Ugandan geosites

Geosites are important and/or unique geological or geographical features of significance. Typically they comprise geological, palaeontological, as well as archaeological sites. Geosites should be regarded as deserving to be preserved and protected, either from the elements or from destructive human activities, both for the community and future generations. A good knowledge of geological heritage, and a healthy respect for it, is an important factor in the holistic approach for sustainable development. Very often, these sites bear a multi‐faceted ‘story’, which may date back from very recent times to billions of years ago. As such, geosites are of great educational and scientific value. In Africa, such sites have not been receiving the attention they deserve. Only a few countries on the continent acknowledge their importance. Within the framework of a Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project (SMMRP), geological mapping, geochemical surveys and mineral resources assessment in selected areas of Uganda have been completed under the umbrella of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), and the Department of Geological Survey and Mines (DGSM, Uganda). Apart from recording ‘hard‐tough’ geology, 62 geosites were documented in 2010 and 2011. For the first time, such sites have been incorporated in the new geological maps of the country (at a scale of 1: 250 000). It is possible that this is the first time that such places have been shown on geological maps of Africa. Currently, the extreme north‐east of the country is being geologically mapped by DGSM, with the eventuality of more possible geosites being discovered.     

多源数字化多媒体技术在区域地质调查中应用研究初探

区域地质调查最终成果之地质图件及报告的编制、保存、分析和使用的信息化、多媒体化现已成为区域地质调查信息化的重要发展趋势。本文详细地论述了集ＧＩＳ、多媒体、超文本、可视化、ＣＤ技术为一体的多源数字化多媒体技术在区域地质调查信息化方面的研究状态和发展趋势     

Theory of Geological Anomaly in Remote Sensing

Ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅ 1990ｓ,ｒｅｍｏｔｅｓｅｎｓｉｎｇ (ＲＳ) ,ｗｉｔｈｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍ (ＧＩＳ)ａｎｄｇｌｏｂａｌｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍ (ＧＰＳ)(ｓｏｃａｌｌｅｄａｓｔｈｅ 3Ｓｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ) ,ｈａｓｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄａｔａｖｅｒｙｆａｓｔｓｐｅｅｄａｎｄｈａｓｂｅｅｎｗｉｄｅｌｙａｐｐｌｉｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｇｅｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓｗｉｔｈｇｒｅａｔａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ .Ｒｅｍｏｔｅ ｓｅｎｓｉｎｇｇｅｏｌｏｇｙｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｇｅｏｌｏｇｉｃ…     

地质档案管理办法探讨

地质档案是已完成地质工作的凭证,要求在档案汇交的时候对完整性进行严格控制;地质档案是开展新的地质工作的重要参考资料,存在利用率高的特点;地质档案含有关系国土安全的涉密测绘数据,在管理中对安全保密有特殊要求。针对这些特点,本文为了提高地质档案管理水平,针对基层地勘单位在地质档案管理中遇到的涉密地质资料利用安全意识薄弱问题,以及档案丢失和损耗率高的问题,提出通过不同涉密级别的档案分类管理和完善借阅防抵赖机制,达到增强档案使用者重视的目的来解决问题;针对地质档案汇交完整性不高的问题,提出引入质量管理体系文件作为客观证据,快速有效确定汇交范围的方法来解决。通过地质档案管理办法创新,更好的为地质工作服务。     

基于AutoCAD实测地质剖面数字成图关键技术

利用成熟绘图工具AutoCAD提供的二次开发接口作为图件输出平台,以EXCEL表格形式整理输入数据及导出计算结果,以Microsoft Visual Studio.NET为开发语言,开发出了具有自动绘制实测地质剖面图、导线平面图功能的"实测地质剖面成图系统"。以西藏某矿普查地质剖面图绘制为例,对该系统绘制的图件准确性及精度进行了验证,满足了地质剖面图、导线平面图的制作的相关要求。     

渭河盆地氦气资源远景调查进展与成果

以评价渭河盆地氦等天然气远景为目的,2013年中国地质调查局启动了由西安地质调查中心实施的“渭河盆地氦气资源远景调查”计划项目,项目采取多单位联合攻关,多行业资料共享,物化探等多手段联合实施的工作方法,初步探索了氦气成藏模式和调查方法,总结了氦气富集成藏必须具备氦源岩、高效运移通道和载体气藏3大条件,得出渭河盆地具备良好的氦、甲烷等天然气成藏条件等成果,并提出渭河新生代盆地基底部分残存晚古生代煤系地层的新认识。     

青州国家地质公园地质遗迹资源类型及评价

重要地质遗迹是人类的宝贵财富,是生态环境的重要组成部分。青州国家地质公园5.3亿年前处于海陆边缘地带,地质遗迹类型丰富,保存完好,对研究我国东部乃至东南亚地区环境的演变具有重要的科学价值。该文详细介绍了青州国家地质公园的地质遗迹类型,并对其进行了评价。     

Basic Types and Structural Characteristics of Uplifts: An Overview of Sedimentary Basins in China

The uplift is a positive structural unit of the crust. It is an important window for continental dynamics owing to its abundant structural phenomena, such as fault, fold, unconformity and denudation of strata. Meanwhile, it is the very place to store important minerals like oil, natural gas, coal and uranium. Giant and large-scale oil and gas fields in China, such as the Daqing Oilfield, Lunnan-Tahe Oilfield, Penglai 19-3 Oilfield, Puguang Gas Field and Jingbian Gas Field, are developed mainly on uplifts. Therefore, it is the main target both for oil and gas exploration and for geological study. The uplift can be either a basement uplift, or one developed only in the sedimentary cover. Extension, compression and wrench or their combined forces may give rise to uplifts. The development process of uplifting, such as formation, development, dwindling and destruction, can be taken as the uplifting cycle. The uplifts on the giant Precambrian cratons are large in scale with less extensive structural deformation. The uplifts on the medium- and small-sized cratons or neo-cratons are formed in various shapes with strong structural deformation and complicated geological structure. Owing to changes in the geodynamic environment, uplift experiences a multi-stage or multi-cycle development process. Its geological structure is characterized in superposition of multi-structural layers. Based on the basement properties, mechanical stratigraphy and development sequence, uplifts can be divided into three basic types ? the succession, superposition and destruction ones. The succession type is subdivided into the maintaining type and the lasting type. The superposition type can be subdivided into the composite anticlinal type, the buried-hill draped type, the faulted uplift type and the migration type according to the different scales and superimposed styles of uplifts in different cycles. The destruction type is subdivided into the tilting type and the negative inverted type. The development history of uplifts and their controlling effects on sedimentation and fluids are quite different from one another, although the uplifts with different structural types store important minerals. Uplifts and their slopes are the main areas for oil and gas accumulation. They usually become the composite oil and gas accumulation zones (belts) with multiple productive formations and various types of oil and gas reservoirs.     

Relationship between Geological Structures and Hydrocarbon Enrichment of Different Depressions in the Bohai Bay Basin

The Bohai Bay Basin contains many depressions with varying degrees of hydrocarbon enrichment associated with the geological structures of different depressions. This study discussed the relationship between the geological structures and hydrocarbon enrichment of the depressions in the Bohai Bay Basin. Based on the Paleogene strata distribution and the length to width ratio of different depressions, their geological structures are divided into three types in plan-view: open(length/width 2), narrow(length/width 4) and transitional types(length/width 2–4). In cross section, the geological structures can be divided into dustpan I, dustpan II and double-faulted types. Based on tectonic evolution and sedimentary characteristics, the depressions are classified into early-formed, inherited and late-formed categories. Generally, narrow depressions are mainly located in the northeast and southwest of the Bohai Bay Basin, while open depressions are dominantly distributed in the central area of the basin; late-formed depressions are mainly around the Bohai sea area, and early-formed depressions are mostly located in the periphery of the basin. Geological structures of the depressions control the formation of the source, reservoir and cap rocks as well as hydrocarbon accumulation setting, and further influence the pay zones and oil-bearing sequence. In detail, dustpan II and doublefaulted depressions mainly have A-type sags, which often possess better hydrocarbon generation conditions than dustpan I ones; hydrocarbons in open dustpan II depressions tend to accumulate in the central uplift areas or buried hill, while those in narrow dustpan I depressions always accumulate in gentle slope belts. The oil-bearing sequence for different evolutional depressions corresponds well with the sedimentary strata of the main development stages of depressions. In early-formed depressions, hydrocarbons are mainly enriched in deeply buried reservoirs, while in late-formed depressions hydrocarbons are abundant in the relatively shallow traps. In summary, most inherited and late-formed dustpan II depressions are enriched in hydrocarbons due to their extensive source rocks and good source–reservoir–seal assemblages, whereas dustpan I and early-formed depressions are relatively poor in hydrocarbons.     

探讨基于CitusDB的地质资料集群和大数据架构

地质资料是地质工作形成的重要成果资料,具有可被重复开发利用、能够长期提供服务的功能。然而,因地质资料的分散式管理,使得地质资料信息存储分散,“孤岛”式服务的现象普遍存在,缺乏资料信息共享、综合利用的机制和手段,制约着地质资料信息潜在价值的有效发挥。地质资料信息服务集群化旨在通过信息领域前沿技术,对地质资料进行集成集群和深度开发,将分散、孤立的地质资料进行分布式汇集,全方位多角度解读、展现、挖掘地质资料信息,充分发挥地质资料服务于经济社会发展的作用。长期的地质调查工作,已经形成了多专业、数据格式多样的海量地质资料,信息服务的集群化必将面临地质大数据相关的技术问题。介绍了地质资料信息服务集群化模式,分析了CitusDB软件的分布式大数据运行机理,探讨了基于CitusDB软件的地质资料集群和大数据服务架构,可为地质大数据与信息服务提供一定的参考。     

试论地质勘查单位档案工作规范化管理

地勘单位的档案资源是地质工作历史的最真实的记录和珍贵的历史资料。它客观地反映了各个历史时期地质工作状况。本文主要论述了地勘单位档案规范化管理的重要性和必要性,探讨了档案规范化管理的组织建设和制度建设,对地质档案的开发和利用提供了可行的措施。     

岩溶体数据建模及属性查询研究

地质体的数据建模技术是研究地质体特征的一项重要手段,特别是地质体切片模型的展示,能更加清晰地表达地质体的内部特征、地层分布等情况。主要探讨了岩溶体（多Z值）的数据建模,并且在钻孔数据的基础上,利用C＋＋语言基于OpenGL编写程序实现岩溶体的三维可视化,展现了地层的切片模型及地层的属性查询。     

浙江宁波市地质灾害的雨量阈值及预报分析

山体滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害主要由强降水或连续性降水引发产生,根据最近七年来宁波市国土资源局和宁波市气象台联合制作的地质灾害气象预报预警和地质灾害实况资料分析,结果发现:在最近七年里出现的159处地质灾害中,由热带气旋强降水引发的地质灾害有142处,约占89%;宁波市绝大多数地质灾害是由强降水引发,而强降水中又以热带气旋强降水为主要诱因,引发宁波市地质灾害的有效雨量大多数在100mm以上,因此,100mm有效雨量可作为预报引发宁波市地质灾害的雨量阈值,而200mm有效雨量可引发多处地质灾害产生。统计结果为以后地质灾害气象预报预警及强降水的临近监测提供参考依据。     

农商部地质调查局始末考

中国地质调查事业始于民国。1913年地质调查所正式成立,直至1950年裁撤,30余年间一直是中国地质学家的大本营。1916年初,地质调查所重新改组为地质调查局,并在行政上直接隶属农商部。同年夏天,地质研究所学生毕业后入地质调查局工作,成为地质调查局主要成员。1916年底,地质调查局被裁撤,又恢复地质调查所,但此后工作形式与机构管理均与调查局时期无太大变化。地质调查局因存在时间较短,加之史料不多,以往著述着墨不多。本文以《农商公报》、《政府公报》及地质调查局相关原始材料为基础,考察地质调查局成立始末、机构设置、人员组成及早期进行的地质调查工作。认为地质调查局的成立是中国地质学者建立独立地质调查专门机构的一次尝试。     

农商部地质调查局始末考

中国地质调查事业始于民国。1913年地质调查所正式成立,直至1950年裁撤,30余年间一直是中国地质学家的大本营。1916年初,地质调查所重新改组为地质调查局,并在行政上直接隶属农商部。同年夏天,地质研究所学生毕业后入地质调查局工作,成为地质调查局主要成员。1916年底,地质调查局被裁撤,又恢复地质调查所,但此后工作形式与机构管理均与调查局时期无太大变化。地质调查局因存在时间较短,加之史料不多,以往著述着墨不多。本文以《农商公报》、《政府公报》及地质调查局相关原始材料为基础,考察地质调查局成立始末、机构设置、人员组成及早期进行的地质调查工作。认为地质调查局的成立是中国地质学者建立独立地质调查专门机构的一次尝试。     

热烈庆祝中国地质学会成立六十周年

在中国地质学会成立六十周年的喜庆日子里,中国科学院地质研究所谨向中国地质学会致以热烈的祝贺,谨向全国广大地质勘测、教学和科研工作者致以热烈的祝贺和亲切的慰问。     

四川宁南主要地质灾害特征及防御对策

宁南县属地质灾害频繁发生区，主要地质灾害点共31处，威胁6757人的生命财产安全，潜在经济损失达22765万元。本文在详细论述地质灾害体特征的基础上提出了相应的防御对策；对构成重大生命财产威胁的5处提出了具体的治理意见。     

地质图数据库现状与地质制图发展趋势

地质图是地质信息最重要的载体之一,凝聚了人们对地质理论的研究成果和对地质过程的理解。随着大数据时代的到来,地质制图的指导理论和方法手段发生了翻天覆地的变化,全球的科学家运用新方法新技术建立了OneGeology、OpenGeoscience、NGMDB、地质云等一系列地质图相关的优秀数据库,这些数据库的有效运行为全球的地质工作者提供了海量的地学数据和便捷的信息服务。此次研究重点调研了国内外已有的地质图相关数据库及运行情况,为Deep-Time Digital Earth(DDE)计划整合全球地质图相关数据库、建设相关数据平台提供经验和基础;同时,回顾了地质制图的发展历史,介绍了与地质制图相关的技术手段和常用软件;最后,为了满足大数据时代经济社会对地质图信息资料服务的需求,结合DDE相关任务,对深化国际合作编图、创新计算机智能地质制图及网络共享服务等核心技术提出了新的展望。     

Grain‐scale pressure variations and chemical equilibrium in high‐grade metamorphic rocks

In the classical view of metamorphic microstructures, fast viscous relaxation (and so constant pressure) is assumed, with diffusion being the limiting factor in equilibration. This contribution is focused on the only other possible scenario – fast diffusion and slow viscous relaxation – and brings an alternative interpretation of microstructures typical of high‐grade metamorphic rocks. In contrast to the pressure vessel mechanical model applied to pressure variation associated with coesite inclusions in various host minerals, a multi‐anvil mechanical model is proposed in which strong single crystals and weak grain boundaries can maintain pressure variation at geological time‐scales in a polycrystalline material. In such a mechanical context, exsolution lamellae in feldspar are used to show that feldspar can sustain large differential stresses (>10 kbar) at geological time‐scales. Furthermore, it is argued that the existence of grain‐scale pressure gradients combined with diffusional equilibrium may explain chemical zoning preserved in reaction rims. Assuming zero net flux across the microstructure, an equilibrium thermodynamic method is introduced for inferring pressure variation corresponding to the chemical zoning. This new barometric method is applied to plagioclase rims around kyanite in felsic granulite (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic), yielding a grain‐scale pressure variation of 8 kbar. In this approach, kinetic factors are not invoked to account for mineral composition zoning preserved in rocks metamorphosed at high grade.