河北省南部新石器时代人地关系研究

该文通过考古及古环境资料,分析了河北省南部地区新石器时代文化分布特点、古环境演变规律和人地关系,认为环境对于人类活动及人类文化发展的制约是主要的,环境不仅影响遗址的数量及分布位置,而且影响文化的性质及存续时间。在气候温暖期,河北省南部地区较多受中原文化及山东文化区系的影响,而在气候变冷或变干期,形成具有自己特色的文化或受北方文化影响较大。但人类活动已在一定程度上影响环境变化,刀耕火种的农业生产方式,使得局部地区的原始植被,特别是森林植被遭到较大程度的破坏,使得先民们不得不频繁迁移,因此在河北省南部,多数遗址文化层较薄且少有叠压现象。太行山区植被的破坏可能在新石器时代即已出现。     

Shifts in the distribution of rural population in the non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR

"Rural population change within the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFRS [Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic] is examined over the period 1959-79 at several levels of analysis: the Non-Chernozem zone as a whole, its major economic regions, individual oblasts, individual rayons and individual farms and rural places. The overriding tendency at all levels of analysis has been the increasing spatial concentration of rural population." The authors observe that "this concentration assumes a variety of forms, from the concentration of rural population in the suburban zones of large cities and the immediate surroundings of rayon seats to a decline in the number of rural places (from 180,000 in 1959 to 118,000 in 1979) and the growth of local centers against a general background of rural population decline. The authors hint that the observed tendency is a positive development, in keeping with the policy of converting Soviet agriculture to a more intensive path of development."     

Electromagnetic induction in the Earth in electrical contact with the oceans

Summary. Integral equations are formulated to solve the problem of electromagnetic induction in the Earth in the presence of thin finitely conducting oceans. Unlike earlier models, the oceans are assumed to be in electrical contact with the mantle and leakage of oceanic electric current is therefore possible. A powerful iterative method is developed to solve the very large system of equations and is applied successfully to a model problem. A feature of the integral equations is that they lead to a good first approximation. When fed into the iterative scheme this enhances the rate of convergence. Variable mesh size also appears possible.     

中国收缩城市及其发展的负外部性

以中国地级市为研究对象,选取2003年和2014年2个时点,通过分析各地级市市辖区、非市辖区的人口变化及二者相对变化情况判断收缩及潜在收缩城市;基于城市发展的负外部性内涵,构建涵盖房地产、环境、交通、教育、医疗及就业等方面指标的评价体系,运用主成分分析法测度收缩及潜在收缩城市发展的负外部性,并分析其变化方向。研究结果表明：① 中国的城市发展仍然以增长为主,收缩城市及潜在收缩城市比例并不高,收缩城市主要分布于东北三省及西北地区,潜在收缩城市则集中分布于河南、湖南等中部人口大省及广西、贵州等省、自治区;② 收缩城市发展过程中其负外部性显著改善,尤其是处于稳定收缩阶段的绝对收缩城市最为明显,辐射式收缩城市次之,而处于收缩初始阶段的郊区化收缩城市则表现出两极分化特征;③ 大部分潜在收缩城市其负外部性有不同程度的加剧,且负外部性加剧的城市主要以湖南、河南的潜在收缩城市为主。     

汉江上游白河段万年尺度洪水水文学研究

通过对汉江上游的考察,在多个地点发现古洪水滞流沉积层夹在古土壤层与坡积石渣土层或坡积角砾层中。选择白河段JJTZ剖面进行沉积学和水文学研究。对于采集的全新世古洪水滞流沉积样品,进行沉积学分析,与2010年现代洪水滞流沉积物进行对比,结合其宏观特征确认其为汉江洪水悬移质沉积物,粒度成分分类为细沙质粉沙。它们记录了汉江上游特大古洪水事件。通过地层学对比分析和OSL测年断代,确定其发生在全新世中期-晚期转折阶段,即3 200～2 800 a B.P.。利用沉积学和古水文学原理恢复古洪水洪峰水位,采用比降法计算出两次古洪水洪峰流量为40 180 m3/s和49 170 m3/s。该结果大大延长了洪水水文数据序列,从而能够建立汉江上游万年尺度洪水流量-频率关系,对于揭示汉江上游水文过程对于全球变化的响应规律具有重要的科学意义,对于防洪减灾和水资源水能源工程建设具有重要的现实意义。     

泾河中游龙山文化晚期特大洪水水文学研究

通过对泾河流域广泛深人的考察,在泾河中游彬县至永寿基岩峡谷河段发现典型的全新世古洪水平流沉积剖面,进行了古洪水沉积学和水文学研究.对于采集的全新世地层剖面序列样品,进行粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO3,含量等分析,从沉积学角度证明了研究剖面所夹洪水沉积物具有平流沉积特征,为典型的洪水平流沉积物.根据地层学对比和剖面自身龙山文化晚期陶片、烧土等文化遗物分析,确定泾河在4200-4000 a BP发生了特大洪水事件,并利用沉积学和水文学原理恢复其水位,计算出古洪水洪峰流量为19490～22040 m3/s.同时,通过恢复现代大洪水、洪峰流量与流域面积关系对这种方法和古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证.不仅延长泾河洪水水文数据序列到万年尺度,而且为沿泾河的水利水电和交通工程建设及沿岸地区城镇的防洪减灾提供了重要的基础数据,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值.     

中国季风边缘区全新世沙地演化及其驱动机制研究进展

中国季风边缘区全新世沙地演化和气候变化自东向西具有明显差异性。东部科尔沁沙地、中部毛乌素沙地呈现典型三段式沙地演化过程,西部共和盆地呈现多阶段多反复的沙地演化特征。东部科尔沁沙地、中部毛乌素沙地气候变化也呈现三段式,西部共和盆地由于地域特征气候变化相对复杂。全新世气候突变事件对各区产生差异影响。太阳辐射强度控制的亚洲季风环流和有效湿度变化影响沙地演化过程。     

黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带固沙植被根区土壤含水量

土壤水分在很大程度上决定着荒漠固沙植被的生长状况和分布格局,不同植被对土壤水分的需求也不相同,研究植被根区土壤含水量的分布特征,可为合理调控固沙植被空间分布格局提供理论依据。以黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带上的固沙植被泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarp）、沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）为对象,于2014—2018年每年5月上旬（雨季前）和10月中旬（雨季后）钻取植被根区不同深度的土壤样品,研究不同植被根区垂直方向和水平方向上土壤含水量的分布特征及其变异性。结果表明：（1）土层越深,固沙植被根区土壤含水量越高;（2）除2017年外,其余年份两种固沙植被根区的土壤含水量均是雨季后大于雨季前;（3）水平方向上距离植被根区越远,土壤含水量越高;（4）两种植被根区土壤含水量的变异性在垂直方向上浅层大于深层,且垂直方向的变异性大于水平方向。     

Geographical analysis of the changes in the demographic situation in Russia for the last 150 years

We present the results derived from reconstructing, for the first time, the time series of some demographic indices of Russia’s regions for the last 150 years. The problem posed for analysis was resolved through the use of extensive, officially published statistical data sets as gathered by these authors at the microlevel (uyezds, and districts) and referred within the contemporary boundaries of the subjects of the Russian Federation using economic-statistical methods and geoinformation technologies.     

我国沙漠化地区贫困县经济发展探讨

我国沙漠化地区涉及的212个县(旗市)中,有贫困县82个。82个贫困县经济基础薄弱,人民生活贫困,其原因为生产方式粗放,人口增长过快和素质低,自然生态条件差等。改变贫困面貌的途径在于依靠科技进步,整治生态环境,调整产业结构,开发资源,发展交通运输,扩大商品经济生产,控制人口数量和提高人口素质。本文还对不同地区的贫困县提出相应的经济发展意见。     

我国城市化进程中的城市空间演化研究

分析我国城市化进程中城市空间演化的问题。提出协调我国城市化进程与城市空间演化过程的对策建议 :协调重点是盘活现有城市用地 ;协调核心是控制城市用地的外延扩张 ;协调关键是优化城市用地结构 ;协调保障是强化城市土地利用规划和城市规划的宏观指导作用     

长江三角洲全新世气候变迁

1 Introduction Global warming and the global-warming-related global environmental problems are receiving increasing attention from scientists, the public and governments of countries. In the coming century anthropological activities may result in further …     

Climatic evolution in the Yangtze Delta region in the late Holocene epoch

Neolithic site sections, natural sections and other proxy indicators like paleotrees and peat are collected for further understanding the environmental changes during the past 10,000 years in the Yangtze Delta region. The results indicate that cultural interruption in the Yangtze Delta was the result of water expansion induced by climatic changes like more precipitation. For fragile human mitigation to the natural hazards in the Neolithic cultural period, environmental changes usually exerted tremendous influences on human activities, havocking the human civilization, which is meaningful for human mitigation to natural hazards under the present global warming. At the same time, some uncertainties in reconstruction of paleo-environmental changes were discussed in the text.     

Some shifts in the population of the USSR

Using the preliminary results of the 1979 census, the authors analyze trends in the distribution of the population of the USSR. Topics considered include the role of natural increase in the redistribution of the population, the relationship between economic development and the rate of population growth in Siberia, the effects of increasing rural-urban migration, and changes in the number and distribution of large cities.     

Broadening the teaching of development in the classroom

Abstract: A key objective in the New Zealand Curriculum, in the learning area of the social sciences, is that students are taught the knowledge and skills to enable them to explore and analyse people's values and perspectives. A specific achievement standard for the NCEA at Level 2 (year 12) concerns learning about disparities in development within or between countries. This article raises the issue of how the concept of ‘development’ is taught. It outlines some of the historical uses of the term and discusses how the concept is constructed in the curriculum. It explores what students learn about development in the classroom and possibilities for broadening how the concept might be taught.     

黄河上游官亭盆地喇家遗址地层光释光测年研究

通过对黄河上游官亭盆地喇家遗址周围黄河第二级阶地广泛的野外考察,在官亭镇下喇家村段发现了典型的风成黄土土壤层。在地层剖面可见其齐家文化层古地面被数组地震裂隙分割。有一层团块状的、鲜艳的红色粘土质泥流层覆盖了遗址的古地面,并且填充了地震裂隙。经过详细观测和采集光释光样品,应用单片再生剂量法(SAR) 获得该剖面样品的光释光(OSL) 年龄值。在此基础上,结合大量¹⁴C年龄数据和地层对比方法,确定官亭盆地黄河第二级阶地形成在35.00 ka BP,其后风成黄土土壤剖面开始发育。同时断定全新世古土壤S₀中间所夹红色粘土泥流沉积层及其下的地震裂隙的形成年代为3.95 ka BP。结合磁化率和粒度成分等气候替代指标分析,表明在35.00~11.50 ka BP 晚更新世晚期,亦即末次冰期的晚期(MIS-2),气候寒冷干燥,沙尘暴活动旺盛,在官亭盆地第二级阶地上堆积了典型的马兰黄土层(L_1-1)。在11.50~8.50 ka BP全新世早期,沙尘暴活动堆积了具有过渡性质的黄土层(L_t),反映气候逐渐变暖。在8.50~3.10 ka BP 全新世中期大暖期,气候变得温暖湿润,降水量增多,沙尘暴活动减弱,风化成壤作用强烈,堆积形成了黑垆土类古土壤层(S_0下、S_0上)。     

中国地理学如何面对21世纪

面对 2 1世纪 ,如何进一步发展我国地理学 ,已成为全国地理学界和有关人士最为关注的问题。文章在简单概括回顾了 2 0世纪后期取得的巨大成绩基础上 ,初步探讨了 2 1世纪初叶中国地理学如何发展的问题。     

近2000年来内蒙后套平原黄河河道演变

通过遥感影像、地貌沉积、历史文献与地图等相关资料分析集成研究,将后套平原分为西部冲积扇平原,东部是泛滥冲积平原,并详细探讨了近2000年来本区黄河河道的演变。公元前2世纪时,后套西部平原南 (上) 冲积扇停止发育, 北(下) 冲积扇河道发育,黄河主河道的位置与现代不同,它偏于泛滥平原北部的阴山山前东流;公元6世纪后套平原西部北 冲积扇上黄河河道向东移,在东部泛滥平原上黄河明显地分为南北两汊,而黄河主流仍位于河套平原北部山前;18世纪早期至末期,黄河主河道从河套平原的北部山前南移至平原南部;19世纪中叶‘北河’淤塞,现代黄河形成。     

Issues in the growth of cities of the USSR in light of the decisions of the 26th party congress

The author discusses "varying strategies of urbanization and city growth for the Soviet macroregions--European USSR, Siberia, and Central Asia." Several important research areas are outlined, including global aspects of urbanization, forecasts of urban growth in the USSR, formulation of a theory and methods for categorizing urban formation, urbanization and environmental concerns, mathematical modeling of urban systems, and research on specific urban systems.     

当今北极地缘政治格局特征分析

冷战结束后,北极地区逐渐发展为世界政治的一个热点,北极地缘政治局势处在快速的变化发展之中。地缘政治格局是控制地缘政治形势发展的一个结构因素,分析地缘政治格局有助于我们认识和理解复杂的、变动的地缘政治现实关系。本文在地缘政治格局概念基础上,提出了地缘政治格局的基本分析方法,并以此分析了冷战后北极地区的地缘政治格局的主要特征。