需求日益增长。3D打印技术近年来蓬勃发展,作为新的应用切入点,相较于传统的制造工艺,更适用于制造精细、复杂、异形、多彩以及一定强度的地矿行业三维模型。通过国内外多项打印技术的对比,认为SLA、FDM、3DP、PolyJet等4类技术最适宜地矿行业模型定制化的打印需求。目前3D打印在地矿行业的测绘、城市地质、设计、矿山、科研、教学、地质环境等各方面均有应用,有较好的应用前景。受3D打印技术的制约,现阶段以打印单色或双色模型为主,且模型表面"台阶效应"难以避免。如何打印出色彩逼真且没有任何毛刺的物品,是3D打印技术在地矿行业应用的一大发展目标。     

起伏地形垂直电测深二维反演及应用

考虑到在水资源勘查,矿产勘探及工程探测等实际工作中,常常遇到起伏地形的情况,这里在前人研究工作的基础上,通过在反演中引入总体光滑约束,以及对有限元网格剖分的有效处理,解决了在起伏地形条件下垂直电测深二维反演的问题,并编制了实用的软件。最后,对模拟和实测的垂直电测深数据进行反演,验证了反演结果是可靠的,该软件可用于实际生产。     

Bayesian geological and geophysical data fusion for the construction and uncertainty quantification of 3D geological models

Traditional approaches to develop 3D geological models employ a mix of quantitative and qualitative scientific techniques,which do not fully provide quantification of uncertainty in the constructed models and fail to optimally weight geological field observations against constraints from geophysical data.Here,using the Bayesian Obsidian software package,we develop a methodology to fuse lithostratigraphic field observations with aeromagnetic and gravity data to build a 3D model in a small(13.5 km×13.5 km)region of the Gascoyne Province,Western Australia.Our approach is validated by comparing 3D model results to independently-constrained geological maps and cross-sections produced by the Geological Survey of Western Australia.By fusing geological field data with aeromagnetic and gravity surveys,we show that 89%of the modelled region has>95%certainty for a particular geological unit for the given model and data.The boundaries between geological units are characterized by narrow regions with<95%certainty,which are typically 400-1000 m wide at the Earth's surface and 500-2000 m wide at depth.Beyond~4 km depth,the model requires geophysical survey data with longer wavelengths(e.g.,active seismic)to constrain the deeper subsurface.Although Obsidian was originally built for sedimentary basin problems,there is reasonable applicability to deformed terranes such as the Gascoyne Province.Ultimately,modification of the Bayesian engine to incorporate structural data will aid in developing more robust 3D models.Nevertheless,our results show that surface geological observations fused with geophysical survey data can yield reasonable 3D geological models with narrow uncertainty regions at the surface and shallow subsurface,which will be especially valuable for mineral exploration and the development of 3D geological models under cover.     

3D structural model of the Polish Basin

A 3D structural modelling of the Permian–Mesozoic Polish Basin was performed in order to understand its structural and sedimentary evolution, which led to basin maturation (Permian–Cretaceous) and its tectonic inversion (Late Cretaceous–Paleogene). The model is built on the present-day structure of the basin and comprises 13 horizons within the Permian to Quaternary rocks. The analysis is based on 3D depth views and thickness maps. The results image the basin-scale symmetry, the perennial localization of the NW–SE-oriented basin axis, the salt movements due to tectonics and/or burial, and the transverse segmentation of the Polish Basin. From these observations, we deduce that salt structures are correlated to the main faults and tectonic events. From the model analysis, we interpret the stress conditions, the timing, and the geometry of the tectonic inversion of the Polish Basin into a NW–SE-oriented central horst (Mid-Polish Swell) bordered by two lateral troughs. Emphasis is placed on the Zechstein salt, considering its movements during the Mesozoic sedimentation and its decoupling effect during the tectonic inversion. Moreover, we point to the structural control of the Paleozoic basement and the crustal architecture (Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone) on the geometry of the Polish Basin and the Mid-Polish Swell.     

Changes in structural style of normal faults due to failure mode transition: First results from excavated scale models

The effects of failure mode transition from tensile to shear on structural style and fault zone architecture have long been recognized but are not well studied in 3D, although the two modes are both common in the upper crust of Earth and terrestrial planets, and are associated with large differences in transport properties. We present a simple method to study this in physical scale models of normal faults, using a cohesive powder embedded in cohesionless sand. By varying the overburden thickness, the failure mode changes from tensile to hybrid and finally to shear. Hardening and excavating the cohesive layer allows post mortem investigation of 3D structures at high resolution. We recognize two end member structural domains that differ strongly in their attributes. In the tensile domain faults are strongly dilatant with steep open fissures and sharp changes in strike at segment boundaries and branch points. In the shear domain fault dips are shallower and fault planes develop striations; map-view fault traces undulate with smaller changes in strike at branches. These attributes may be recognized in subsurface fault maps and could provide a way to better predict fault zone structure in the subsurface.     

Review and enhancement of 3D concrete models for large‐scale numerical simulations of concrete structures

The present paper focuses on selected plasticity and damage‐plasticity models for describing the 3D material behavior of concrete. In particular, a plasticity model and a damage‐plasticity model are reviewed and evaluated. Based on the results of the evaluation, enhancements are proposed, aiming at improving the correspondence between predicted and observed material behavior and aiming at implementing a robust and efficient stress update algorithm in a finite element program for performing large‐scale 3D numerical simulations of concrete structures. The capabilities of the concrete models are demonstrated by 3D numerical simulations of benchmark tests with combined bending and torsional loading and combined compression and shear loading and by a large‐scale 3D finite element analysis of a model test of a concrete arch dam. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于三维扫描和三维雕刻技术的岩石结构面原状重构方法及其力学特性

为了客观重复制作与原岩结构面的岩性、表面形态和力学性质完全一致的试样,集成三维扫描和三维雕刻技术,提出了原岩结构面试样重构新方法。采用该方法制作了具有相同表面形态的大理岩结构面试样,开展了不同法向力下的直剪试验,并采用声发射技术对结构面剪切破坏过程进行了监测。结果表明：重构结构面试样与原始结构面试样具有高度相似性;结构面剪应力-剪切位移曲线可分为两类：剪胀滑移型和剪断跌落型;剪切破坏后结构面可明显地划分为两个区域：剪胀脱开区和剪断磨损区;提出了结构面剪切强度新公式,理论公式与试验结果更接近;结构面剪切过程中剪应力、能量率、计数、撞击率随时间的变化规律具有较好的一致性,声发射定位位置与剪切过程中结构面损伤破坏区域基本吻合。     

Evaluation of intermediate TanDEM-X digital elevation data products over Tasmania using other digital elevation models and accurate heights from the Australian National Gravity Database

The successful operation of the TanDEM-X satellite mission is the start of a new era of globally consistent and accurate digital elevation data for planet Earth. In this work available 12 m-resolution intermediate TanDEM-X products (DEM: digital elevation model; HEM: height error map; COV: coverage map; WAM: water indication mask) are evaluated over Tasmania. Elevations from the TanDEM-X intermediate digital elevation model (IDEM) are compared with (a) other global DEMs (30 m-resolution SRTM1 USGS v3 and 30 m-resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectometer (ASTER GDEM2), (b) the local 25 m-resolution DEM made available by Tasmanian environmental authority (DPIPWE), and (c) over 15 000 accurate ground-control-points (GCPs) from the Australian National Gravity Database (ANGD). The comparison with ASTER and SRTM over the area of Tasmania involves over 500 million valid TanDEM-X IDEM elevations. The root-mean-square (RMS) of 8.8 m indicates a reasonable to good agreement of TanDEM-X IDEM and SRTM, while ASTER shows almost twice the disagreement in terms of RMS (～16.5 m). Both, ASTER and SRTM show a (mean) offset of –1.9 m and –2.3 m w.r.t. TanDEM-X IDEM, respectively. By comparisons with GCPs, we find that SRTM and ASTER overestimate the terrain height. The comparison with the AGND GCPs also allows an estimate of the absolute accuracy of the IDEM, which is found to be superior to that of SRTM or ASTER. The RMS error of 6.6 m shows that the IDEM is close to the officially denoted 4 m absolute vertical accuracy considering that the GCPs are not error free. The height error map information layer is found to a suitable first indicator of the (local) accuracy of the IDEM in a relative sense. However, we find that the HEM tends to underestimate observed differences to the GCPs. Terrain-type analyses reveal that the TanDEM-X IDEM is a very consistent elevation database over Tasmania. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the new TanDEM-X elevation data sets provide improved high-resolution terrain information over Tasmania and beyond.     

Insight into sequence stratigraphic and structural framework of the onshore Niger Delta Basin: Integrating well logs,biostratigraphy, and 3D seismic data

Stratigraphic and structural interpretative studies have been carried out within the paralic sequence of Agbada Formation in the Niger Delta Basin. The method of study involved integrating sequence stratigraphic techniques with well logs, biostratigraphy, and 3D regional seismic data obtained from several producing fields in the Coastal Swamp depobelt of the onshore Niger Delta Basin. This was targeted at establishing regional sequence stratigraphic and structural framework from well log correlation and seismic mapping so as to better define hydrocarbon leads. Well log correlation using stratigraphic bounding surfaces such as maximum flooding surfaces (MFSs) and sequence boundaries (SBs) indicates that the stratigraphic package was deposited within the Middle to Late Miocene (8.5 to 12.1 Ma) age. Recognized depositional sequences revealed differential thickening and thinning of the associated system tracts (lowstand system tract (LST), transgressive system tract (TST), and highstand system tract) (HST)). This observed stratal behavior has been attributed to the influence of syndepositional tectonic structures that characterize the Coastal Swamp depobelt, which lies within the extensional zone. Flattening of MFSs at various ages indicates observable basinward shift of the depositional center. The genetic units of LST and HST serve as good hydrocarbon reservoir whereas HST and TST constitutes mainly the source and seal packages rocks in the area. Structural interpretation revealed the occurrence of simple/faulted rollover anticline, collapsed crest, regional hanging wall and footwall, horst block, and subdetachment fault structural styles that constitute the key hydrocarbon entrapment mechanisms. Structural top maps show fault-dependent closures which dominate the extensional zone, which could form possible hydrocarbon leads and prospects that should be targeted during exploration studies for development.     

起伏地形条件下电阻率法三维反演

地形起伏下的三维反演问题是当前电阻率法研究的一个难题.为了更好地解决上述问题,采用加权正则化共轭梯度法实现起伏地形三维电阻率反演算法.该方法引入了加权正则化思想,显著降低了迭代时目标函数发散的问题,提高了反演稳定性.对比了两种消除反演中地形影响的方法,结果表明,直接带地形的电阻率法三维反演具有更好的分辨率,能有效地消除地形所造成的误差,但在起伏角度偏大,如河流、堤坝等接近垂直角度时,使用此方法会使得反演发散得不到满意的结果;此时采用基于地形校正的方法有一定的效果.     

四种南极数字高程模型的精度比较与分析

南极数字高程模型（DEM）是南极冰盖研究的基础数据,目前国际通用的全南极DEM数据主要有JLB97 DEM、RAMPv2 DEM、ICESat DEM以及Bamber 1km DEM. 利用DEM对DEM验证的方式对四种DEM的精度进行比较分析. 结果表明：Bamber 1km DEM和ICESat DEM之间的高程差异最小,平均高程差小于1.8 m,二者均有较高的可靠性. RAMPv2 DEM与Bamber 1km DEM的高程差大于1.9 m,在81.5° S以南和坡度较大的区域,高程差异更为明显,高程可靠性较低. JLB97 DEM与上述三种DEM的偏差超过10 m,高程可靠性最低.     

黄土边坡二维和三维变形破坏模型的对比分析

边坡变形特征在稳定性预测中尤为重要,已有文献往往只局限于二维或三维分析,没有对两者加以比较,导致模型选择与分析的问题不一致,浪费了时间和金钱。针对这个问题,课题组以某黄土边坡加固为例,运用ADINA软件建立二维和三维模型进行模拟,并与现场实际对照。结果表明：两种模型对边坡变形趋势的分析结果一致;三维模型变形预测值大于二维模型的30％～100％,分别得出定性和定量的结果,三维模型更符合实际变形;两种模型预测出的最薄弱部位和现场实际一致,具有实用性。这些结论为黄土边坡的变形预测和加固分析模型的选择提供了参考依据。     

Lithospheric structure of the North China Craton: Integrated gravity,geoid and topography data

The lithospheric structure of ancient cratons provides important constraints on models relating to tectonic evolution and mantle dynamics. Here we present the 3D lithospheric structure of the North China Craton (NCC) from a joint inversion of gravity, geoid and topography data. The NCC records a prolonged history of Archean and Paleoproterozoic accretion of crustal blocks through subduction and collision building the cratonic architecture, which was subsequently differentially destroyed during Mesozoic through extensive magmatism. The thermal structure obtained in our study is considered to define the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) of the NCC, and reflects the density variations within the mantle lithosphere. Employing the Moho depths from deep seismic sounding profiles for the inversion, and based on repeated computations using different parameters, we estimate the Moho depth, LAB depth and average crustal density of the craton. The Moho depth varies from 28 to 50 km and the LAB depth varies from 105 to 205 km. The LAB and Moho show concordant thinning from West to East of the NCC. The average crustal density is 2870 kg m^− 3 in the western part of the NCC, higher than that in the eastern part (2750 kg m^− 3). The results of joint inversion in our study yielded LAB depth and lithospheric thinning features similar to those estimated from thermal and seismic studies, although our results show different depth and variations in the thickness. The lithosphere gently thins from 145 to 105 km in the eastern NCC, where as the thinning is much less pronounced in the western NCC with average depth of about 175 km. The joint inversion results in this study provide another perspective on the lithospheric structure from the density properties and corresponding geophysical responses in an ancient craton.     

3D打印弯曲根系拉拔力学特性试验研究

天然根系具有不同弯曲形态,对根土相互作用特性影响极大。以往研究多将根系视为顺直,未充分考虑弯曲根系拉拔受力变形特征、破坏模式。利用3D打印技术制作弯曲根系,开展3种根径（2.0,3.5,5.0 mm）、5种弯曲度（1.00,1.05,1.10,1.15,1.20）的根系拉伸、拉拔试验,探索弯曲根系的拉拔力学特性。结果表明：根系拉伸特性受到弯曲结构和自身材料性质共同影响,根系最大拉伸力、拉伸变形刚度随弯曲度增加而减小,随直径增加而增大;根系峰值拉拔力随弯曲度增加呈先增大后减小,弯曲度1.15时最大,峰值拉拔位移呈类似变化趋势;弯曲根系齿肋挤压土体形成啮合作用,有助于增强根土相互作用;弯曲细根系的拉伸力和拉伸刚度低,更容易与土体协同变形承担拉拔荷载。弯曲根系受力变形与直根系差异极大,研究结果可为弯曲形态根系固土评价提供理论参考。     

尼日尔Termit盆地三维地质构造建模研究与应用

三维构造建模是构造研究的前沿手段和发展方向,具有实用性、精确性、可视性等多种优势,在国内外应用越来越广泛,但目前主要以局部油藏和断块为研究对象,针对全盆地尺度的三维构造建模比较少。尼日尔Termit盆地在早白垩世和古近纪发育两期裂谷,导致盆地断裂发育,构造复杂,构造研究的难度大。本文通过摸索和研究,利用大量二维和三维地震以及100余口井资料,将Termit盆地(约30 000 km2)作为一个整体进行三维构造建模,克服断层多、构造复杂、数据量庞大等难题,采用层位模拟、断层三角网格剖分、断层自动命名、断面交切关系处理、闭合边界自动生成等技术,在Termit盆地实现了盆地级三维构造建模,该模型可提取全盆地任意方向、任意层位的构造剖面以及任意连井剖面,同时可以任意提取每个区带及局部构造的三维立体模型,以便进行更精细的构造分析。该建模技术为大范围工区精细构造研究提供了新的技术手段,可应用于构造单元的划分、区带评价、目标优选及井位论证等许多方面。Termit盆地三维地质构造模型显示该盆地具有断坳叠置、下大上小的盆地结构,早期晚白垩世坳陷期海相烃源岩广泛分布,后期古近纪叠置裂谷坐落在晚白垩世坳陷期海相烃源岩之上,有利于后期古近纪叠置裂谷聚集油气。基于建立的盆地构造模型,进一步明确了该盆地各区带的构造特征及成藏潜力。研究认为Fana低凸起位于Moul凹陷和Dinga凹陷之间,断裂较为发育,有利于油气的运移、聚集和成藏,是盆地最有利的勘探区带;Dinga断阶带紧邻Dinga凹陷,断裂最发育,也是有利的勘探区带;Araga地堑断裂发育,成藏条件较好;而Moul凹陷和Dinga凹陷虽然油源条件好,但构造活动较弱,断裂不发育或较弱,不利于油气的向上运移,勘探潜力较差。此外,基于盆地构造模型可以对两期叠置裂谷形成的构造样式及断裂进行精细分析,研究其对油气聚集成藏的控制作用,从而优选出有利的目标,为井位部署提供决策建议。该成果和认识在Termit盆地的勘探中取得了很好的应用效果,进一步促进了古近系上组合和白垩系下组合的勘探突破。     

高精度三维地震数据采集技术在TBM探区的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地北部TBM探区表层地震地质条件较为复杂,低降速层主要为流沙、含水沙层及黄土层,厚度横向变化较大,潜水面变化不定。储层非均质性强,有效储层薄,储层与煤层伴生,严重制约了本区天然气勘探开发步伐。为了解决目前勘探开发所面临的实际问题,在TBM探区部署并实施了100km²的高精度三维地震数据采集,针对探区的地震地质特点和难点,开展了攻关和试验。在高精度三维地震数据采集中,通过观测系统优化、虚反射界面分析和利用、激发岩性优选、试验资料功率谱面积和频宽收敛分析等技术的综合运用,确定了合适的三维观测系统和激发因素,取得了较好的效果。     

Local and regional minimum 1D models for earthquake location and data quality assessment in complex tectonic regions: application to Switzerland

One-dimensional (1D) velocity models are still widely used for computing earthquake locations at seismological centers or in regions where three-dimensional (3D) velocity models are not available due to the lack of data of sufficiently high quality. The concept of the minimum 1D model with appropriate station corrections provides a framework to compute initial hypocenter locations and seismic velocities for local earthquake tomography. Since a minimum 1D model represents a solution to the coupled hypocenter-velocity problem it also represents a suitable velocity model for earthquake location and data quality assessment, such as evaluating the consistency in assigning pre-defined weighting classes and average picking error. Nevertheless, the use of a simple 1D velocity structure in combination with station delays raises the question of how appropriate the minimum 1D model concept is when applied to complex tectonic regions with significant three-dimensional (3D) variations in seismic velocities. In this study we compute one regional minimum 1D model and three local minimum 1D models for selected subregions of the Swiss Alpine region, which exhibits a strongly varying Moho topography. We compare the regional and local minimum 1D models in terms of earthquake locations and data quality assessment to measure their performance. Our results show that the local minimum 1D models provide more realistic hypocenter locations and better data fits than a single model for the Alpine region. We attribute this to the fact that in a local minimum 1D model local and regional effects of the velocity structure can be better separated. Consequently, in tectonically complex regions, minimum 1D models should be computed in sub-regions defined by similar structure, if they are used for earthquake location and data quality assessment.