均质非饱和土一维稳态流水头垂直分布的解析解

渗流场水头分布计算是进行渗流量和渗流水力坡降计算的基础,准确、有效地求取渗流场水头分布是渗流计算的关键环节。对均质非饱和土体一维稳态流的流动方程进行分析,考虑到渗透系数是与基质吸力相关的函数,通过数学变换,给出了稳定渗流场的解析通式,并基于渗透性函数中的Gardner模型,给出了非饱和土一维稳态流水头垂直分布的解析解。该解析通式表明,均质非饱和土一维稳态流水头垂直分布主要受地表水头、深度和流动率3个因素控制。分别计算了一维稳态蒸发条件下粉土和黏土两种典型土类水头沿垂直方向的分布。计算结果表明：稳态蒸发条件下粉土层和黏土层内的水头分布表现出相似的变化规律,即自地表至地下水位处随着土层深度的增加,水头分布呈现出加速递减的趋势;在相同的蒸发条件下,对于相同深度处的黏土和粉土而言,黏土层内水头更高些;对同一种土类而言,在较大的蒸发状态下同一深度处土层内水头更高。反之,则较低。     

滨海多层含水层系统中海潮引起的地下水位波动

通过对一个滨海多层含水层系统的考察,该含水层系统由上、下弱透水层和介于中间的承压含水层组成,海底露头处被淤泥层覆盖.建立了描述该系统中地下水水头随潮汐波动的数学模型,并得到其解析解.该解析解与六个基本参数有关,分别是承压含水层的海潮传播参数,淤泥层的无量纲透水系数,上下弱透层与承压含水层贮水率的比率 (无量纲)和上下弱透层的无量纲越流.当这些参数取某些特殊值时,我们的解便化简为前人考虑的几种简单情形对应的解.分析表明,承压含水层中地下水水头波幅是上、下弱透水层贮水率和越流系数的减函数,是淤泥层相对透水系数的增函数;波动相位(时滞)是上、下弱透水层贮水率和越流系数的增函数,是淤泥层相对透水系数的减函数.     

考虑淤泥层弹性储水的滨海承压含水层中海潮引起的地下水头波动

综合考虑了海底淤泥层的弹性储水系数、海潮荷载效应和渗透性,对海底露头处具有淤泥层的滨海承压含水层系统中海潮引起的水头波动进行分析,给出了相应的数学模型,并推导出其解析解,讨论了淤泥层弹性储水对于水头波动的影响.分析表明,当淤泥层的厚度或弹性储水系数较小时,或者其渗透性较好时,可以忽略其弹性储水效应,从而把整个淤泥层简化为第三类边界条件来处理.文章还考虑了承压含水层和淤泥层中可能存在的垂向流动,对垂向剖面二维地下水流动方程进行了数值模拟,将二维数值解与忽略垂向流动的一维解析解进行了比较,结果表明该含水层系统的垂向流动是可以被忽略的.     

悬挂式帷幕基坑底侧突涌的坑内水头抬升研究

基坑采用悬挂式帷幕减压降水时,因隔水帷幕局部存在缺陷,而导致坑内承压含水层水头抬升所诱发的基坑底侧突涌事件常有发生。为研究这种现象,以某地铁线风井基坑为范例,建立了三维非稳定流的地下水数值模型,重点考虑了渗透系数的各向异性,对隔水帷幕无缺陷,28~33m、33~38m、38~43m深度的缺陷,加大流量抽取等7种情况,进行了模拟和比较分析。研究结果表明,悬挂式帷幕降水帷幕无缺陷时,帷幕内外的水头差在含水层顶最大,并沿帷幕向下递减;在帷幕缺陷形成的渗流通道附近,渗流场的等势线非常密集,补给的地下水抬升了坑内水头,并加剧了坑外的水头下降;经缺陷处的渗流通道流入坑内的地下水,渗流速度矢量以水平向为主;帷幕缺陷位于渗透系数较大的含水层时,相应补给量也较大;加大流量抽取,可以减小水头抬升的平面范围,但缺陷附近过大的流速也会诱发地层流土;缺陷位置与帷幕底竖向距离越远,坑内水头的抬升率越大,缺陷位置与帷幕底竖向距离越近,抬升率越小。研究成果对分析承压水底侧突涌的致灾机制、预测预警以及基坑动态风险评估等有一定的参考意义。     

井周堵塞对承压含水层定流量回灌渗流场影响的半解析研究

为分析定流量条件下回灌堵塞对井周含水层渗流响应的影响,采用指数形式的渗透系数衰减方程反映堵塞作用下井周含水层渗透特性的时变效应,建立了考虑堵塞效应的定流量非完整回灌井流力学模型,采用变量代换、Laplace变换和有限余弦Fourier变换得到了井周含水层中水位抬升在Laplace空间的解,应用Stehfest数值逆变换方法获得了实时空间内的水头抬升和回灌压力。参数分析结果表明,较小的渐近渗透系数Kr,∞会增加回灌过程中水头抬升和回灌压力,并加剧含水层达到拟稳态时的渗流响应;较大的渗透系数衰减指数λ仅增加回灌过程中水头抬升和回灌压力,但不影响含水层达到拟稳态时的渗流响应;因Kr,∞和λ不同而引起的水头差在井筒处达到最大值并沿径向距离逐渐减小。研究结果可以为定流量回灌中井周含水层堵塞的识别与预测提供理论依据。     

西安市承压含水层高压渗透模拟试验研究

为了揭示在地下水头升降过程中西安市承压含水层的物理及力学性质,采用自行设计的高压渗透固结试验设备模拟西安市承压含水层中细砂高压渗透,研究了在不同竖向压力和孔隙水压力条件下砂柱应变与时间的关系、应力与应变的关系以及砂样的渗透性,同时对比探讨了试验前后砂样微观结构。结果表明：孔隙水压力降低或竖向压力增大时,砂柱发生压缩变形且表现出分段线性的特点;在一定应力范围内,增大孔隙水压力,砂柱变形几乎没有发生回弹或者恢复。根据试验前后颗粒分析曲线、双目镜照相及电镜扫描照片的对比,可以推断砂样在压缩过程中除产生颗粒滑移和位置调整外,部分颗粒被压碎或压裂,由此导致了砂样在地下水头升降过程中颗粒级配发生改变、渗透系数急剧降低以及砂样在不同应力下表现出的分段线性、粘滞性和部分不可恢复等非完全弹性性质。     

露头处具有淤泥层的滨海含水层系统中海潮引起的水头波动

滨海地区社会与经济的发展引发了各种各样的水文地质问题, 因此对滨海地区的水文地质条件, 尤其是地下水与海水之间的水力联系的研究尤为重要.本文考察了海底露头处具有淤泥层的滨海含水层系统中由海潮引起的水头波动.该系统由潜水含水层、承压含水层和介于其间的弱透水层构成.建立了该系统的数学模型, 得到了该模型的解析解.该解析解包含2个无量纲参数: 弱透水层的相对越流系数和淤泥层的相对透水系数.解析解表明, 淤泥层使各处的水头波幅被缩小了一个常数倍(波幅缩减因子), 并使各处的波动相位产生了一个不超过45°的正位移常数(时滞).该时滞对半日潮不超过1.5h, 对全日潮不超过3h.波幅缩减因子和正位移常数只与弱透水层的相对越流系数和淤泥层的相对透水系数有关.当这两个无量纲参数取某些特殊值时, 本次研究的解和前人考虑的几种较简单情形所对应的解一致.承压含水层中水头波幅随着淤泥层的相对透水系数的递增而严格递增, 随弱透水层的相对越流系数的递增而严格递减; 波动相位随着这2个无量纲参数的递增均严格递减.分析表明弱透水层的越流和淤泥层的存在均对承压含水层水头波动有显著影响.      

一种实验确定弱透水层水文地质参数的原理与方法

弱透水层是含水层系统的重要组成部分,弱透水层的水文地质参数(如渗透系数、传导系数、贮水率)不仅对预测、评价和控制地面沉降有重要意义,而且对地下水资源开发、评价和计算以及含水层系统污染物运移规律和热能传导规律的研究有着重要的意义。以饱和承压弱透水层柱体为模型,在一侧水头降低某一常量条件下推得了弱透水层单位水平面积的流量公式,给出了基于流量随时间变化的实验资料采用配线法确定弱透水层传导系数、渗透系数和贮水率的具体方法,并结合实验及相关资料进行了参数的确定和验证。这一方法不仅理论严密,而且具有实验装置及实验过程简单、易操作,获取的参数较多,精度高等优点。因此有很好的推广应用价值。     

基于概率分析的渗流计算方法及应用

以随机理论为基础,把岩土体渗透系数视为随机变量。根据渗透系数的概率分布,把岩土体视为按概率分布的不同渗透系数介质的混合体,不同渗透系数介质对渗流场产生贡献的大小由其概率的大小来确定。在确定岩土体渗透系数后,通过渗流方程就可求出不同渗透系数作用下区域内的水头分布和断面流量,再根据渗透系数的概率大小进行叠加,求出整个区域内的水头分布和断面流量。工程实例表明,该方法较确定性有限元法误差小,可作为渗流计算的又一方法用于渗流分析。     

竖向简谐荷载下二维层状饱和地基的解析层元解

基于Biot固结理论,运用解析层元方法求解竖向简谐荷载作用下二维层状饱和地基的动力响应问题。从直角坐标平面应变问题控制方程出发,通过Fourier-Laplace变换将偏微分方程组转化为常微分方程组,求解得到单层饱和地基的解析层元。结合层间连续条件和边界条件,组装得到多层饱和地基的总刚度矩阵方程,进而求得变换域内的解。借助Fourier-Laplace逆变换的数值积分方法,获得平面应变动力问题在物理域内的解,编制了相应的计算程序,其计算结果与已有文献结果吻合较好。通过算例分析了荷载圆频率、荷载作用深度及地基成层性对地基竖向位移的影响。计算结果表明：随荷载圆频率的增大,地基竖向位移先增加后减小;地基竖向位移在荷载作用点处呈现波峰,且受表层土性的影响较大。     

A generalized solution for groundwater head fluctuation in a tidal leaky aquifer system

A new analytical solution is developed for describing groundwater level fluctuations in a coupled leaky confined aquifer system which consists of an unconfined aquifer, confined aquifer, and an aquitard in between. The aquifer system has a tidal boundary at the seashore, a no flow boundary at remote inland side, and a confined aquifer extending under the sea and terminated with an outlet-capping. This new solution has shown to be a generalisation of most existing analytical solutions for a tidal aquifer system which includes single confined and leaky confined aquifers. In addition, the solution is used to explore the influences of the dimensionless leakance of the outlet-capping, the dimensionless hydraulic diffusivities, and the leakages of the inland and offshore aquitards on the head responses in the leaky confined aquifer.     

不同地连墙插入深度下承压含水层减压降水对既有隧道的影响

当基坑需进行未截断条件下的承压含水层降水时,承压水抽降产生的影响范围远大于基坑开挖的影响范围,其对基坑外既有隧道的影响值得重视。进行了承压层减压降水对既有盾构隧道影响的有限元仿真模拟,并分析了采用地下连续墙插入承压含水层时,不同插入深度对隧道变形的影响,结果表明：随着地下连续墙插入承压含水层深度的增加,直至完全截断承压含水层,既有隧道沉降逐渐减小,但受地下连续墙变形的影响,隧道在水平方向仍存在较大位移。因此,当既有隧道与减压井净距较小时,即使承压含水层被完全截断,也应重视减压降水对隧道水平方向变形造成的影响。此外,长期减压降水将会引起隧道产生可观的沉降。因此,应尽量避免承压含水层未被完全截断条件下进行长期减压降水。     

振荡试验确定倾斜承压含水层水文地质参数

为评价振荡试验在获取倾斜承压含水层水文地质参数过程中含水层倾角对计算结果的影响,基于Kipp模型推导了考虑承压含水层倾角的振荡试验解析解模型。倾斜承压含水层量纲一贮水系数和量纲一导水系数不变条件下,测试井-含水层系统的量纲一阻尼系数随着倾角的增加而增加。修正模型计算的量纲一阻尼系数与Kipp模型计算的量纲一阻尼系数偏差10%以上时,必须考虑倾角的影响并且承压含水层倾角对水头响应曲线造成影响临界角度约为34°。修正模型和Kipp模型对现场振荡试验水头响应曲线分析结果的差异表明,忽略含水层倾角会对倾斜承压含水层导水系数和贮水系数的计算结果产生较大误差。     

Anisotropy and bedding effects on the hydro geological regime in a confined aquifer to design an appropriate dewatering system

Prediction of groundwater inflow into mining excavations is very important in order to design an effective dewatering system to keep the mine workings dry and create prolonged cone of depression. The effects of anisotropy ratio and bedding on the hydraulic head and drawdown curves of a dewatering test carried out in a fully penetrating well in a confined aquifer have been investigated. An existing numerical finite element model has been used to perform the simulations. The results of the numerical model are compared to those from analytical Jacob and Lohman solution for estimating hydraulic heads and drawdown curves. It was found that the anisotropy ratio and bedding should not have a significant effect on drawdown and the quantity of inflow into a confined aquifer. It was further found that taking the simultaneous effects of anisotropy and bedding into account reduces the differences in the results of analytical and numerical methods. Comparison of the field data and model predictions showed that, the modelling results for a three layer anisotropic aquifer fit well to the field data than those results obtained for a single layer aquifer and the relative error decreased from 4.81 % to 2.98 %.     

A data-driven approach for analyzing dynamics of tide–aquifer interaction in coastal aquifer systems

Analysis of tidal effects on aquifer systems plays an important role in coastal aquifer management owing to various hydrological, engineering and environmental problems in coastal areas. Using the real-world data of unconfined and confined aquifers, a data-driven approach is presented in this study for the analysis of tide–aquifer interaction in coastal aquifers. Six analytical tide–aquifer interaction models were selected which take into account the effects of vertical beach, sloping beach, tidal loading, aquifer leakage, outlet capping, and combined leakage and outlet capping on tide-induced groundwater fluctuations. The tide–aquifer interaction datasets were obtained from the Konan groundwater basin (unconfined aquifer) of Japan and the Dridrate groundwater basin (confined aquifer) of Morocco. The analysis of the results obtained by the sloping beach model revealed that for a given beach slope, the amplitude of groundwater level increases with an increase in aquifer diffusivity and a decrease in aquifer thickness. However, no significant effect of beach slope was observed in this study at unconfined sites for all the datasets. The influence of tidal loading was found to be considerably less for all the three confined sites. Further, the analysis of the results of the leakage model indicated that with an increase in leakage into the aquifer, the amplitude of groundwater level as well as the phase shift (time lag) decreases. Of all the confined and unconfined datasets, only two confined sites were found to be affected by outlet capping. Overall, it is concluded that the coastal beach bordering the Konan basin is not significantly sloping, the contribution of tidal loading to tide-induced groundwater fluctuations in the Dridrate aquifer is not appreciable, and that the aquifer leakage and outlet capping do not exist at the unconfined sites under investigation.     

块状岩溶承压含水层非稳定流数学模型的建立及应用

块状岩溶介质可视为双重孔隙介质, 其含水层为承压含水层, 水文地质模型概化为各向同性非均质。根据块状岩溶承压含水层地下水运动规律, 建立二维承压含水层非稳定流数学模型, 采用有限体积法对其求解, 并以深圳葵涌区为例对模型进行识别和验证。结果表明: 各时段的计算水位值与实测水位值非常接近, 所建立的数学模型正确可应用。     

A computer method based on simulated annealing to identify aquifer parameters using pumping‐test data

Conventional graphical or computer methods for identifying aquifer parameters have their own inevitable limitations. This paper proposes a computer method based on a drawdown model and a heuristic approach of simulated annealing (SA) to determine the best‐fit aquifer parameters of the confined and unconfined aquifer systems. The drawdown model for the confined aquifer is the Theis solution and the unconfined aquifer is the Neuman solution. The estimated results of proposed method have better accuracy than those of the graphical methods and agree well with those of the computer methods based on the extended Kalman filter and Newton's method. Finally, the sensitivity analyses for the control parameters of SA indicate that the proposed method is very robust and stable in parameter identification procedures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Basin of Mexico aquifer system: regional groundwater level dynamics and database development

The aquifer system of the Basin of Mexico is the main source of water supply to the Mexico City Metropolitan Zone. Management of the Basin’s water resources requires improved understanding of regional groundwater flow patterns, for which large amounts of data are required. The current study analyses the regional dynamics of the potentiometric groundwater level using a new database called the Basin of Mexico Hydrogeological Database (BMHDB). To foster the development of a regional view of the aquifer system, data on climatological, borehole and runoff variables are part of the BMHDB. The structure and development of the BMHDB are briefly explained and then the database is used to analyze the consequences of groundwater extraction on the aquifer’s confinement conditions using lithology data. The regional analysis shows that the largest drawdown rates are located north of Mexico City, in Ecatepec (a region that has not yet received attention in hydrogeological studies), due to wells that were drilled as a temporary solution to Mexico City’s water-supply problem. It is evident that the aquifer has changed from a confined to an unconfined condition in some areas, a factor that is responsible for the large subsidence rates (40 cm/year) in some regions.     

海底泉对在海底有限延伸的越流含水层系统中地下水潮汐效应的增强作用

海底泉在滨海地下水排泄过程中起着重要的作用。本文给出了含有一个海底泉的在海底延伸的越流承压含水层系统中地下水水头在海潮作用下波动的近似解析解。该含水层顶底板隔水且向海底延伸有限距离。假设含水层的海底露头被一层隔水层覆盖,海底泉由一个渗透性很好的完全穿透海底含水层硕板的圆柱体渗漏天窗（海底泉孔）来表示。近似解析解中包含了6个参数：承压含水层的海潮传播参数,海底泉孔中心到海岸线的距离,表示泉的圆柱体的等效半径,海底泉孔中心到含水层海底露头处的距离,承压含水层的海潮载荷效率和弱透水层的越流。分析表明,如果海底泉孔中心到海岸线的距离远大于泉孔的等效半径,且海底泉孔中心到含水层海底露头处的距离远大于泉孔的等效半径时,解析解的近似误差可以忽略。然后本文讨论了解析解的两个基本性质,分析了海底泉对海底地下水水头波动的影响。