高速滑坡岩体碰撞效应的试验研究

应用力学原理从理论上分析了大型高速滑坡岩体与阻挡山体的碰撞过程,得出了碰撞后滑坡岩体的平均运动速度和运动方向的关系式;通过碰撞试验研究了滑坡岩体碰撞解体后的加速运动效应,得出了不同速度段岩体体积的分布规律,为进一步研究远程活动阶段碎屑流的形成奠定了基础,对防灾减灾具有重要意义。     

降雨和库水位联合作用下库岸滑坡模型试验研究

受库区水位波动和降雨影响,库岸大量老滑坡体变形加剧,地质灾害问题十分突出。为研究库岸滑坡影响因素、变形演化规律及失稳条件,以大型物理模型试验为手段,选取三峡库区黄土坡滑坡临江Ⅰ号崩滑体为对象,通过考虑水位波动、降雨及其组合作用等诱发因素,开展了一系列的库岸滑坡模型试验研究。试验结果表明：水位升降,变形主要集中于模型坡体前缘,其中,水位抬升过程中,滑坡模型变形较小,变形加速阶段出现于水位下降期间,且变形速率与水位下降速率成正比,即临江Ⅰ号崩滑体为典型的动水压力型滑坡;降雨影响下坡体变形在时间和空间上存在明显分区现象,时间上,变形发展主要集中于坡体浅表层饱和之后,即短时降雨对坡体变形未产生显著影响,空间上,坡体前缘和后缘变形剧烈;库水位下降和强降雨联合作用下坡体前缘产生局部流滑破坏,并溯源发展至前缘整体破坏,为典型的牵引式破坏模式。试验揭示处于临滑阶段坡体,其孔隙水压力、土压力变化呈现异常频繁的波动现象,可为滑坡预警预报提供一定参考依据。     

Numerical simulation of wave generated by landslide incidents in dam reservoirs

In this work, a two-dimensional fourth-order Boussinesq-type numerical model is applied to estimate the impact of landslide-generated waves in dam reservoirs. This numerical model has recently been extended for simulating subaerial landslides. The extended model is validated using available three-dimensional experimental data, and a good agreement is obtained. The numerical model is then employed to investigate the impact of landslide-generated waves in two real cases, the Maku and Shafa-Roud dam reservoirs in the northwestern and the north of Iran, respectively. Generated wave heights, wave run-up, maximum wave height above dam crest, and dam overtopping volume have been estimated for each case. The amplitude of generated waves about 18 and 31 m and the volume of dam overtopping up to 80,000 m³ emphasize the importance of the estimation of the landslide-generated waves in dam sites.     

浅水流动阻力特性的试验研究

为研究浅水流动的阻力特性,专门设计了一个试验模型,其规模较大,测量设施齐全。通过多种流量和加糙条件的试验得出:加糙密度将直接影响水流的阻力,小流量时的阻力系数变化明显,随流量的加大,加糙的影响逐渐减弱;阻力系数随相对粗糙度的加大而增加,不受流量变化的影响;表面流速分布均匀,其平均值与断面平均流速相关性良好。     

重建莫拉克台风引致台湾小林村堰塞湖坝体几何形状

<正>2009年8月莫拉克台风造成于台湾小林村献肚山大山崩,于旗山溪形成堰塞湖后在很短时间内发生溢顶破坏。该研究由航照图、灾前与溃坝后DTM、土壤物性试验与野外调查,根据崩塌与坝体堆积平衡,结合堰塞湖溢流时间,重建小林村天然坝地形与水文参数,并进行坝体稳定性分析。结果显示小林村堰塞湖天然坝主要由透水性低、易冲蚀的细颗粒组分组成,坝体积为15.34×10~6m~3,溢流点坝高及最大坝高分别为44m及60m,坝长与坝     

滑坡堵江坝溃决洪水及其演进的理论分析

崩滑堵江事件在世界范围内,尤其在山区广泛存在.溃坝后形成的洪水异常凶猛,洪峰高达几米至几十米,演进过程中常造成下游严重灾害.因此,崩滑堵江事件及其灾害链已严重影响人类的工程经济活动.本文对溃决洪水流量、洪峰及其演进过程进行了理论分析,建立了一套预测溃坝洪水特征的计算公式,并用实例验证,取得了较好的效果.     

Influence of diversion channel section type on landslide dam draining effect

The present study focuses on the emergency response measures for landslide dams. This work presents a series of centrifuge model tests conducted on the draining processes of barrier dams that are based on the grain composition of the Tangjiashan landslide dam. The effects of diversion channels with trapezoid, triangular, and compound sections on the discharge, process, and size of the residual dam are discussed. The characteristics of the flow erosion during the process of discharge in the different channels are analyzed based on hydrodynamics. The results suggest that a diversion channel with a compound section has a higher initial discharge efficiency and lower peak flow, and the flow process curve corresponds to a “chunky-type.” The draining from this type of a diversion channel could clearly reduce the flood pressure of the river downstream and make the entire process smoother. Thus, the excavation of a diversion channel with a compound section is an efficient and safe method for landslide dam emergency mitigation.     

明渠紊流中涡结构的运动规律

明渠紊流中随水流迁移的涡结构在传质过程中具有重要作用。为观测涡结构在整个生存期内的运动过程,将两套高频粒子图像测速系统的测量范围沿水流方向拼接,实现流场的大范围测量。将上述方法用于测量摩阻雷诺数为490~870的明渠紊流的纵垂面流场,并结合涡结构跟踪算法,得到了涡的生存时间、运动速度、位移及强度变化等参数。分析表明,涡结构的水平运动与水流同步,但整体有向水面抬升的趋势,在低雷诺数条件下,最大生存时间约10倍涡周转时间,最大垂向位移约0.4倍水深;随着雷诺数的增大,涡结构的量纲一运动速度未发生明显变化,但极限强度和强度变化速率均增大,且极限强度的增加幅度相对较小,使得涡结构的生存时间缩短,纵、垂向位移相应减小。研究结果揭示了生存时间是影响涡结构运动规律的关键变量,初步得到了涡结构运动规律随水流条件的变化趋势。     

基于无限边坡算法的降雨型滑坡预警系统的模型试验研究

滑坡预警系统是减少降雨型滑坡灾害的重要手段,其中针对具体单个滑坡失稳的预警系统,尽管具有较好的物理判断依据,但由于其构造机制较为复杂,目前仍然比较少见。基于无限边坡算法构建了较为简单的实验室降雨型滑坡技术性预警系统,并详细介绍了该系统的预警思路、预警时间计算原理、信息交流及反馈的实现。通过模型试验结果考察该预警系统在估算不同降雨强度及不同初始含水状态下滑坡失稳时间的表现,并对模型试验结果、预警能力进行分析。结果表明,基于无限边坡算法的预警系统的预警能力尽管受到降雨侵蚀、滑动面位置、初始含水状态的影响,但仍然具有较好的准确性。     

滑坡堰塞坝堆积形态影响因素离散元分析

滑坡是形成堰塞坝的最主要原因,在地震、降雨、冰雪融水等作用下均可形成滑坡堰塞坝,而滑坡堰塞坝的堆积形态、范围等对评价堰塞坝的稳定性有着重要的影响.通过离散元方法(DEM),系统分析了三维条件下滑动距离、滑面出口宽度、滑面倾角、河床倾角、河谷形状对堰塞坝堆积形态的影响.研究结果表明:滑动距离和出口宽度对坝体高度影响最大;...     

碳酸盐岩破裂过程中管道—裂隙水非线性流动特性试验研究

本文聚焦碳酸盐岩微观渗流特性与破裂机制的研究,开展了岩石破裂过程中管道-裂隙水流动可视化试验,基于岩石块体尺度试验结果定量分析管道流体向裂隙流体过渡的流态演化过程,研究多级荷载对管道-裂隙水流动特性的影响。试验结果表明：碳酸盐岩流态稳定性与破裂状态相关,管壁破坏初期管道流主要以层流为主,局部管壁劈裂造成管道流体时域性流态交替,管道流体向裂隙流体转变的前兆特征主要表现为过渡流态临界转换点。碳酸盐岩破裂过程中管道流体向裂隙流体过渡过程具有分数演化特征,分数指数能够定量刻画管流和裂隙流的临界过渡过程。     

黄土滑坡滑带土剪切蠕变特性试验研究

滑带土蠕变特性对渐变型边坡时效变形起控制性作用。本文以黄土滑坡滑带土为研究对象,以含水率14%、18%、22%和26%作为控制条件,开展剪切蠕变试验,分析不同含水状态下黄土的应变特征、蠕变速率和长期强度变化规律。研究表明：滑带土在水作用下蠕变现象明显,包含衰减、稳定和加速蠕变阶段,与渐变型滑坡三阶段演化过程相对应;含水状态的增强对黄土蠕变变形和速率的增长起一定的促进作用,含水率的升高可能会使黄土更容易发生蠕变破坏行为;滑带土在四种含水率下的长期强度分别为96.37 kPa、78.04 kPa、65.38 kPa和41.29 kPa,长期强度随含水作用的增强而递减。该研究可为渐变型黄土滑坡长期变形及时变稳定性研究提供参考。     

Plan curvature and landslide probability in regions dominated by earth flows and earth slides

Damaging landslides in the Appalachian Plateau and scattered regions within the Midcontinent of North America highlight the need for landslide-hazard mapping and a better understanding of the geomorphic development of landslide terrains. The Plateau and Midcontinent have the necessary ingredients for landslides including sufficient relief, steep slope gradients, Pennsylvanian and Permian cyclothems that weather into fine-grained soils containing considerable clay, and adequate precipitation. One commonly used parameter in landslide-hazard analysis that is in need of further investigation is plan curvature. Plan curvature is the curvature of the hillside in a horizontal plane or the curvature of the contours on a topographic map. Hillsides can be subdivided into regions of concave outward plan curvature called hollows, convex outward plan curvature called noses, and straight contours called planar regions. Statistical analysis of plan-curvature and landslide datasets indicate that hillsides with planar plan curvature have the highest probability for landslides in regions dominated by earth flows and earth slides in clayey soils (CH and CL). The probability of landslides decreases as the hillsides become more concave or convex. Hollows have a slightly higher probability for landslides than noses. In hollows landslide material converges into the narrow region at the base of the slope. The convergence combined with the cohesive nature of fine-grained soils creates a buttressing effect that slows soil movement and increases the stability of the hillside within the hollow. Statistical approaches that attempt to determine landslide hazard need to account for the complex relationship between plan curvature, type of landslide, and landslide susceptibility.     

无水滑的水下泥石流运动速度的实验研究

水下泥石流阻力与陆面中泥石流运动阻力的不同点在于上表面的掺混阻力和剪切阻力。由一系列的室内无水滑的水下泥石流和陆面泥石流实验研究得出:水下泥石流运动速度与相同条件下陆面泥石流运动速度之比随不同性质的泥石流,如粘性和稀性泥石流,由于其屈服应力的巨大差别,有很大的不同。由实验得到的由泥石流体的容重和量纲为一的泥石流屈服应力表达的水下无水滑泥石流运动速度和陆面泥石流运动速度用于无水滑水下泥石流运动速度计算较好。     

Experimental investigation into rockfill dam failure initiation by overtopping

Rockfill is the most abundant building material. It is often used for water retention under different contexts, such as dams, embankments or drainage systems. Climate change may cause water levels to rise in reservoirs. As rockfill structures are not able to resist strong overtopping flow, rising water levels will constitute a danger for rockfill dam stability as well as for people living nearby. This work is aimed at the development of an empirical formula that enables calculation of the critical water level of overflow at the crest from the geometrical and physical parameters of a dam. To achieve these objectives, several experimental tests on a rockfill dam model with two different impervious cores, moraine with a sand filter and an empty wooden formwork, were conducted in a hydraulic channel at the hydro-environmental laboratory at École Polytechnique de Montréal. The purpose of these tests was to study the initiation of a riprap failure under the influence of different variables, such as rock size, riprap bank, downstream side slope and bed slope. Results showed linear trends between the critical water level and both the downstream side slope and bed slope. Also, a power trend was observed between the critical level and riprap grain size. A formula that gives the critical overtopping water level was developed from these results.     

大型粉煤灰坝模型抗震试验研究

以某电厂填顶高程170,180,230 m灰坝的模型为研究对象,基于基本动力特性试验,进行了在有干滩和无干滩两种工况下模拟Ⅵ度与Ⅶ度地震烈度的响应试验和破坏试验研究,同时对用3种不同灰渣拌合料加高的180 m高程灰坝模型进行了抗震性能做出评价。研究结论对灰坝抗震理论的研究和减震防灾具有一定的指导意义。     

基于滑坡风险评价的卡拉水电站坝址比选研究

以雅砻江卡拉水电站为例,针对滑坡群风险在水电工程坝址比选时的量化评价问题,在考虑滑坡体危险性分析和易损性分析的基础上,引入滑坡体工程影响系数、重要性系数、距离模数、滑坡体状况系数4个指标参数,综合考虑滑坡体客观情况与人类活动的影响,建立以年期望损失为指标的水电工程滑坡风险评价体系。在以坝址安全风险指标、堵江引起发电量损失指标与清淤损失指标和涌浪破坏损失指标为标准的综合评价方法中,运用安全与经济相平衡原则,得出基于滑坡风险评价的坝址比选结果。经实例计算,采用改进后的评价方法可得同一量纲下的计算分析比常规方法更具可比性,综合考虑可为坝址比选提供依据。     

Experimental study of free-surface flow instability and bedforms in shallow flows

To test erosion and development of bed sculpture in unstable, pulsating shallow flow, three series of experiments were performed in a 10-m flume with flows of Reynolds Number (Re) up to 10³, Froude Number (Fr) up to 3.0, and slope up to 2%. In the first series of experiments (59 runs), the bed was rigid (glass flume-bottom), in the second (50 runs) and third (10 runs) series, planar beds were made from well-sorted and poorly sorted sand, respectively. Development of flow surface instability above the rigid bed showed the following stages: smooth surface; small wavelets; well-developed waves; and rough flow. Development of bedform morphology in the second series of tests showed the following sequence: smooth bed; flow-aligned ridge and trough pattern; combined ridge and rhomboid pattern; and rhomboid configuration. In presence of flow instability, ridge patterns form in flows with mean values indicative of laminar-subcritical regime, combined ridge and rhomboid patterns in laminar-supercritical regime, and rhomboid patterns in flows with mean values indicative of transitional turbulent-supercritical regime. The third series of experiments demonstrated transverse segregation of the bed material across the ridges.The results, in line with stability theory, show that laminar and transitional flows already become unstable when $\text{Fr}\text{=}\text{1}\text{2}$ and suggest that pulsations may appear in sheet-floods and overland flow, intensifying erosion and transport of sediment. The precise mechanism of origin of the parent kinematic flow configurations instrumental in generation of the ridge and the rhomboid patterns is not yet clear. It may be related to the mechanism operating in transition and generation of turbulence in parallel flows, or flows with a superimposed fluctuation, but other types of hydrodynamic instability are also possible.