四川渠县“8·8”特大暴雨引发的地质灾害分布特征与成因分析

2021年8月8日渠县遭遇特大暴雨袭击,引发新增灾害38处,不同程度加剧已有灾害点109处。文中基于实地调查资料,对特大暴雨引发灾害的特征和孕灾地质条件与灾害分布关系开展研究,对比研究了累计降雨量与新增灾害数量和已有灾害加剧程度之间的关系。结果表明：此次渠县特大暴雨引发新增灾害点主要为土质滑坡,占比94.7%;区域斜坡结构对灾害发生的影响程度最高;土质滑坡集中发生在300～325 mm累计雨量区间,高达27处,变形迹象加剧程度严重的灾害点23处,分布在累计雨量为337～348 mm区间内;为该县地质灾害防治区划与汛期地质灾害防御提供科学依据,为类似地区特大暴雨地质灾害防灾减灾提供参考。     

汶川地震引发地质灾害隐患影响将持续10年左右

2009年2月11日,四川省国土资源厅厅长宋光齐在全省地质灾害防治专题会议上表示,汶川特大地震使地震灾区地质环境条件急剧恶化,根据国内外的以往经验,特大地震引发的地质灾害隐患所产生的影响将持续10年左右。宋光齐介绍,特大地震发生及其影响严重的区域,地质环境条件原本就十分恶劣、脆弱,震后地质灾害隐患使其雪上加霜。     

福建顺昌特大地质灾害气象条件分析

利用测站雨量、加密区域自动站雨量、高空探测、卫星云图等资料,分析诱发顺昌"6.18"特大滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷等地质灾害的气象成因。结果表明,除地质地貌自然原因和人为因素外,与罕见连续特强降水天气过程的前期气候背景有关的是高空槽区稳定、中低层切变维持、高低空急流存在、中尺度系统强烈发展、充沛水汽输送辐合等气象条件导致特大暴雨引发地质灾害。     

我国登陆台风影响区地质灾害易发性分析

地质环境脆弱的地区,台风的特大暴雨可以诱发山体滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害,造成严重人员伤亡。本文分析了我国登陆台风影响区域内的地质灾害时空分布特点,利用信息量方法,通过灾害的易发性区划来分析登陆台风影响区地质灾害特征,进而比较台风和非台风影响条件下地质灾害产生的地理条件和信息量差异。分析结果表明,在台风强降雨条件下,地质灾害的触发地质环境条件较非台风降雨触发地质灾害明显降低,地质灾害脆弱性明显增加。     

四川汶川地震地质影响将持续10年

汶川特大地震使地震灾区地质环境条件急剧恶化,根据国内外的以往经验,特大地震引发的地质灾害隐患所产生的影响将持续10年左右。2009年2月11日,四川省国土资源厅厅长宋光齐在全省地质灾害防治专题会议上作上述表示。宋光齐说,特大地震发生及其影响严重的区域,地质环境条件原本就十分恶劣、脆弱,震后地质灾害隐患使其雪上加霜。强烈地震还使极重灾区的山体普遍受到破坏,一些山体开裂的裂缝延伸长达数百米,大量崩塌、滑坡积累了数十亿立方米的松散堆积物,对人民生命财产安全构成严重威胁。     

甘肃省陇西县地质灾害气象条件分析

利用陇西县近20年的地质灾害与降水资料,分析发生地质灾害的主要区域和具体地点及危害程度和分布特征,研究了引发地质灾害的气象条件。研究结果表明:山体滑坡、地裂缝、塌陷和泥石流是陇西县主要的地质灾害类型,地质灾害时段主要集中在局部强降雨和暴雨出现的夏季(5～8月)。地质灾害发生有多方面因素构成,大—暴雨、暴雨降水过程是地质灾害发生的决定条件,其次是人为性破坏了地质原有结构,导致出现或诱发地质灾害。我们在探讨地质灾害形成的主要成因的基础上,确定了地质灾害发生的降水强度标准,再根据多年的预报经验,寻找出相关性较好的预报因子,应用气象资料分析判断引发地质灾害可能性大小,发布预警信号和地质气象灾害预警发布和防御流程。     

三峡地区“14·9”极端暴雨型滑坡泥石流成灾机理分析

从三峡地区2014年9月极端降雨的强度、暴雨与地质灾害的关系和触发特大滑坡的地质特征角度出发,系统分析了"14.9"暴雨型特大滑坡泥石流的发育特征,分析认为"14.9"极端降雨是一次暴雨、局地特大暴雨的降水过程,过程主要集中于渝东北地区以及湖北巴东、秭归等地,最大单日降雨量达到403.4 mm,降雨强度明显超过川东地区区域内群发性岩质滑坡的降水临界值(250 mm/d),导致大范围地质灾害的发生;"14.9"暴雨红层地区滑坡主要是侏罗系与三叠系中上统岩层组成的层状碎屑岩斜坡失稳,破坏模式主要包括近水平顺层滑移破坏、滑移—拉裂破坏、滑移—溃屈破坏、变倾角旋转滑移破坏、斜倾顺层视倾向破坏和沿堆积层与基岩界面滑动等六种类型,且这些山体失稳后伴有泥石流灾害,形成更大范围的链生破坏。     

2010年“8.8”舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害形成的气候特征及地质地理环境分析

利用舟曲气象和地质资料,分析了2010年8月8日发生的"8.8"舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害形成的气候特征和地质地理环境.这次泥石流是在舟曲特殊的地质地貌和地理环境下,由于前期干旱,突遇强降水而发生的一次特大地质灾害.崩塌、滑坡、地震和人为因素,特别是"5.12"汶川地震,较大程度上破坏了舟曲地质,为泥石流提供了丰富的物质来源;前期干旱在一定程度上加剧了这次灾害;超历史极值的强降水是触发泥石流的直接因素.通过对舟曲气候研究表明,7、8月降雨频繁,而且过程雨量大,尤其8月上旬大雨发生频率最高,应密切关注可能引发的地质灾害.加强对地质地貌的保护,研究历史气候及月季气候特征对泥石流发生的影响,确定在不同地形和地质地貌背景下的泥石流降水量阈值,对泥石流灾害发生的预报有着十分重要的意义.     

甘肃省舟曲县"8.8"特大山洪泥石流灾害与气象成因分析及其应对建议

通过调查舟曲地质灾害历史资料.分析降雨与地质灾害的相关性,发现地质灾害与灾害前1～3 h累积降水量、月平均降水量和月暴雨频数明显正相关.然后分析舟曲"8.8"特大山洪泥石流的气象和降水成因.在此基础上,提出舟曲地质灾害的防治措施.     

面对地灾险情，国土人冲锋在前——河南省国土资源系统抗洪防灾救灾纪实

从7月23日夜里开始,一场特大暴雨突袭我省豫西南山区,引发了山体滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷等地质灾害,仅栾川县就引发地质灾害点和地灾隐患点多达上百处,严重威胁着当地居民正常的生产生活。似乎一夜之间,美丽的豫西山川,失去了往日的温情。     

近30年上海地区暴雨的气候变化特征

利用上海地区11个气象站1979-2008年5～9月降水资料分析了近30年上海地区暴雨的年、月际及暴雨成因的变化特征.结果表明:1995年以来,上海地区暴雨逐渐向强、局部、特短时间方向变化.7、8月暴雨较多,以短时局部性暴雨为主;6、9月暴雨次之,6月长和特长暴雨要多于短和特短暴雨,9月反之;5月暴雨最少.从形成上海地区暴雨天气系统的分析表明,静止锋暴雨最多,稳定时能形成持续时间长的强暴雨,不稳定时形成短的弱暴雨;其次是暖区暴雨,它是上海地区形成夏季短时局部性强暴雨的主要天气型;另外,台风、台风切变、台风倒槽、低压、冷锋、暖锋和东风扰动形成的暴雨也占有一定的比例.1995年以来,暖区暴雨整体增加,而静止锋暴雨进入21世纪逐渐减少,这可能主要归因于气候变暖和城市热岛效应.     

Investigating the spatial pattern of the characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains in Nigeria

The characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains investigated in this study are early, normal and late onset and cessation. The spatial pattern of these parameters were investigating for Nigeria using rainfall and potential evapotranspiration data analyzed for the period between 1959– 1990. Furthermore, 4 major rainfall producing mechanisms that could be responsible for the observed pattern of these parameters in Nigeria were also investigated using the stepwise multiple regression analysis. It was found that Inter-Tropical Discontinuity appeared as the most significant rainfall producing factor for predicting the spatial variation in the characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains in Nigeria. This finding corroborates the zonal (north-south) pattern evident in the spatial distribution of the early, normal and late onset and cessation of the rains in the country. However, it was found that the combination of ITD and disturbance line together proved significant for explaining the spatial variation in the characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains in Nigeria. Consequently, a south-northeast trend in the spatial pattern of each of early, normal and late onset and cessation of the rains is evident for the country. The combination of the 3 factors-ITD, disturbance line and relief were found to be significant for predicting the late onset and early cessation of the rains. However, the contribution due to relief factor is extremely low. It is observed that the occurrence of onset and cessation of the rains in Nigeria is generally erratic. The study showed further that the probability of the deviation of onset and cessation of the rains from normal is higher in the north than the southern part of the country. The significance of the observations of the study to selection of crops for cultivation and schedule of planting dates have been noted.     

太湖流域梅雨时空演变规律研究

了解和掌握太湖流域梅雨特性,对预测未来流域水文水资源情势变化,制订流域水资源利用和防洪决策等具有重要意义。本文根据1954~2009年共56年的梅雨特征量资料,采用经验正交函数分解(EOF)、非参数统计方法和Morlet连续小波等方法全面分析了太湖流域梅雨空间分布、长期变化趋势、丰枯变异和周期振荡等时空演变特征。研究结果表明:56年来,太湖流域梅雨主要有两种分布型态,梅雨特征量中,梅期长度与梅雨空间差异度具有显著增长的趋势,出梅日期、梅雨期长度、梅雨量、梅雨强度和梅雨集中度均在20世纪60年代末期具有明显的突变特征,太湖流域梅雨量在经历了5个阶段的丰枯变化之后,预计在2010年之后将进入偏丰期。     

河南中南部持续性暴雨水汽输送特征分型

通过分析1961~2010年发生在河南中南部持续性暴雨的水汽输送特征,从水汽输送角度对河南省中南部(河南省黄河以南地区)的持续性暴雨进行分型,总结出3种水汽输送类型,即西南气流型、螺旋型和"S"型。对比分析这3种类型代表个例的水汽输送和水汽收支特征后发现,河南中南部的持续性暴雨主要是由西南气流型的水汽输送造成的;"S"型和螺旋型水汽输送也是造成河南中南部持续性暴雨的原因之一。西南气流型和螺旋型的水汽输送是造成淮河上游洪涝的主要水汽输送类型,其对应的天气影响系统分别是:高层低槽(低涡)、中低层切变线和台风低压(台风倒槽)。     

Evidence for an abrupt climatic change at 8700 14C yr B.P. in rockshelters and caves of Gebel Qara (Dhofar‐Oman): Palaeoenvironmental implications

Geoarchaeological research on the sedimentary fill of rockshelters and caves in the Gebel Qara (Dhofar, Southern Oman) has revealed the onset of heavy rains at 8700 yr B.P. These rains, produced by strengthening of the Southwest monsoon, abruptly altered the dry environment dominant in the area since the Pleistocene‐Holocene transition. Comparison of cave fills from the southern and northern fringes of the Gebel Qara indicates that the monsoon effects were limited to the southern and central part of the mountain range, directly facing the sea, and did not penetrate into the Nejd Desert. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Recharge and salinization in the Madrid Basin

The purpose of this work was to reinvestigate the existing hydrogeological conceptual model of the basin of Madrid, Spain. A cumulative chemical isotopic diagram which enabled the distinction between different groups of water as well as calculation of the mode of their blending was used for this investigation. It was found that the groups of discharge were lighter in their isotopic composition than that of recharge. The previous explanation of this fact, backed by carbon-14 dating, was the long residence time due to flow lines going down to depths of more than 1000 m. This flow model assumes homogenous conditions to these depths. This assumption can not be supported by evidence from deep wells. Thus a modified model is suggested which maintains homogenous conditions only to about 300 m and a deep confined aquifer below containing paleowater. The higher degree of depletion of this water has been explained by a colder climate on top of an altitude effect. Another interesting observation was the correlation between the isotopic composition of the rains, the month of the rain event and the composition of the recharge group groundwater. It could be seen that the winter rains resemble the groundwater composition, which shows that practically all the spring and summer rains were evapotranspirated.     

中国1996年7月南方暴雨水灾星载微波SSM/I遥感数据分析

以1996年7月我国南方暴雨水灾为例,研究了暴雨水灾时星载微波SSM/I的遥感数据,分析了SSM/I7个通道辐射亮度温度的极化散射和辐射特征,定义了识别降雨的散射指数SI,水灾警戒指数FI,和辐射极化指数PI.用SSM/I的观察数据,讨论了暴雨水灾时这些指数的时间和空间的特征性变化,给出了SSM/I数据对于1996年7月暴雨和水灾的识别,以及全月降雨异常值的空间分布。     

Practices in disaster mitigation in the case of the 2015 Typhoon Koppu debris flows in Nueva Ecija,Philippines

Natural Hazards - In October 2015, heavy rains brought by Typhoon Koppu generated landslides and debris flows in the municipalities of Bongabon, Laur, and Gabaldon in Nueva Ecija province....     

致洪暴雨中期预报进展

结合我国国情,从防洪减灾的迫切需要出发,进行增长暴雨预见期的研究。采用气象与水文结合的方法,提出“致洪暴雨”的新概念,并简要地论述了近年来国内在致洪暴雨中期预报研究试验方面的若干新进展,其内容包括致洪暴雨过程出现的天气气候特征,大气环流形势背景、卫星云图及OLR场分布特点、大气超长波、长波及合成行星波、低频振荡、大气物理参数诊断、暴雨时空分布特点及其与洪水的关系,以及中期预报方法的探索等。     

Application of weather prediction models for hazard mitigation planning: a case study of heavy off-season rains in Senegal

Heavy off-season rains in the tropics pose significant natural hazards largely because they are unexpected and the popular infrastructure is ill-prepared. One such event was observed from January 9 to 11, 2002 in Senegal (14.00° N, 14.00°␣W), West Africa. This tropical country is characterized by a long dry season from November to April or May. During this period, although the rain-bearing monsoonal flow does not reach Senegal, the region can occasionally experience off-season rains. We conducted a numerical simulation of the January 9–11, 2002 heavy off-season rain using the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Pennsylvania State University Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The objective was to delineate the meteorological set-up that led to the heavy rains and flooding. A secondary objective was to test the model’s performance in Senegal using relatively simpler (default) model configurations and local/regional observations. The model simulations for both MM5 and WRF agree satisfactorily with the observations, particularly as regards the wind patterns, the intensification of the rainfall, and the associated drop in temperatures. This situation provided the environment for heavy rainfall accompanied by a cold wave. The results suggest that off-the-shelf weather forecast models can be applied with relatively simple physical options and modest computational resources to simulate local impacts of severe weather episodes. In addition, these models could become part of regional hazard mitigation planning and infrastructure.