Chemical Fluxes of Asian Rivers into Oceans and their Controlling Factors

Chemical fluxes of Asian rivers into oceans bear different regional variations. Three zones are characteristic of distinct dissolved sediment loads and yields and ionic concentration.Rivers into oceans in China play an important role in Asia because of their different chemical fluxes, among which those draining the Loess Plateau have high ionic concentration, low water discharges and dissolved sediment loads and yields.Climate, vegetation, soil and strata lithology, chemical weathering intensity and tectonic activity dominate chemical fluxes of Asian rivers into oceans, and different factors have different effects on the chemical fluxes of separate regional rivers. Rising of the Tibet Plateau also exerts an important influence on chemical compositions of rivers originating from it.     

西江河口重金属迁移扩散数值模拟的研究

本文以水体中重金属(包括溶解态和颗粒态)的物理迁移过程为基础,建立重金属迁移扩散的数学模式。模式中考虑悬浮物沉降和再悬浮对水体中重金属浓度的影响,并考虑咸潮活动引起悬浮物的絮凝沉淀作用。计算结果表明,这种潮汐河口区重金属迁移扩散模式基本上是成功的。并以镉为例,说明重金属在西江河口区迁移扩散的特点。     

水文过程对河流悬移质化学组成的影响——以珠江流域为例

用等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）分析了珠江马口站和三水站1997-1998年度3个典型水文时段径流悬移质中部分金属元素的含量，同时用元素分析仪测定了其中的有机碳、氮的含量，结果表明，在不同性质的水文动力条件下，流域侵蚀产出的河流悬移质的化学组成发生了变化，这主要缘于有机质在悬移质中所占质量分数的差别。汛期增强的水文动力主要表现为对流域土壤矿物的优先侵蚀，虽然有机质的总侵蚀量也同时增加，但在悬移质中的质量分数却相对减少，而在枯水期较弱的水文动力条件下，河流悬移质中有机质的质量分数增加，悬移质中的有机质对液相中的部分重金属元素产生较矿物更大的吸附作用。     

Quaternary geology of the Amazonian Lowland

The Quaternary history of the Amazon lowlands is characterized by deposition of sediments of Andean provenance and by the influences of changing sea levels. Areas well above the present water tables were not reached by Pleistocene high-water stages. These areas have been intensively weathered since the Tertiary, forming hard lateritic weathering horizons. These weathering horizons are best explained by the relatively constant, humid tropical climate throughout the Quaternary. In the western Amazonian Lowland, flood plains corresponding to the different Pleistocene sea-level heights were formed. During low sea level, erosion in the drainage areas increased and the water levels of the central Amazon River system were lowered. Valleys drowned and lakes formed in the lower reaches of rivers and creeks during high sea-level stages. These lakes (ria lakes) remained in the valleys with rivers having a low sediment load. Seismic profiling (3.5 kHz) in some of these lakes clearly showed deposits of the three last periods of Quaternary high sea-level stages.     

青海湖及其水系近30年来的化学变化

根据１９８５－１９８７年来１９８９－１９９１年对青海湖及其水系的考查资料，研究其化学变化。结果表明，近３０年来，青海湖及其入湖河流水系在萎缩过程中，水系总矿化度增加，逐渐咸化。除尕海水的Ｍｇ＾２＋；耳海水的Ｋ＾＋，ＳＯ＾２－４，ＣＯ３＾２－；人湖河流水的ＳＯ４＾２－离子浓度减小外，青海湖、尕海及耳海本中Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃｌ＾－，ＳＯ４＾２－离子增加速率较大，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋等离子增加速率较小。尕海     

欧洲罗纳河和中国几条主要河流悬浮物的矿物学组成分析

于１９８９年５月－１９９０年４月间在罗纳下游按月采集悬浮物样品，并用Ｘ－射线衍射法分析其中的矿物学组成，结果表明，石英，长石，方解石是碎屑矿物的主要成分，在粘土中伊利石，绿石及高岭石是常见的矿物，这种矿物学组成特点与流域盆地中占主体的花岗岩与碳酸盐岩风化相适应；同中国的黄河，长江及大辽河相比较，发现它在矿物组合方面比较相似，尽管河流之在矿物绝对含量上会有显著的差别。这种情况表明，流域盆地的风化特点     

The cluster analysis of the water masses in western Taiwan Strait from hydrologic and chemical factors

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Elemental mass-balance of material carried by major world rivers

An estimate of average river particulate matter (RPM) composition was bàsed on analyses of more than 40 elements in the Amazon, Congo, Ganges, Magdalena, Mekong, Parana and Orinoco rivers, to which were added literature data for 13 other major world rivers, covering the whole spectrum of morphoclimatic features. Geographic variations of major elements in RPM are mostly linked to weathering types and to the balance between weathering rate and river transport. As a result of chemical erosion, Al, Fe and Ti are enriched in RPM with respect to the average parent rock, while Na, Ca, Mg and Sr are strongly depleted. These figures are directly related to the relative importance of dissolved and particulate transport in rivers; this has been computed for each of 40 elements. In order to study weathering on a global scale, the total observed elemental fluxes (dissolved + particulate) have been computed and compared to theoretical ones. The latter were derived from the elemental content in the average parent rock and the total quantity of weathered material, computed from the Al ratio in RPM and in parent rock. Observed and theoretical fluxes are balanced for the less mobilized elements (rare earths, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Mn, Rb, Si, Th, Ti, U and V) for which no enrichment relative to Al is noted in RPM, and for B, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Sr which are relatively depleted in RPM due to their high dissolved transport. Additional fluxes have been found for Br, Sb, Pb, Cu, Mo, Zn and are possible also for Ni and P. This is reflected by marked enrichments in RPM relative to Al for the poorly or moderately dissolved transports (Pb, Cu, Zn). Several hypotheses involving either the natural origin (volcanic dust, marine aerosols, geochemical fractionation) or the artificial origin (worldwide pollution) are discussed to explain these discrepancies, assuming river transport and weathering either to be in a steady state on a global scale or not. However, none of them can fully account for these additional fluxes. It is most likely that these excesses have multiple origins, anthropogenic or natural or both. The comparison between RPM and deep-sea clay compositions emphasizes the prime influence of river input on oceanic sedimentation of Si, Al, Fe, Ti, lanthanides, Sc, Rb, V, etc. A few elements such as Zn, Sb, occur in excess in RPM as compared to deep-sea clays; in order to balance this excess, a remobilization of these elements out of the sediment can be considered. Finally, the enrichment of Co, Cu, Mn and Ni in deep-sea clays compared to RPM is discussed and attributed to several sources and processes.     

斑节对虾淡化养殖水质特点和管理

1996、1997年福建海洋研究所在福建省龙岩市山区以盐卤水与溪水调制成养殖水体,进行斑节对虾淡化养殖试验。本文着重讨论该养殖水体中温度、盐度、溶解氧、pH等化学因子的水质特点,该水质有利于斑节对虾生长。     

基于时空矩阵方法对福建省海湾水质变化特征分析

基于2005—2011年8月和2012—2015年5月、8月的水质监测数据,应用水质指标的主成分分析结果,对福建省海湾划分环境单元,通过时空矩阵方法对福建省海湾水质指标变化特征进行了分析。结果显示:（1）通过主成分分析,4个水质指标聚成两类成分,磷酸盐和叶绿素a聚为一类主成分,硝酸盐和溶解氧聚为另一类主成分;（2）以主成分权重值为坐标,划分福建省海湾表层水体为6个环境单元,以此建立水质指标相对含量的时间序列组合矩阵,对福建省海湾水质指标变化分析;（3）水质指标时空矩阵表现出一定的周期性变化趋势,环境单元的指标变化模式具有同步性,指标含量变化的绝对值从叶绿素a到营养盐再到溶解氧呈轻微增长;（4）两类主成分具有一定相关性,营养水平高低影响营养-浮游植物动态关系,当磷酸盐含量高于0.03 mg/L、硝酸盐含量高于0.25 mg/L,且营养盐时间周期变化显著时,叶绿素a时间周期变化与营养盐发生同步联动效应;（5）夏季福建省海湾水体生产力较低,大量陆源有机物输入、降解耗氧,表层溶解氧含量降低明显;（6）福建省海湾主要受两种性质差异很大的水体影响,富含高营养盐径流水团影响了河口及邻近海域的环境单元,而福建省南部海湾主要受台湾暖流及上升流影响,台湾暖流是东海海域磷酸盐的重要来源。     

基于主成分分析法的闽江口及其近岸水域水质评价

选取2016年4月、7月和10月闽江口及其近岸水域7个调查点位的盐度、悬浮物、pH、溶解氧、化学需氧量、氮营养盐和重金属等15项监测指标数据,采取主成分分析法分析了该水域的水质,明确影响该水域水质的主要污染因子。结果表明：15项监测指标转换提取为4个主成分,解释82.153%的方差。从时间分布来看,闽江口及其近岸水域在4月份水质较差、10月份次之、7月份较好。从空间分布来看,近河口水质较差而远离河口水质较好。影响该水域污染水质的主要驱动因子是pH、COD、氮营养盐和Cd。研究结果对于进一步了解闽江口及其近岸水域水质情况具有重要意义,同时也为福建省海洋管理的科学决策提供支持。     

河口硅酸盐物理化学过程研究——Ⅲ、河口活性硅转移机理的现场验证初步研究—悬浮物中硅、铁和铝的含量分布

在本研究第二篇中,我们通过实验室模拟研究,发现海水中Fe+++或Al+++离子在适当pH条件下生成Fe(OH)₃或Al(OH)₃胶体沉淀后,对活性硅有相当大的吸附能力;同时还通过吸附热计算、淋洗脱附实验和重溶解实验,判断上述吸附并不是一般可逆的离子交换吸附,而比较可能是化学吸附,吸附后基本上不转化为高聚硅酸结构,而比较可能进行结构重排转入内部结构中去.根据这些结果,我们提出一个关于河口活性硅地球化学转移的理论图象:即活性硅主要通过由于pH和盐度提高而生成的铁、铝等元素氢氧化物胶体沉淀的吸附而转移,再进一步转化为比较稳定的铁、铝的硅酸盐化合物形式,沉积到海底.为了进一步验证这个理论图象的现实性,我们再度在九龙江口进行了一些现场取样分析研究,试图通过河口各处海水悬浮物中各化合形式硅、铁、铝的分布变化资料,加以初步归纳总结,并和理论图象相对照.     

西江磨刀门水道枯季咸淡水混合特征和二氧化碳分压分布

为了探讨珠江三角洲西江磨刀门水道枯季咸淡水混合特征与水体二氧化碳分压变化的关系,2006年12月18日沿磨刀门水道实测了36个样点表层水体的理化参数。采用相关分析和曲线拟合的方法,分析了表层水体二氧化碳分压的分布特征,结果表明,水体二氧化碳分压值介于147~364 Pa,平均值为201 Pa,随航距呈现出复杂多变的减小趋势,其复杂突变发生在航距24~38 km(即盐度3~6)内。分析认为,咸淡水混合及其潮汐冲刷作用影响了理化参数的时空变化,控制着河流碳的生物地球化学行为。     

Dissolved Cd behaviour in some selected french and chinese estuaries. Consequences on Cd supply to the ocean

Few data on dissolved trace metals in rivers and estuaries are presently available. This paper is an attempt to provide additional data on dissolved concentrations obtained in polluted and so-called unpolluted river estuarine systems. Data for two major French rivers (Gironde, Rhône) have been compared with the Chinese Yellow River (Huanghe) and Yangtze River (Changjiang). Dissolved Cd concentrations have been measured by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Average concentrations range from 15 ng kg⁻¹ to 50 ng kg⁻¹ (0.13–0.45 nmol kg⁻¹) in the French rivers and are below 4 ng kg⁻¹ (0.040 nmol kg⁻¹) in the Chinese rivers.In all the estuaries studied the dissolved Cd concentrations depict a systematic bulge in the mixing zone which is attributed largely to remobilization processes from particulate matter when the chlorinity increases. Other parameters that may also play a significant role for remobilization are discussed. The processes concerned lead us to reassess the net Cd river input to the oceans, and this should be taken into account for a more precise evaluation of the residence time of oceanic Cd.     

Nutrient land–sea fluxes in oligothrophic and pristine estuaries of the Gulf of Bothnia,Baltic Sea

Estuaries are often seen as important filters between land and the sea for inorganic and organic nutrients. This paper aims at estimating the estuarine fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved silicate for the major oligothrophic and pristine rivers running into the Bothnian Bay (BB) and the Bothnian Sea (BS), the northern subarctic subbasins of the Baltic Sea. Long-term data sets for these rivers and their estuaries as well as for the BB and BS were analyzed to assess whether these estuaries are sinks for inorganic nutrients. Most studied estuaries can be characterized as salt wedge estuaries with little exchange between the fresh seaward-flowing river water and the inward-flowing seawater. Estimates of water transit times ranged between 1 and 14 days. In most estuaries of the BB, N-depleted river water meets P-depleted seawater during the growth period. These findings were corroborated by mixing diagrams showing that the inner areas of the estuaries were N-depleted in summer. In the BS, on the other hand, both rivers and seawater were mostly N-depleted during summer. Thus, for most estuaries of this region of the Baltic Sea, primary productivity is presumably lower than or equal to that of offshore. The low productivity is also reflected in the sediments. The coastal sediments did not differ from the offshore stations in accumulation rates as well as the content of organic matter and nutrients, indicating that estuarine nutrient burial is not always higher as normally observed in other temperate systems. Finally, the estuaries of the pristine rivers in the northernmost part of the BB import DIN during summer, whereas the estuaries of the rivers in the BS import DIP during winter, from the sea.     

西南黄海近岸低盐水体的来源与输送机制

In the southwestern Yellow Sea there is a low-salinity and turbid coastal water,the Subei Coastal Water(SCW).The origins of freshwater contents and thus the dissolved terrigenous nutrients in the SCW have been debated for decades.In this study,we used a well-validated numerical model to quantify the contributions of multiple rivers,i.e.,the Changjiang River in the south and the multiple Subei local rivers(SLRs) in the north,in forming this yearround low-salinity coastal water.It is found that the freshwater contents in the SCW is dominated by the Changjiang River south of 33.5°N,by the SLRs north of 34.5°N,and by both sources in 33.5°–34.5°N.Overall,the Changjiang River contributes ~70% in the dry season and ~80% in the wet season of the total freshwater contents in the SCW,respectively.Dynamics driving the Changjiang River Plume to flow northward is the tidal residual current,which can even overwhelm the wind effects in winter seasons.The residual currents turn offshore near the Old Yellow River Delta(OYRD) by the collision of the two tidal wave systems,which transport the freshwater from both sources into the interior Yellow Sea.Water age experiments show that it takes 50–150 d for the Changjiang River Plume to reach the SCW in the spring and summer seasons,thus there is a 2-month lag between the maximum freshwater content in SCW and the peak Changjiang River discharge.In the winter and autumn seasons,the low salinity in inner SCW is the remnant Changjiang River diluted water arrived in the previous seasons.     

胶州湾中溶解态铝的初步研究

本文利用改进的铝-荧光镓(Al-LMG)荧光光度法测定了2001年夏季和秋季胶州湾水样中的痕量溶解态铝,分析了夏、秋季胶州湾内溶解态铝的分布及其影响因素,在此基础上讨论了胶州湾中悬浮颗粒物对溶解态铝的贡献,并进一步探讨了溶解态铝在研究水团运动中的作用。计算了河流输入、大气干、湿沉降向胶州湾中溶解态铝的输送,及湾内外交换对胶州湾内溶解态铝的影响和胶州湾铝的存留时间。     

福建北部沿岸与台湾北面海域的水化学特性

根据１９８８年夏季台湾海峡海域的调查资料讨论福建北部沿岸和台湾北面海域水化学的区域性特征。结果表明，福建沿岸上升流是西部海域诸化学要素分布的控制因素。台湾北面海域（２５°５０′－２６°４０′Ｎ，１２１°４５′－１２２°３０′Ｅ）水体下层出现局部冷水抬升，福建沿岸和台湾北面海域都具有低溶解氧且不饱和、高营养盐、低温、高盐的特征，溶解氧、诸营养盐与温度、盐度分别有良好的相关关系。     

中国河口地球化学研究的若干进展

在过去１０年的河口地球化学研究的基础上，总结了中国一些大的河口体系中的化学要素的行为特点。与世界上的大河流相比，中国河流中具有较高的营养元素和较低的痕量元素浓度。流域盆地的风化作用指数由北向南逐渐增加，这与世界上其它地区十分相似。在河口淡－咸水混合过程中，颗粒态的化学要素多呈稳定态分布模式，这与高的泥沙量，较轻的污染程度和水文动力作用相对较弱有关，并县对生态系统有显著的影响。考虑到化学要素在中国河     

马来半岛彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源示踪

通过对马来半岛东部彭亨河28个站位和吉兰丹河22个站位表层沉积物进行稀土元素（REE）测试,对比分析了稀土元素的组成特征和分布规律,探讨了稀土元素组成的控制因素和物源示踪意义。结果表明,彭亨河沉积物稀土元素含量介于24.88～304.29 μg/g之间,平均含量为165.22 μg/g,吉兰丹河沉积物中稀土元素含量介于126.02～281.40 μg/g之间,平均值为181.15 μg/g。彭亨河大部分沉积物上陆壳(UCC)标准化模式为重稀土相对轻稀土富集,吉兰丹河沉积物轻重稀土无明显分异。沉积物源岩和矿物组成对两条河流的REE组成起到了重要的控制作用,化学风化对彭亨河REE组成的影响大于吉兰丹河,而彭亨河沉积物粒度组成显著差异也导致了其REE含量变化范围更大。δEu_UCC-(Gd/Yb)_UCC关系图中彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物分区明显,表明其可作为定性判别两条河流来源的有效指标,并可用于海区沉积物来源的示踪和定量识别。