Estimation of field irrigation water demand based on lumped kinematic wave model considering soil moisture balance

An estimation model of farm field irrigation water demand is developed. The model is based on the lumped kinematic wave model considering soil water balance. The lumped model approach reduces the computational load in rainfall-runoff analysis and allows application to large river basins. Evapotranspiration is estimated on hourly basis by the improvement of FAO’s method. Not only water volume necessary for farm field irrigation but also the number of the water charge and its interval can be estimated by the combined use of the lumped runoff model and the hourly evapotranspiration model.     

基于球面边值问题的点质量调和分析方法

对全球扰动点质量模型而言,可以假定虚拟扰动质点系位于地球内部同一Bjerhamar球面上,同时把边值界面视为球面.本文针对这一假设下所形成的线性方程组的系数阵,运用快速傅里叶变换的方法,得到了点质量模型解算中利用分块循环矩阵分解大型线性方程组的新方法.全球30′×30′扰动点质量模型259200阶方程组的解算分解为720个360阶方程组的解算,解决了点质量模型构建中大型线性方程组的稳定解算问题.推导了全球点质量模型与球谐位系数模型的转换关系,得到了一种基于球面边值问题的点质量调和分析方法.数值模拟试验表明,在适当选取点质量埋深度的情况下,本文的点质量调和分析方法较传统的调和分析方法精度更高.     

Contaminant plume classification system based on mass discharge

Estimation of mass discharge has become an increasingly valuable analysis technique at sites with contaminated groundwater plumes. We propose a simple plume magnitude classification system based on mass discharge comprised of 10 separate magnitude categories, such as a "Mag 7 plume." This system can be a useful tool for scientists, engineers, regulators, and stakeholders to better communicate site conceptual models, prioritize sites, evaluate plumes both spatially and temporally, and determine potential impacts.     

土-结构体系振动台模型试验中土层边界影响问题

通过数值模拟和模型试验,初步探讨了土－结构相互作用体系模型试验中土层侧向边界的影响情况,研究了土层边界处加入橡胶层后的作用,从而为土－结构相互作用体系模型试验设计提供了一些依据。     

基于UPML边界条件的交替方向隐式有限差分法GPR全波场数值模拟

交替方向隐式差分(ADI-FDTD)法突破了Courand-Friedrich-Levy(CFL)条件的约束,具有无条件稳定的特点;而单轴各向异性完全匹配层(UPML)边界条件具有宽频带吸收特性,不需要对电场和磁场进行分裂,迭代公式简单,便于编程的特点.综合两者优势,本文提出了基于UPML边界条件的ADI-FDTD探地雷达数值模拟算法,通过对3个二维Maxwell方程进行离散化,推导了GPR波的ADI-FDTD及其UPML边界条件的两个子时间步的迭代差分公式,并分别给出了详细计算步骤.在此基础上,开发了相应的模拟程序,应用该程序对两个GPR模型进行了正演模拟,得到了两个正演模型的wiggle图、扫描图与全波场快照.通过分析这些雷达剖面图与波场快照,可以了解雷达波形在空间中的传播过程及变化规律,有助于雷达资料更可靠、更准确的解释.模拟结果表明,基于UPML边界条件的ADI-FDTD算法可取较大的时间步长,消除了截断边界处的强反射,能对简单与复杂GPR模型进行快速、高效模拟.     

Dependence of lumped mass transfer coefficient on scale and reactions kinetics for biologically enhanced NAPL dissolution

Residual dense non-aqueous liquids (NAPLs) in aquifers constitute a great challenge for groundwater cleanup. Active engineered treatment of regions that contain residual NAPLs is often required to shorten the long-term impact of NAPLs on groundwater quality. Enhanced residual NAPL cleanup can be achieved by promoting biodegradation of NAPL components in the aqueous phase, thereby increasing contaminant fluxes from the NAPL phase. Reaction-enhanced NAPL dissolution is often mathematically simulated under the assumption that lumped mass transfer coefficients, used to describe the dissolution behavior of the NAPL phase, are independent of the reactions. However, this assumption is not warranted because reactions occurring near the water–NAPL interface can reduce characteristic mass transfer lengths, which tend to enhance mass transfer over the no-reaction case.In this study, we mathematically investigated the connections between lumped mass transfer coefficients and reaction kinetics over an idealized residual NAPL domain. Since mass transfer is frequently a scale-dependent process, we also examined the influence of system extent on mass transfer coefficients. For our idealized domain with an assumed first-order decay reaction, the results show that lumped mass transfer coefficients depend on reaction kinetics and system scale. The mass transfer coefficient derived from the non-reactive case cannot properly represent the mass transfer process under the reactive conditions. When the advection time scale is long in comparison to the transverse dispersion time scale in the system, a fast reaction can increase significantly the lumped mass transfer coefficient. The mass transfer coefficient used for simulation was also found to be affected by the nature of the numerical scheme used.     

基于黏弹性边界的P波斜入射波场分解方法精度比较

黏弹性人工边界以其概念清晰,稳定性高,精度良好的优点,在地下结构抗震的研究中已经得到了较为广泛的应用。在使用黏弹性边界进行地震动的输入时,需要把地震波转化为模型网格节点上的等效节点力,这个过程就要涉及到波场分解的问题。波场分解的方式可以不同,但不同的波场分解方式会得出精度不同的计算结果,而学界目前尚未就此达成一致。本文在前人研究的基础上,总结了3种地震波斜入射的波场分解方法,编制了相应的Python脚本来实现黏弹性边界和等效节点力的批量施加,并且以不同角度的地震波斜入射为例在同一有限元模型中计算以进行比较研究。结果表明计算精度与波场分解的方式密切相关:在模型边界上考虑的自由场波动叠加越完整,计算结果越精确。     

Design and development of safety evaluation system of buildings on a seismic field based on the network platform

This paper describes a set of on-site earthquake safety evaluation systems for buildings, which were developed based on a network platform. The system embedded into the quantitative research results which were completed in accordance with the provisions from Post-earthquake Field Works, Part 2: Safety Assessment of Buildings, GB18208.2-2001, and was further developed into an easy-to-use software platform. The system is aimed at allowing engineering professionals, civil engineeing technicists or earthquake-affected victims on site to assess damaged buildings through a network after earthquakes. The authors studied the function structure, process design of the safety evaluation module, and hierarchical analysis algorithm module of the system in depth, and developed the general architecture design, development technology and database design of the system. Technologies such as hierarchical architecture design and Java EE were used in the system development, and My SQL5 was adopted in the database development. The result is a complete evaluation process of information collection, safety evaluation, and output of damage and safety degrees, as well as query and statistical analysis of identified buildings. The system can play a positive role in sharing expert post-earthquake experience and promoting safety evaluation of buildings on a seismic field.     

基于形状记忆合金-悬吊质量摆减振系统的结构地震响应分析

针对风电塔架结构内部有限的空间,设计一种新型减振系统。基于悬吊质量摆减振原理,利用形状记忆合金（SMA）的超弹性特性,将SMA丝与弹簧叠加成SMA阻尼器后并与悬吊质量摆复合,设计了一种形状记忆合金-悬吊质量摆阻尼器（SMA-SMPD）系统。研究了细部构造、减振原理和参数影响,并利用Matlab软件对单自由度体系在不同地震作用下的动力响应进行了数值模拟。结果表明:所设计的刚度和质量可调的SMA-SMPD是有效的。与结构受控频率相调时,将结构振动能量集中转换到SMA-SMPD上,可耗散结构振动能量,减震率可达30%~40%,且整体性能稳定,对结构动力响应控制效果显著。     

液化地基自由场振动台模型试验研究

进行了液化场地自由场振动台试验,试验采用柔性容器以减小边界影响,采用上覆黏土层的饱和砂土作为模型土。试验中再现了液化场地土的震害现象。得出的主要规律有:随着振次的增加,地基的频率迅速降低,阻尼比迅速增大;砂土对地震动起滤波作用;土体的加速度峰值反应在高度上呈"K"形分布;当最初加速度峰值到达前,砂土层中的孔压比存在负值;震后土中振动孔隙水压力不一定随振动的停止而立即开始消散,在短期内可能继续增长。     

基于动力有限差分法的典型海域自由场二维地震反应分析

以我国近海海域工程场地为研究对象,充分考虑上覆海水的自重影响,构建典型的饱和海底自由场计算模型,运用动力有限差分法开展二维地震反应分析,探讨以不同幅值的SV波、P波作为基底输入条件下上覆海水厚度对海底地震动峰值和反应谱的影响,总结上覆有水和无水场地的地震动结果差异,并分析差异产生的原因。结果表明:当基底输入SV波时,上覆有水场地海床表面峰值加速度小于上覆无水场地地表峰值加速度,海水层厚度对峰值加速度的影响可以忽略;当基底输入P波时,上覆有水场地海床表面峰值加速度大于上覆无水场地地表峰值加速度,且随着海水层厚度的增大,海床表面峰值加速度逐渐减小。      

Simplified dynamic analysis to evaluate liquefaction-induced lateral deformation of earth slopes: a computational fluid dynamics approach

Lateral deformation of liquefiable soil is a cause of much damage during earthquakes, reportedly more than other forms of liquefaction-induced ground failures. Researchers have presented studies in which the liquefied soil is considered as viscous fluid. In this manner, the liquefied soil behaves as non-Newtonian fluid, whose viscosity decreases as the shear strain rate increases. The current study incorporates computational fluid dynamics to propose a simplified dynamic analysis for the liquefaction-induced lateral deformation of earth slopes. The numerical procedure involves a quasi-linear elastic model for small to moderate strains and a Bingham fluid model for large strain states during liquefaction. An iterative procedure is considered to estimate the strain-compatible shear stiffness of soil. The post-liquefaction residual strength of soil is considered as the initial Bingham viscosity. Performance of the numerical procedure is examined by using the results of centrifuge model and shaking table tests together with some field observations of lateral ground deformation. The results demonstrate that the proposed procedure predicts the time history of lateral ground deformation with a reasonable degree of precision.     

Prediction of railway ground vibrations: Accuracy of a coupled lumped mass model for representing the track/soil interaction

Recent advances in railway-induced ground vibrations showed that the track/soil interaction plays an important role in the low frequency range. This paper contributes to the numerical analysis of train/track/foundation dynamics by presenting the accuracy of a coupled lumped mass (CLM) model devoted to the railway foundations and to the track/soil coupling. Following a summary of the background and the advantages of the CLM model, the coupling strategy is quantified through two application cases. Firstly, the dynamic track deflection is calculated for different railway lines considering various degrees of complexities of foundations. Then, the foundation responses are compared depending on whether detailed coupling is introduced or not. The benefit of the proposed model is emphasized by presenting free-field ground vibration responses generated by a tram and a high-speed train, obtained by a revisited two-step prediction model developed by the authors.     

Current stabilizer for the magnetic field of a mass spectrograph

Summary A new automatic current stabilizer is constructed, which can be used for a magnetic field of a mass spectrograph. A stability of the order of 10^–6 is attained for relatively long intervals. The dependence of the magnetic field constancy on the different parameters of the stabilizer is investigated by methods of servomechanism.     

Explicit solution of a free boundary problem for a nonlinear absorption model of mixed saturated-unsaturated flow

In wet soils, zones of saturation naturally develop in the vicinity of impermeable strata, surface ponds and subterranean cavities. Hydrology must be then concerned with transient flow through coexisting unsaturated and saturated zones. The models of advancing saturated zones necessarily involve a nonlinear free boundary problem.A closed-form analytic solution is presented for a nonlinear diffusion model under conditions of ponding at the surface. The soil water diffusivity is restricted to the special functional form D(θ) = a/(b − θ)², where θ is the water content field to be determined and a, b are positive constants. The explicit solution depends on a parameter C (determined by the data of the problem), according to two cases: 1 < C < C₁ or C ≥ C₁, where C₁ is a constant which is obtained as the unique solution of an equation. This result complements the study given in P. Broadbridge, Water Resources Research, 1990, 26, 2435–2443, in order to established when the explicit solution is available. The behavior of the bifurcation parameter C₁ as a function of the driving potential is studied with the corresponding limits for small and large values. Moreover, the sorptivity is proven to be continuously differentiable function of the variable C.     

The mass transport velocity induced by free oscillations at a single frequency

Abstract

Second order effects due to the presence of a first order free oscillation at a single frequency in a variable depth rotating ocean are examined. It is found that the second order Lagrangian mean velocity (mass transport velocity) satisfies the linearized equations for unforced steady geostrophic motion. This implies that if the ocean basin is laterally bounded and contains no closed geostrophic contours, the second order Lagrangian mean velocity vanishes everywhere.     

Simulation of flood hydrographs based on lumped and semi-distributed models for two tropical catchments in Kenya

Abstract

The design and operation of flood management systems require computation of flood hydrographs for both design floods and flood forecasting purposes, since observed data are usually inadequate for these tasks. This is particularly relevant for most developing countries, i.e. mainly for tropical catchments. One possible way of obtaining information about flood hydrographs is through the use of rainfall—runoff models. Two such models, namely the Bochum model and the Nash Cascade—Diskin Infiltration model, which are semi-distributed and lumped models, respectively, were used in the present study. These models were applied to two catchments in Kenya with drainage areas of 6.71 km² and 26.03 km². A set of 13 selected rainfall—runoff events was used to calibrate and validate the models. The physical parameters required by the models were derived from catchment characteristics using GIS and remote sensing data while the conceptual parameters were obtained by optimization. The flood hydrographs simulated using the parameters so derived indicated that it is possible to use the two models in this tropical environment.     

S wave attenuation based on Stokes boundary layer

Biot theory was based on two ideas: the coupling factor to quantify the kinetic energy of fluid and Darcy permeability to quantify the dissipation function. As Biot theory did not well predict attenuation of ultrasonic S wave, we modify the theory to better characterize the S wave attenuation. The range of the coupling factor is at first estimated in view of fluid mechanics. Application of the original theory to water-saturated Boise sandstone and brine-saturated Berea sandstone shows that the model prediction significantly underestimates the S wave attenuation ultrasonically measured. For this reason, we replace Darcy permeability with variable permeability to improve the fluid momentum equation. The new model yields predictions of phase velocity and the quality factor both close to the ultrasonic measurements. The reason why the improved model is superior to Biot theory is that variable permeability is based on the Stokes boundary layer at the fluid–solid interface, thus accurately quantifying the viscous stress between the two phases. Finally, the length scale of the viscous stress is calculated in the mesoscopic sense.     

Simplified traditional bubble-motion equation and air-gun wavelet simulation based on a Van der Waals gas model

An air-gun source is the most commonly used excitation method in offshore seismic exploration.The excitation characteristics of an air-gun source affect seismic...     

Changes in the solar magnetic field preceding a coronal mass ejection

The combined observing power of the Yohkoh, SOHO and TRACE spacecraft, along with the continuing ground-based observations has proved invaluable for the detection of changes in the magnetic morphology preceding coronal mass ejections (CMEs). A wide range of activity from small scale dimmings to large scale eruptions covering half the solar disk have been observed. The relationship between flares and CMEs has also become clearer. Rather than one event causing the other it would seem that it is a global change in the magnetic field which causes both. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in the sigmoid (S-shaped) structures seen in soft X-rays. The likelihood of a CME occurring appears to increase if there is a sigmoidal structure observed. This has formed the basis of more extensive studies into predicting the time and location of a CME from the changes in behaviour of features on the solar disk.