西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段东波蛇绿岩中锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

西藏东波蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段,由地幔橄榄岩、辉石岩和辉长岩等组成.地幔橄榄岩主要为方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩和少量二辉橄榄岩.地幔橄榄岩中有少量辉石岩和辉长岩的脉岩,宽约1m,走向北西与岩体的构造线方向基本一致.辉石岩由90％透辉石(Wo=48、En =46、Fs =6),少量的斜顽辉石(Wo=2、En=82、Fs=16),5％的斜长石(An =90)和透闪石组成.辉长岩主要由透辉石(Wo =47、En=36、Fs=17)、斜长石(An =47)及少量的镁角闪石组成,岩石成分以低K2O和P2O5含量(均＜0.1％)和亏损的LREE模式为特征,显示N-MORB岩石的特征.经LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb原位微区测定,获得辉石岩和辉长岩的年龄分别为130±0.5Ma、128±1.1Ma.首次给出了东波蛇绿岩年龄,代表了东波地区新特提斯洋海底扩张的时代.     

大别山北麓尖晶石橄榄岩中石榴辉石岩包体的成因矿物学信息

大别山北坡霍山饶拔寨等地的超基性岩中含有石榴辉石岩的包体。石榴辉石岩为草绿色致密块状 ,呈分米级的块体出现于蛇纹石化强烈的橄榄岩中。运用成因矿物学的方法 ,研究对比了石榴辉石岩的主要矿物组成石榴子石 ( Prp2 5— 3 5 )和钠质普通辉石 ( Jd1 0— 2 5 )等。岩石结构显示退变质作用有两期 :榴辉岩相退变形成的麻粒岩相矿物组合明显地被角闪岩相所切割。石榴辉石岩的寄主岩是尖晶石橄榄岩类 ,包括尖晶石方辉橄榄岩和尖晶石二辉橄榄岩。由于强烈的蛇纹石化 ,残余的橄榄石 ( Fo92— 93 )仅占 5%～ 4 0 % ,斜方辉石富镁 ( En87— 93)并有解理弯曲等韧性变形现象。采用 Ellisand Green的石榴子石单斜辉石 Fe-Mg交换平衡温度计 ,可计算出石榴辉石岩的 Fe-Mg分配系数 ( KD)为 4 .0 6～ 5.2 8。变质温度 t=84 1～ 94 3℃ ,估算压力 p=1 .5GPa,可以推测该橄榄岩体是从深度约 60 km的地幔 ,固态侵位于下地壳 ,而后与之一起隆升到地表。显然 ,此种石榴辉石岩应属 Coleman所划分的 A型榴辉岩 ,它与地幔岩浆作用有密切关系。石榴辉石岩和橄榄岩的岩石化学特征和稀土配分形式 ,说明它们的化学性质相当于地幔部分熔融所形成的玄武岩熔体及其残留体。在侧重探讨石榴辉石岩及其有关岩石中主要造岩矿物的成因矿物?     

冀北小张家口基性-超基性杂岩的成因:岩石学、地球化学和Nd-Sr同位素证据

冀北小张家口基性-超基性杂岩体主要由辉石岩和次要的纯橄岩组成,并含有方辉橄榄岩透镜状捕掳体.岩石学和元素地球化学数据表明,辉石岩和纯橄岩可能是堆晶成因,而方辉橄榄岩可能是来自地幔源区的地幔岩捕掳体(抽取玄武质熔体之后的难熔残余).辉石岩和纯橄岩都表现出相当富集的Nd-Sr同位素特征,εND (t)=-2～10,ISr=0.7045～0.7081,表明它们的母岩浆来自富集的岩石圈地幔的部分熔融.化学成分和同位素成分一致表明,母岩浆在以橄榄石和辉石为主的分离结晶过程中,遭受下地壳不同程度的混染.辉石岩受显著混染,不能代表岩石圈地幔的同位素成分;而纯橄岩是最初的分离结晶体,仅受轻微下地壳混染,可近似反应岩石圈地幔源区的同位素成分.小张家口岩体的形成可能与古亚洲洋的缝合(240～250Ma)有关.     

青藏高原北缘火山岩中辉石岩包体研究

青藏高原北缘可可西里鲸鱼湖、雄鹰台、双泉子火山岩中含有辉石岩包体 ,其主要矿物组成为单斜辉石和斜方辉石。辉石的化学成分与国内外幔源包体 -橄榄岩和辉石岩中的类似 ,与麻粒岩中的明显不同 ;辉石温压计计算结果表明 ,辉石形成的温度为 110 1～ 140 0℃ ,压力为 30× 10 8～ 6 0× 10 8Pa,结合岩浆动力学计算结果 ,推测岩浆的来源深度大于 15 0km ,这与地球物理研究得出本区地下深处存在低速层的结果相吻合。     

吉林长仁铜镍矿床地质特征及矿床成因探讨

长仁铜镍矿床产出在∑11号岩体中,而岩体赋存于长仁-青龙断裂的NNE向压扭性构造带内,围岩为奥陶系青龙村群下段地层( Oq1-3).岩体呈岩株状、透镜状,岩体与围岩接触面呈舒缓波状.矿体赋存在∑11号超薄性岩体的辉石橄榄岩-含长辉石橄榄岩岩相中,呈似层状、透镜状产出.该矿床的成因初步认为是岩浆晚期熔离-贯入型矿床.     

汉诺坝捕虏体辉石岩和麻粒岩的成因探讨

汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中含有丰富的地幔和地壳岩石捕虏体,其中捕虏体辉石岩和庥粒岩由于外观上具有一定的相似性,两者容易混淆,导致研究上的误区.本文以辉石岩和麻粒岩捕虏体作为研究对象,通过岩相学观察结合矿物主量元素分析、单斜辉石微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素分析,对两种捕虏体进行深入的研究和对比以探讨其成因意义.结果表明,上述各方面二者都存在明显的差别,捕虏体麻粒岩具有层状堆晶构造,两种辉石矿物(次透辉石和古铜辉石)相对贫MgO富FeO,单斜辉石的REE相对富集,以高87Sr/86 Sr低143Nd/144Nd为特征;而捕虏体辉石岩一般呈块状构造,两种辉石矿物(透辉石和古铜辉石-顽火辉石)相对富MgO贫FeO,单斜辉石REE总量极低呈亏损模式,同位素组成上介于捕虏体橄榄岩和麻粒岩之间.捕虏体麻粒岩特征表明它是幔源岩浆底侵作用形成,岩浆受到了下地壳的混染;而捕虏体辉石岩明显不同于橄榄岩和麻粒岩的成因,来自于富集地幔.     

山东大疃榴辉岩和石榴透辉石岩的成因

山东大疃迟家店和石榴二辉橄榄岩中榴辉岩与石榴透辉石岩呈过渡关系，前者位于中心，后者为边缘带，在边缘带的透辉石中出现不规则状和条纹状绿辉石，通过对两类岩石的岩石学，矿物学特征及岩石平衡温压条件的研究，并与国内外不同地区，不同产状同类岩石进行一对比后认为，二者的关系虽然基本符合常见蚀变规律，即中心的榴辉石中绿辉石蚀变成透辉石，从而形成石榴透辉石岩边缘带，但是根据榴辉岩，石榴透辉石岩的ＲＥＥ特征和岩石平     

大别造山带毛屋岩体的解体及古地幔性质的厘定

根据详细的地球化学 (特别是稀土元素地球化学 )的研究资料 ,提出大别造山带毛屋岩体应该解体。毛屋岩体不是由多幕式镁铁 超镁铁质层状堆晶作用形成的一套岩石系列 ,而是由橄榄岩类、含石榴石方辉岩类、榴辉岩类和绿辉石岩类组成的一个混杂岩体。其中含石榴石方辉岩类与绿辉石岩类之间存在成因上的联系 ,含石榴石方辉岩类的原岩是本区原始地幔经约36 %的部分熔融后剩下的残余 ,而绿辉石岩的原岩是由该熔融体结晶的产物。根据含石榴石方辉岩与绿辉石岩之间的成分制约关系 ,对该区古地幔的稀土元素组成和地幔性质进行了反演 ,结果表明 ,该区原始地幔稀土元素成分与球粒陨石中的相似 ,为轻稀土略亏损的平坦型组成模式 ;该区原始地幔矿物成分为橄榄石 (72 8% )、单斜辉石 (12 4% )和石榴石 (14 8% ) ,属含单辉石榴橄榄岩的地幔。     

甘肃金川Ⅱ号岩体岩相学特征及分离结晶过程探讨

金川Ⅱ号岩体主要由二辉橄榄岩和硫化物橄榄岩构成,中细粒含辉橄榄岩呈“上悬体“产于岩体顶部,与中粒二辉橄榄岩呈短程渐变关系,反映出岩浆或“晶粥“多期贯入的特点.在各岩相矿物之间的岩相学关系的研究基础上,结合热力学相图分析,本文认为金川Ⅱ号岩体造岩矿物的结晶顺序为:尖晶石、橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石和斜长石.同时,橄榄石结晶后与母岩浆发生反应,使橄榄石颗粒变为浑圆状.此外,矿体硫化物橄榄岩、硫化物含辉橄榄岩中堆积矿物橄榄石粒度明显小于硫化物二辉橄榄岩中橄榄石粒度,暗示在“晶粥“侵入浅部岩浆房之前,深部岩浆房底部已聚集了大量的硫化物矿浆.     

东昆仑中灶火地区超镁铁质辉石岩的成因

最近在青海东昆北中灶火地区发现超镁铁质岩的岩石学、地球化学以及成因矿物学等方面的研究成果.岩石主要由单斜辉石、斜方辉石和角闪石组成, 另有少量斜长石、石英、黑云母和铁质不透明矿物.角闪石和黑云母为后期退变质矿物.斜方辉石成因判别分析结果为岩浆成因, 故该超镁铁质岩为辉石岩而非麻粒岩.该辉石岩化学成分上表现为异常的高MgO、高CaO、低Al₂O₃特征, 微量元素表现为Rb、Th富集而Nb、Ti的亏损, 表明其来源于富集地幔.通过岩相学、稀土元素等特征与前人研究结果对比认为该辉石岩是俯冲洋壳部分熔融产生的富Si熔体与地幔橄榄岩发生交代反应产生辉石岩岩浆, 然后底侵到地壳中部冷却结晶形成的.野外地质特征显示辉石岩的侵位晚于发生糜棱岩化的围岩, 即晚于围岩的形成时代, 即早二叠世, 说明该辉石岩是在中二叠世古特提斯洋向北大规模俯冲及其所导致的弧后伸展的构造背景下形成的.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.