秦皇岛地区海岸侵蚀及主要原因

本文根据实际调查资料对秦皇岛地区海岸侵淤活动进行了分析,论述了控制条件和对滨海资源环境的危害。得出近50多年来,秦皇岛123.5km长海岸发生过6种不同形式的侵淤活动,有82.69km岸段发生不同程度的侵蚀活动,占总岸段的67%.海岸侵蚀的原因除风暴潮影响外,主要是海岸带物质补给来源持续减少和人工采挖砂石。海岸侵蚀活动除威胁滨岸工程设施安全外,还严重破坏旅游资源和土地资源,加剧海水入侵活动。      

海岸侵蚀灾害管理信息系统的实现

海岸侵蚀灾害的管理是以大量的调查研究成果,特别是长期监测数据为基础进行管理的。海岸侵蚀信息系统建设是针对海岸侵蚀的数据收集、交换到数据利用这样一系列的数据流的处理过程。参考地理信息系统在海洋管理方面的应用,海岸侵蚀灾害管理系统的关键技术,包括:系统基本框架,灾害预测评价模型库、数据框架与数据组织方式、标准体系相关技术研究。     

河口三角洲海岸侵蚀及防护措施浅析——以黄河三角洲及长江三角洲为例

进入20世纪50年代以来,我国海岸侵蚀日趋明显,一些海岸带资源或油田设施遭到破坏。针对我国黄河三角洲和长江三角洲海岸线的侵蚀现状,分析了我国海岸线侵蚀的主要因素:河流泥沙减少;海平面的上升或海洋动力因素增强以及人为因素的影响。并对目前我国所采用的海岸防护措施进行了分析。提出了我国海岸防护工程类型较多,应根据海岸侵蚀的特点采用不同的措施或多种形式组合,因势利导,使工程达到最好的防护效果。     

平潭岛东北部海岸侵蚀及其影响

平潭岛东北部由于地理位置突出,气候条件独特,且位于新构造运动形成的平潭-流水断隆区北部,处于强烈抬升阶段,山体陡峻,海蚀阶地发育,基岩为燕山期喷发的中酸性火山碎屑岩,脆性断裂发育。这些自然条件使得该区海岸侵蚀严重,且日益加剧,已对该区的居民生产、生活带来极大的危害,应当引起人们极大的关注,并采取有效的防患措施。     

海岸带侵蚀灾害研究进展及思考

在当今全球海平面上升的背景下,海岸侵蚀灾害已严重威胁着海岸带生存和生活环境,逐渐成为各相关领域的一个热点研究课题。因此,在总结中国典型海岸段侵蚀灾害的基础上,深刻探讨国内外海岸带侵蚀研究现状,并就此提出存在的两个关键性问题。最后,指出今后应重点加强以下5个方面的研究: (1)海岸侵蚀与地质环境条件的相关关系; (2)海岸侵蚀分区特征与发育分布规律; (3)侵蚀海岸的变形破坏模式; (4)岩土体在各种侵蚀因子作用下力学特性变化; (5)海岸稳定性的评价机制。     

亚洲地区的流域—海岸相互作用：APN近期研究动态

在亚洲地区,不同流域的海岸带所接受的淡水、沉积物、营养物质和污染物质入海通量有着很大的差异。入海通量的特征受到流域人类活动的强烈影响,如水坝建设和化肥的大量施用。气候和海平面的变化也起了一定的作用。流域—海岸相互作用的特点是,入海物质通量的变化将导致流域、河口以及邻近水域的地貌、环境和生态系统的改变。在流域—海岸系统不断变化的情况下,为了改进流域—海岸系统开发的管理策略,应进行以下调查和研究工作：①在现场监测和观察的基础上,定量地描述上述变化;②了解引起上述变化的过程和机制;③发展预测未来变化的趋势和幅度的新方法、新技术;④将所获结果应用于流域—海岸系统的开发和管理实践。为了确定本研究领域今后10年的资助方向,APN (Asian Pacific Network for Global Change Research)召集了相关的学术研讨会。按照APN的部署,笔者负责完成了“流域—海岸相互作用”领域的研究课题建议,本文是这份文件的简要总结。     

河北省海岸系统脆弱性评价

为探讨海岸系统脆弱性评价方法,根据系统性、客观性、可操做性、主导性原则,采用基于GIS的层次分析方法,选取风暴潮影响频率、相对海平面变化率、海岸类型、海岸侵蚀堆积率、区域海岸水下岸坡度、地面沉降率、海岸开发类型、近海水质8种评价因子,对河北省海岸系统脆弱性进行了评价。采用的评价方法比较成熟,选取的评价因子符合评价区的实际情况。     

中国海岸20 ka以来的演替过程及趋势分析：对现代海岸生态保护修复的启示

【研究目的】为支撑海岸带生态保护修复,提出科学修复方案,需要掌握中国海岸自然演替总体规律和趋势。【研究方法】本文在系统梳理总结中国海岸演化相关成果的基础上,采用钻孔综合研究、遥感解译和ArcGIS空间分析等手段,定量重建了末次盛冰期以来的海岸演化过程。【研究结果】结果显示,近200多万年以来海水频繁进出中国海岸带地区,其中最后一次大规模海退-海侵发生在近20 ka以来,当时,中国海岸整体经历了末次盛冰期—中全新世早期的海侵、中全新世早期—1850年的海退、～1850年以来的海侵3个阶段。【结论】基于现有器测资料分析显示,中国乃至世界海岸未来将面临海面上升加快、海岸侵蚀加剧、风暴潮威胁增大的自然过程,这些将是海岸带生态保护修复面临的核心问题。有鉴于此,针对海岸带生态保护修复建议如下：一是顺应砂质岸线整体侵蚀的自然规律,将具有重要生态和/或经济价值的岸段作为修复重点,避免大规模过度修复。二是针对海面上升和海岸侵蚀对红树林生态空间的挤压,确定科学可行的修复目标。三是加强泥质沿海低地地区的生态化海堤建设。     

Development of coastal erosion and management

Coastal erosion and management attract much conern all around the world as coastal erosion is a problem at many coastal sites exacerbated by human activities and its adaptability through reasonable mitigation measures. This paper summarizes the main factors causing coastal erosion including reduction of sediment discharged by rivers trapped coastal structures, sand mining and reclaimation, relative sea-level rise, destruction of coastal ecosystem and weakening of coastal defenses. Mechanisms causing erosion of coastal dune, soft rock coast and muddy coast are identified and discussed. Sandy coastal erosion, soft rock coastal erosion, muddy coastal erosion, biological coastal erosion and coastal structural erosion are identified according to the characteristics of erosion in China. This study supplements the theory and methodology for coastal erosion management and provides information for managers and stakeholders.     

Coastal erosion in Shandong of China: status and protection challenges

Shandong has more than 70% of natural coasts are under erosion. Coastal erosion started from the 1970’s and became a very serious problem at 1990’s. The dramatic decrease of sediment supplies from rivers caused rapid erosion at the delta and estuary areas, especially in the abandoned Yellow River Delta. Most sandy coasts along the Peninsula were eroded due to lack of sand supply and interruption of alongshore sediment drift, sand dredging from the beach or the offshore area caused serious erosion during short time. Sea-level rise causes slow but constant shoreline retreats and became a more serious threat. Different types of hard solutions for coastal protection against erosion were used in Shandong. Seawalls are most widely used, especially at the Yellow River Delta and city center waterfront. Groynes, jetties and breakwater are used on the north and east sandy coast of the Peninsula. Hard approaches are effective to protect the coast erosion but not change the erosion causes and led secondary impact on the coast. Soft engineering solution or the combined solutions are taken into acts. Beach nourishment is mostly considered as the better soft solution, especially to those tourists attracting sandy beaches along the Shandong coast. Long term monitoring and continuous lessons learning from the coastal erosion management will be adaptive for better coast solution in the future.     

烟台市海岸带地质环境问题及保护建议

烟台市海岸带地处山东半岛蓝色经济区内,其资源丰富,具有重要的经济地位。但受自然地质条件及人类工程活动等影响,产生了许多地质环境问题。该文分析了烟台市海岸带内存在的主要地质环境问题,并在此基础上提出了海岸带保护建议,对于实现海岸带建设与地质环境保护的共同协调发展具有重要的意义。     

Monitoring Crustal Movement of the Coastal Zone in Eastern China with GPS Technique

In this paper, various dominating factors affecting crustal movement of the coastal zone in eastern China are analyzed, and major characteristics of crustal movement are summarized. Subduction of the pacific plate and Philippine plate and southeastward “escape“ of Qinghai-Tibet plateau are believed to be dominating factors affecting crustal movement of that zone. Undoubtedly, it is a best way to monitor this kind of large-scale crustal movement with GPS technique. The feasibility of monitoring crustal m...     

Erosion problems in Alexandroupolis coastline,North-Eastern Greece

This paper deals with the coastal erosion processes and the related problems around the city of Alexandroupolis, NE Aegean Sea, N. Greece. The area is very fast developing, as the city is an important port and a summer resort center in SE Balkans, and will become soon a transportation and energy center, as well. The coastline under study exhibits an east–west orientation and has a length of more than 50 km. The spatial distribution and the characteristics of the changes in the shoreline were studied by comparing old and new air photographs and topographic maps, as well as through repeated series of field observations and local measurements regarding the erosion process. From these studies it was concluded that the greater stretch of the western part of the coast, under consideration, is of moderate to high relief, with a considerable participation of coastal cliffs. It consists of conglomerates of varying granulometry and consistency and is under moderate to severe erosion process. The erosion phenomena in the western part of the coast may be attributed, primarily, to strong S, SW winds, blowing in the area and to trapping of sediments by Alexandroupolis’ port breakwaters; the port stops or/and diverts the sediments to the open sea; and to the east to west longshore sea current, prevailing in the area. The eastern stretch of the coast is a plain area, formed by sandy–silty sediments; being a part of the river Evros’ Delta, it is under deposition and accretes seawards. The majority of the coasts under consideration are classified as coasts of high wave energy potential. Hard structures, as shore protection measures, have been constructed in some places, but they were proved, in rather short time-period, ineffective and suffered extensive failures. Thus, it is argued that for a long-term cost-effective tackling of the various erosion problems on any stretch, priority must be given to soft engineering measures; although, certain hard measures, carefully selected and locally implemented, can contribute to forming a rational combination of protection/mitigation measures. Besides, the development pressures in the coastal zone have to be confronted, in a sustainable way, through new integrated coast management regulations.     

Multiple-method estimation of recharge rates at diverse locations in the North Carolina Coastal Plain, USA

Recharge rates determined at diverse study sites in a shallow, unconfined aquifer differed from one another depending on the analytical method used and on each method’s applicability and limitations. Total recharge was quantified with saturated-zone methods using water-table fluctuations at seven sites in North Carolina, USA and using groundwater-age dating at three of the seven sites; at two of the sites, potential recharge was quantified with an unsaturated-zone method using Darcy’s law; and at five of the sites, net recharge was quantified with a stream hydrograph-separation method using streamflow-recession curves. Historical mean net recharge was 25 to 69% of the historical total recharge rates. The large disparity is attributed to groundwater losses between recharge and discharge areas, primarily by evapotranspiration and seepage to underlying aquifers. The spatial distribution of historical mean annual total recharge did not vary between landscape units, as suggested in a previous study. Similarly, total recharge did not correlate significantly with mean annual rainfall, mean annual water table depth, or the surficial soil properties of percent clay and bulk density. Total recharge did correlate significantly with the surficial soil properties of percent sand and percent silt.

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Résumé Les taux de recharge déterminés sur divers sites d’études dans un aquifère phréatique libre, varient les uns par rapport aux autres selon la méthode analytique utilisée et les limites et l’applicabilité de chaque méthode. La recharge totale a été quantifiée avec des méthodes en zone saturée utilisant les fluctuations des nappes sur sept sites de la Caroline du Nord, USA, et en utilisant les datations des eaux souterraines sur trois des sept sites ; sur deux des sites, la recharge potentielle a été quantifiée avec une méthode en zone non-saturée utilisant la loi de Darcy, et sur deux sites, la recharge nette a été quantifiée suivant une méthode de séparation des hydrographes de cours d’eau utilisant les courbes de récession du débit. La moyenne historique de la recharge nette est comprise entre 25 et 69% des taux historiques de recharge totale. L’importante disparité est attribuée aux pertes en eaux souterraines entre les zones de recharge et les zones d’exutoire, d’abord par évapotranspiration et ensuite par infiltration vers les aquifères sous-jacents. La distribution spatiale de la recharge historique moyenne annuelle et totale ne varie pas selon les unités paysagères, comme cela était suggéré dans une étude antérieure. De même, la recharge totale n’est pas corrélée significativement avec la moyenne annuelle des précipitations, la moyenne annuelle de la profondeur de la nappe, ou les propriétés de surface des sols que sont le pourcentage d’argile ou la densité apparente. La recharge totale est corrélée significativement avec les propriétés de surface du sol et les teneurs en sable et en silt.

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Resumen Las tasas de recarga determinadas en diversos sitios de estudio en un acuífero somero no confinado difieren entre sí dependiendo del método analítico usado y de las limitaciones y aplicabilidad de cada método. Se cuantificó la recarga total con métodos de zona saturada usando fluctuaciones del nivel freático en siete sitios en Carolina del Norte, Estados Unidos, y usando datación de edades de agua subterránea en tres de los siete sitios; en dos de los sitios se cuantificó la recarga potencial con un método de zona no saturada usando la Ley de Darcy y en cinco de los sitios se cuantificó la recarga neta con el método de separación hidrográfica usando curvas de recesión de flujo en arroyos. La recarga neta media histórica varió entre 25 y 69% de las tasas de recarga total histórica. La diferencia tan grande se atribuye a pérdidas de agua subterránea entre áreas de descarga y recarga, principalmente por evapotranspiración y escurrimiento hacia acuíferos subyacentes. La distribución espacial de la recarga total anual media histórica no varió entre las unidades de paisaje, como ya se había sugerido en un estudio previo. De modo similar, la recarga total no guarda correlación significativa con la lluvia media anual, la profundidad media anual del nivel freático, o las propiedades superficiales del suelo, particularmente porcentaje de arcilla y densidad volumétrica. La recarga total si tuvo una correlación significativa con las propiedades superficiales del suelo tal como porcentaje de arena y porcentaje de limo.

     

河北省秦皇岛市海水入侵地质灾害及其防治措施

随着秦皇岛地区人口增加、经济发展,地下水的开采日益加大,沿海地区由此产生的海水入侵现象较为普遍。海水入侵也是一种地质灾害,如何防止海水入侵是广大地质工作者和相关科技人员所要解决的问题。本文在分析了本地区海水入侵分布规律、发生原因及产生机理的基础上,提出科学管理地下水开采、引调客水补充地下水以及修建拦潮坝等多种举措防治海水入侵。借鉴国内外成熟的经验和方法,修建拦水坝拦潮蓄洪是治理海水入侵行之有效的方法。同时指出,修建梯级多道拦水坝逐级提高河水位强化对地下水的补给是治理海水入侵的一种新的尝试。     

河北汉诺坝玄武岩中深源包体和巨晶分布的动力学机理

汉诺坝碱性玄武岩是深源包体和巨晶的主要寄主岩,同时,也有不含包体的碱性玄武岩和含包体的拉斑玄武岩。本文基于理论计算,探讨了包体和巨晶分布的动力学机理。     

河北省成矿区带和找矿远景区

在分析河北省地质历史演化规律、成矿地质条件、矿床的形成与分布特点的基础上,把河北省划分为两个Ⅲ级成矿带:阜新-集宁(河北部分)成矿带(Ⅲ1)、涞源-武安成矿带(Ⅲ2),六个Ⅳ级成矿区:康保-棋盘山成矿区(Ⅳ1)、张北-隆化成矿区(Ⅳ2)、张家口-承德成矿区(Ⅳ3)、兴隆-山海关成矿区(Ⅳ4)、涞源-阜平成矿区(Ⅳ5)、邢台-武安成矿区(Ⅳ6).通过对区内地质成矿作用和构造成矿阶段特点的研究,指出Ⅲ1成矿带中铜、铅、锌、金、银、钼、铁、铀、煤矿相对集中,金属矿床主要形成于太古代、中元古代、海西期、燕山期,煤矿则主要形成于石炭纪-二叠纪、早侏罗纪,铁矿与基底变质岩、中元古代基性超基性岩相关,铜、铅、锌、金、银、钼、铀与海西期-燕山期岩浆岩相关,煤矿则分布在沉积盆地中.Ⅲ2成矿带金、铜、铅、锌、钼、铁、煤矿相对集中,金属矿床主要形成燕山期,与中性-酸性岩浆岩有关,煤矿则主要形成于石炭纪-二叠纪,分布于沉积盆地中.据各矿带的成矿期次及各期次成矿作用强度、形成的主要矿种及矿床分布的集中区,圈定了七个找矿远景区,预测了各远景区应重点寻找的矿种和需要加强地质勘查工作的区域.