Rock mechanics applied to shaft pillar mining

Summary The Bureau of Mines is investigating methods for evaluating and optimizing shaft designs for deep metal mines. This paper describes one such project at the Homestake Mine in Lead, SD. To determine a safe approach for the extraction of ore from the Ross Shaft pillar at Homestake, a basic rock mechanics approach has been taken that involves laboratory testing, field measurements, and computer modelling. The results of the study show that ore bodies in the Ross pillar can be mined safely and that the shaft will remain in elastic rock. On the basis of this work, other mines can develop finite-element modelling to evaluate the stability of mine openings and increase resource recovery.     

Rock mechanics observations pertinent to the rheology of the continental lithosphere and the localization of strain along shear zones

Emphasized in this paper are the deformation processes and rheologies of rocks at high temperatures and high effective pressures, conditions that are presumably appropriate to the lower crust and upper mantle in continental collision zones. Much recent progress has been made in understanding the flexure of the oceanic lithosphere using rock-mechanics-based yield criteria for the inelastic deformations at the top and base. At mid-plate depths, stresses are likely to be supported elastically because bending strains and elastic stresses are low. The collisional tectonic regime, however, is far more complex because very large permanent strains are sustained at mid-plate depths and this requires us to include the broad transition between brittle and ductile flow. Moreover, important changes in the ductile flow mechanisms occur at the intermediate temperatures found at mid-plate depths.Two specific contributions of laboratory rock rheology research are considered in this paper. First, the high-temperature steady-state flow mechanisms and rheology of mafic and ultramafic rocks are reviewed with special emphasis on olivine and crystalline rocks. Rock strength decreases very markedly with increases in temperature and it is the onset of flow by high temperature ductile mechanisms that defines the base of the lithosphere. The thickness of the continental lithosphere can therefore be defined by the depth to a particular isotherm T_c above which (at geologic strain rates) the high-temperature ductile strength falls below some arbitrary strength isobar (e.g., 100 MPa). For olivine T_c is about 700°–800°C but for other crustal silicates, T_c may be as low as 400°–600°C, suggesting that substantial decoupling may take place within thick continental crust and that strength may increase with depth at the Moho, as suggested by a number of workers on independent grounds. Put another way, the Moho is a rheological discontinuity. A second class of laboratory observations pertains to the general phenomenon of ductile faulting in which ductile strains are localized into shear zones. Ductile faults have been produced in experiments of five different rock types and is generally expressed as strain softening in constant-strain-rate tests or as an accelerating-creep-rate stage at constant differential stress. A number of physical mechanisms have been identified that may be responsible for ductile faulting, including the onset of dynamic recrystallization, phase changes, hydrothermal alteration and hydrolytic weakening. Microscopic evidence for these processes as well as larger-scale geological and geophysical observations suggest that ductile faulting in the middle to lower crust and upper mantle may greatly influence the distribution and magnitudes of differential stresses and the style of deformation in the overlying upper continental lithosphere.     

判别碳酸盐岩是烃源岩还是储集岩的指标

<正> 在实际勘探中,碳酸盐岩既可作为烃源岩,也可作为储集岩存在。确定碳酸盐岩中含有的烃类是原生的,还是从它处运移而来的,这在勘探实践中有着指导意义。为此目的,许怀先等用岩石热解分析方法做了大量研究工作。结果表明岩石中原油的热蒸发烃高峰温度和干酪根热解烃高峰温度具有显著差异:干酪根热解产烃高峰温度 T_(max)为400～600℃;原油热蒸发烃最高峰温度 T_(max)为300～400℃。由此可以区分原油的热蒸发烃和干酪根的热解烃,并进一步判定当最高热解峰温 T_(max)>400℃时,该岩石为烃源岩,而当T_(max)<400℃时,则为储集岩。对干酪根热解的进一步研究表明,不同成熟度的干酪根在不同的热降解温度范围内的产烃量是不同的。低成熟度的干酪根在450～600℃范围内所产生的烃占热解烃的5%     

嵌岩扩底灌注桩及MRR型基岩扩底钻头

简要介绍了国内外扩底技术现状、扩底灌注桩的特点、ＭＲＲ型基岩扩底钻头的结构衣技术参数，结合工程实例对ＭＲＲ１０００钻头的使用效果进行了分析。     

Ayers Rock

For years the world's most famous inselberg was plagued by the deleterious effects of human activity. Now a massive investment, stimulated by the international tourist industry, has ensured preservation of the rock's unique geomorphological features and its fragile ecology.     

岩体结构对岩石爆破效果的影响

分析了爆破冲击波的传播特点，指出了对岩石破坏最大的是拉伸应力波，并对岩体结构对岩石爆破效果的影响进行了探讨。     

Micromechanical Modelling of Stress Waves in Rock and Rock Fractures

The goal of this paper is to simulate the interaction of stress waves and rock fractures in a particle micromechanical model. Stress waves travelling in fractured rock masses are slowed down and attenuated by natural heterogeneities, voids, microcracks and, above all, by faults and fractures. Considerable laboratory and theoretical investigation have uncovered the major aspects of this phenomenon, but models that cover the core mechanisms of the wave propagation in rock masses are necessary to investigate aspects of wave–fracture interaction, which are not completely clear, and in the future simulate full-scale real problems. The micromechanical model is based on the particle discrete element model that reproduces rock through a densely packed non-structured assembly of 2D disks with point contacts. The model of a hard rock core is developed and an irregular rock joint is generated at mid-height. A new contact constitutive model is applied to the particles in the joint walls. Numerical static joint compression tests are performed and a typical hyperbolic stress–displacement curve is obtained. Conditions for good quality wave transmission through non-jointed unorganized particulate media are determined, hybrid static–dynamic boundary conditions are established and plane waves are emitted into the compressed joint. The transmitted and reflected waves are extracted and analysed. Joint dynamic stiffness calculated according to the hypotheses of the Displacement Discontinuity Theory shows to increase with the static joint compression until the joint is completely closed. Still in its early stages of application, this rock micromechanical model enables the joint behaviour under static and dynamic loading to be analysed in detail. Its advantages are the reproduction of the real mechanics of contact creation, evolution and destruction and the possibility of visualizing in detail the joint geometry changes, which is hard to accomplish in the laboratory.     

岩体损伤问题

从微观及宏观两方面对岩体损伤的意义及性质作了阐述,介绍了连续损伤力学中有关损伤变量的定义和量度,给出了韧性、脆性、疲劳与蠕变状态下的损伤演变方程。文内除了列举几种反映岩体软化及节理裂隙性质的损伤模型外,还介绍了细观与统计损伤模型。最后简要叙述了几种损伤测量方法,包括超声衰减技术、声发射以及现代光学技术。     

Rock density study

Density of volcano-sedimentary complexes progressively rises going down the Paleozoic section and decreases in the Precambrian. Density of the intrusive rocks is determined largely by their composition. There seem to be lateral changes in rock density, correlative with surface relief of the crust, differences in intensity of metamorphism, and intensity of dislocation. The density differences may be related to those in the degree of weathering or in the conditions, nature and intensity of metamorphism. --Author.     

Incompatible deformation in rock mechanics

Compatibility, i.e., continuous displacement field, is often taken for granted but experience teaches that rock deformation is in most cases discontinuous. The relation between incompatible deformation and continuous distribution of dislocations is established since long and is recalled in this paper. Contrary to several applications of Cosserat theory to already laminated (jointed) rock, the main goal of this paper is to give an explanation for the formation of discontinuities (joints) in rock as a result of a particular type of buckling which leads the body outside of the Euclidean space of its original configuration.     

广义塑性力学理论

实验表明 ,经典塑性力学难以反映岩土材料的变形机制 ,究其原因在于经典塑性力学作了传统塑性势假设、关联流动法则假设和不考虑应力主轴旋转的假设。 广义塑性力学放弃了这些假设 ,采用了分量理论 ,由固体力学原理直接导出塑性公式 ,它既适用于岩土材料 ,也适用于金属。     

基于块体理论的多结构面控制下岩质边坡关键块体研究

岩质边坡具有不连续性、多变性及各向异性的特点,其稳定性很大程度上受边坡内部发育的多结构面的影响,表现为块体的不稳定性,因此,寻求对边坡稳定性造成不良影响的关键可动块体是一项重要课题。通过块体理论全空间赤平投影与矢量计算的方法,捕获关键块体,并通过矢量计算确定块体的运动方式,计算其稳定系数,证明了全空间赤平投影在确定可动块体上的简便性,其直观的图示能避免矢量法较为繁琐的计算步骤,而在可动块体运动形式的判别上,两者必须相辅相成。通过应用块体理论确定的关键块体相较于传统方法应用于岩坡稳定性分析时强调的“整体性”而更加侧重于边坡内部块体的“个体性”与“精准性”,突破了岩质边坡稳定性分析的模糊性问题,也使边坡防治更精准更具针对性。     

Magnetite-Fluorite Rock: A New Rock Type of Hot Water Sedimentation

The new type hot water sedimentary rock - magnetite-fluorite rock occurs as quasi-layers inflat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata in Bamiaushan of Changshan County,Zhejiang Province, China. The main mineral assemblage is fluorite magnetite cassiterite. The rockshows typical laminated structure and obvious mosaic texture. Its formation temperature is between123℃-160℃, averaging at 142℃. The major chemical composition of the rock includes CaF2, SiO2,Al2O3, FeO, and Fe2O3; the high-content microelement association includes W, Sn, Be, Rb, Sr, S, andCl; and the total content of REE is low (∑REE between 35.34x10-6-38.35x10-6), showing LREEenrichment type of distribution pattern. Diagenesis: driven by the tectonic stress, the formation waterheated in the deep strata had moved along the fissures or fractures in strata and had extractedcomponents from the strata on the way, and finally stagnated in the flat parts of contact zones betweenrock body and strata. With drop in temperature, magnetite and fluorite were separated from the hotwater and precipitated alternately, forming this hot water sedimentary rock with new typemineralogical composition, typical laminated structure, obvious mosaic texture and sub-horizontaloccurrence. The characteristics of the new type mineralogical composition, sedimentary tectonicenvironment and chemical composition are different from that of the well-known traditionalhydrothermai sedimentary rocks.     

岩体结构对含煤岩系变形的控制作用

含煤岩系变形规律的研究,对煤炭资源评价和开采、煤矿瓦斯灾害预测、煤层气的可开发性评价具有指导意义。基于含煤岩系的岩体结构是控制其变形的基础因素这一前提,以岩体力学和分形几何学基本理论为指导,提出取决于岩石杨氏模量和泊松比的岩体强度因子和取决于岩层厚度的分形维数两个参数,以断层发育的安阳双全井田、褶皱发育的沁水盆地煤层气开发区及滑动构造发育的荥巩谷山井田为例,系统探讨了岩体结构对含煤岩系变形的控制作用。研究表明,低强度因子和厚层岩层较多的分形维数低值区,含煤岩系以韧性变形为主,多形成褶皱,煤体变形程度深,为瓦斯灾害严重区和煤层气难以开发区;高强度因子和厚层岩层较少的分形维数高值区,含煤岩系以脆性变形为主,多发育断层,构造煤难以区域展布,只分布在断层附近。可见含煤岩系变形不仅与岩体强度有关,而且受岩层厚度的控制。统计层段内刚性岩层的存在增加了岩体强度,岩层复杂程度的增加同样提高了岩体强度。岩体力学和分形几何学的引入,为煤岩体变形行为和程度的描述和预测提供了一种新途径。