雪峰山深孔水压致裂地应力测量及其意义

利用最新研制的深孔水压致裂地应力测量设备在雪峰山2000 m科钻先导孔内开展了原地应力测量,在孔深170~2021 m范围内获得了16个测段的有效地应力测量数据,是国内首次利用水压致裂法获得的孔深超过2000 m深度的原地应力测量成果。测量结果表明,地应力随孔深增加而逐渐加大,对实测数据进行线性回归,得到最大和最小水平主应力随深度变化的关系分别为:S_H=0.03328H+5.25408,S_h=0.0203H+4.5662,在孔深2021 m深度,其实测值分别为66.31 MPa和43.33 MPa。基于实测数据,结合钻孔成像测试和井温测试结果,对测点应力状态进行了综合分析。在170~800 m深度范围,三向主应力关系为S_H > S_h > S_v,有利于逆断层活动;孔深1000~2021 m表现为S_H > S_v > S_h,表明该区域深部应力结构属于走滑型。最大水平主应力方向为北西-北西西方向。基于实测地应力数据及莫尔-库伦破裂准则,对测区附近断层活动性进行了分析讨论,认为该区域断层处于稳定状态。      

川甘陕交汇地区现今地应力环境与地震危险性

川甘陕交汇地区新构造活动强烈、地震频发,具有复杂多样的构造变形模式和构造强烈活动特征,为一潜在地震危险性研究的关键构造部位。为了查明川甘陕交汇关键构造部位地壳浅表层现今地应力环境和潜在地震危险性,在甘肃省水市甘谷县及四川省广元市三堆镇实施机械岩心钻探工程和水压致裂地应力测量。地应力测量结果表明,甘谷钻孔3个主应力关系为SHShSv,甘谷地区现今水平主应力起主导作用,且具有较高地应力值,钻孔附近最大水平主压应力方位平均为N41°E,易于钻孔附近北西西向西秦岭北缘断裂产生左旋走滑兼逆冲活动;三堆钻孔3个主应力关系为SHShSv,该地区现今水平主应力起主导作用,钻孔附近最大水平主压应力方位平均为N85°W,利于钻孔附近北东向青川断裂产生右旋走滑兼逆冲活动。利用库仑摩擦滑动准则对断裂活动进行分析,结果表明天水和广元地区的地应力大小均已经达到了使地壳浅部断层产生滑动失稳的临界条件,需加强地应力实时监测和分析。该研究成果为川甘陕交汇关键构造部位的断裂活动性分析和地质环境安全评价提供科学依据。     

In Situ Stresses in Borehole Blanche-1/South Australia Derived from Breakouts,Core Discing and Hydraulic Fracturing to 2 km Depth

The development of Hot-Dry Rock (HDR) geothermal energy in Australia with drillings to some kilometres depth yields an impetus for deep stress logging. For the Olympic Dam HDR-project, borehole Blanche-1 was drilled to almost 2 km depth and provided the possibility to estimate the in situ stresses within the granitic borehole section by the analysis of borehole breakouts and core discing, as well as by hydraulic fracturing combined with acoustic borehole televiewer logging for fracture orientation determination. Although the stress magnitudes derived by the different methods deviate significantly, they clearly indicate for the depth range between 800 and 1,740 m a compressional stress regime of S _v ≤ S _h < S _H and a consistent East–West orientation of maximum horizontal compression in agreement with existing stress data for Australia. The minor horizontal stress S _h derived from the hydraulic fracturing closure pressure values is about equal to the overburden stress and may be regarded as most reliable.     

Tectonic stress field in the epicentral zone of the Latur earthquake of 1993

In situ stress measurements by hydraulic fracturing were carried out in the 617 m deep borehole specially drilled in the epicentral zone of the 1993 Latur earthquake for the purpose of research. The stress measurements carried out at 592 m depth in this borehole are the deepest of all such measurements made so far in the Indian shield. The maximum and minimum principal horizontal stresses (S _H max andS _h min) have been derived from the hydrofracture data using the classical method. TheS _{H max} andS _h min are found to be 16.5 and 9.6 MPa at 373 m depth, and 25.0 and 14.1 MPa at 592 m depth, indicating that the vertical gradients ofS _hmax andS _hmin in the epicentral zone are 39 MPa/km and 21 MPa/km respectively. The principal horizontal stresses in the epicentral zone are comparable with those at Hyderabad and 30% higher than in most other comparable intra-continental regions. Analysis of the results indicate that the stresses in the focal region of the 1993 Latur earthquake have not undergone any significant change following its occurrence and this is in agreement with a similar inference drawn from the seismic data analysis. It appears that the Latur earthquake was caused due to rupturing of the overpressured fault segment at the base of the seismogenic zone.     

鄂尔多斯地块南缘地应力测量研究

利用水压致裂法得到的地应力测试数据对鄂尔多斯地块南缘地壳浅部地应力分布规律及断层活动性进行研究。结果表明:（1）两个水平主应力随深度线性增长,应力梯度分别为0.032和0.021,在测量深度域内水平和垂直应力的关系为S_H > S_h > S_V,该应力状态有利于断层发生逆断层活动,与1556年华山大地震的发震正断层的性质不同;（2）研究区的最大水平主应力方向为北南-北北西向,与区域速度矢量场方向一致,与其他资料解译的区域构造应力方向有一些差异,主要是受鄂尔多斯地块周缘断层活动的影响;（3）利用Mohr-Coulomb准则及Byerlee定律,摩擦系数取0.6~1.0,对研究区的地应力状态进行分析,发现鄂尔多斯地块南缘的测点未达到或超过地壳破裂极限状态,不存在断层失稳或地震等其他形式的地壳活动,处于较稳定地壳应力状态;（4）实测数据为该区补充了新的地应力测量资料,研究结果为该区工程设计及建设、构造应力场数值模拟提供了边界条件,对于该区地质灾害评价、地壳稳定性以及大陆动力学的研究具有重要意义。      

上海地区浅部地应力测量及其构造地质意义分析

通过水压致裂法与超声波成像测井法相结合的方法,对上海地区浅部（180 m深度范围）原位地应力进行了测量。测量结果表明:最大水平主应力值在9.54~12.91 MPa之间,最小水平主应力值在5.41~6.96 MPa之间,最大水平主应力方向为北西42°-62°,优势方位为北西,地应力结构为S_H > S_h > S_v,可以反映区域构造应力场特征。依据区域内断裂空间分布特征和现今实测地应力结果综合分析认为,北东向断裂易于发生压性或压扭性逆断活动,断裂相对稳定;而北西向断裂易于发生张性或张扭性正断活动,在现今相对较高的应力水平状态下仍值得关注。测量结果可能对于揭示区域构造界线（江山-绍兴断裂）的走向有一定启示。      

木寨岭深埋隧道北段地应力测量与围岩稳定性分析

基于兰渝铁路木寨岭深埋隧道工程区活动断裂调查和3个钻孔水压致裂地应力测量,获得了木寨岭隧道工程区北段的现今地应力分布特征,结果表明,北段工程区最大水平主应力为38.38 MPa,属于高地应力区;三个主应力的关系为SHShSv,表明该区地壳浅表层现今构造活动以水平运动为主,主应力关系有利于逆断层的发育和活动;最大水平主应力优势方向为NE,反映穿越隧道北段的NWW向主要断裂带具有逆冲兼反时针扭动活动特征。根据地应力测量结果、相关理论及判据认为:隧道北段横截面形状以水平长轴、垂直短轴,且长短轴之比近似于隧道截面上侧压力系数的椭圆形为宜;隧道北段在埋深范围开挖时,硬岩具有岩爆发生的可能性,软岩具有发生严重挤压变形的背景。该成果为深入研究隧道区应力场特征,分析隧道围岩稳定性,科学设计隧道断面形状、结构和强度等工程地质问题提供了依据。     

利用钻孔崩落数据再认识白鹤滩右岸地应力场特征

白鹤滩水电站是仅次于三峡水电站的第二大水电站,位于中国西南地区川滇菱形块体内的金沙江上.通常地壳应力状态是影响地下工程安全的重要地质因素,对地下硐室稳定性分析具有重要意义.在水电站右岸厂房建设过程中,为了水电站的长期安全运营,采用超声波井下电视录井测试系统对白鹤滩右岸厂房锚固洞内7处钻孔进行测试,基于钻孔崩落数据计算了...     

Distribution rule of the in situ stress state and its influence on the permeability of a coal reservoir in the southern Qinshui Basin,China

The recent development of the coalbed methane (CBM) industry has a significant role in advancing hydraulic fracturing theory and technology. However, further development requires a better understanding of how fractures influence reservoir permeability. In situ stress data from 54 CBM wells in the southern Qinshui Basin, China, were obtained by the injection/falloff test method to analyse the effect of in situ stress on the permeability of the CBM reservoir. The types of in situ stress states were classified, and the coal reservoir permeability under different in situ stress states was analysed. The results indicate that the maximum horizontal principal stress (σ_H), minimum horizontal principal stress (σ_h) and vertical principal stress (σ_v) all have positive linear relationships with the coal seam burial depth. Three in situ stress states were observed from the shallow to deep regions of the CBM reservoir in the study area: σ_H?>?σ_h?>?σ_v, σ_H?>?σ_v?>?σ_h and σ_v?>?σ_H?>?σ_h, which account for 9, 76 and 15% of the test wells, respectively. Coal reservoir permeability decreases with increasing horizontal principal stress, whereas it first decreases with increasing σ_v, then increases and finally decreases. The variation in permeability with σ_v is due to the conversion of the in situ stress states. Coal reservoir permeability has obvious differences under different in situ stress states. The permeability is the largest when σ_v?>?σ_H?>?σ_h, followed by σ_H?>?σ_h?>?σ_v and smallest when σ_H?>?σ_v?>?σ_h. The permeability differences are caused by the fracture propagation shape of the rock strata under different in situ stress states.     

Constraining stress magnitudes using petroleum exploration data in the Cooper–Eromanga Basins, Australia

The magnitude of the in situ stresses in the Cooper–Eromanga Basins have been determined using an extensive petroleum exploration database from over 40 years of drilling. The magnitude of the vertical stress (S_v) was calculated based on density and velocity checkshot data in 24 wells. Upper and lower bound values of the vertical stress magnitude are approximated by S_v = (14.39 × Z)^1.12 and S_v = (11.67 × Z)^1.15 functions respectively (where Z is depth in km and S_v is in MPa). Leak-off test data from the two basins constrain the lower bound estimate for the minimum horizontal stress (S_hmin) magnitude to 15.5 MPa/km. Closure pressures from a large number of minifrac tests indicate considerable scatter in the minimum horizontal stress magnitude, with values approaching the magnitude of the vertical stress in some areas. The magnitude of the maximum horizontal stress (S_Hmax) was constrained by the frictional limits to stress beyond which faulting occurs and by the presence of drilling-induced tensile fractures in some wells. The maximum horizontal stress magnitude can only be loosely constrained regionally using frictional limits, due to the variability of both the minimum horizontal stress and vertical stress estimates. However, the maximum horizontal stress and thus the full stress tensor can be better constrained at individual well locations, as demonstrated in Bulyeroo-1 and Dullingari North-8, where the necessary data (i.e. image logs, minifrac tests and density logs) are available. The stress magnitudes determined indicate a predominantly strike-slip fault stress regime (S_Hmax > S_v > S_hmin) at a depth of between 1 and 3 km in the Cooper–Eromanga Basins. However, some areas of the basin are transitional between strike-slip and reverse fault stress regimes (S_Hmax > S_v ≈ S_hmin). Large differential stresses in the Cooper–Eromanga Basins indicate a high upper crustal strength for the region, consistent with other intraplate regions. We propose that the in situ stress field in the Cooper–Eromanga Basins is a direct result of the complex interaction of tectonic stresses from the convergent plate boundaries surrounding the Indo-Australian plate that are transmitted into the center of the plate through a high-strength upper crust.     

利用室内和现场水压致裂试验联合确定地应力与岩石抗拉强度

钻杆式水压致裂原地应力测试系统的柔性会影响最大水平主应力的计算精度。利用空心岩柱液压致裂试验获得的岩石抗拉强度来取代重张压力计算最大水平主应力是降低钻杆式测试系统柔性的负面影响的重要途径。在福建某隧道深度为65 m的钻孔内开展了8段的高质量水压致裂原地应力测试,随后利用钻孔所揭露的完整岩芯开展了17个岩样的空心岩柱液压致裂试验。利用空心岩柱液压致裂所得的抗拉强度平均值为8.40 MPa,与经典水压致裂法确定的岩体抗拉强度8.22 MPa接近。对于20 m的范围内8个测段的原地应力量值,最小水平主应力平均值为8.41 MPa,基于重张压力P_r的最大水平主应力平均值为16.70 MPa;基于空心岩柱抗拉强度的最大水平主应力量值平均值为16.88 MPa,两种方法获得的最大水平主应力平均值基本一致。最大最小水平主应力与垂直主应力之间的关系表现为σ_H > σ_V > σ_h,这种应力状态有利于区域走滑断层活动。通过对比分析可知,对于钻杆式水压致裂原地应力测试系统,当测试深度小且测试系统柔性小时,基于重张压力和基于空心岩柱抗拉强度得到的最大水平主应力量值差别不大,这说明基于空心岩柱的岩石抗拉强度完全可以用于水压致裂最大水平主应力的计算,同时基于微小系统柔性的水压致裂测试系统获得的现场岩体强度也是可靠的。      

Effects of in-situ stress and joint on permeability of the coal bed in Linfen block,southeastern Ordos Basin,China

Effects of in-situ stress and joint on permeability of the coal bed depend on orientation relationships between in-situ stress and joint. In-situ stress orientations of Linfen block of southeastern Ordos Basin were determined by systematical measurements of the loess joints. In-situ stress magnitudes were calculated based on well logging and hydraulic fracturing data. Joint orientations of the No. 5 coal bed and density distributions of the overlying sandstone bed were investigated. The results show that the NE-oriented maximum horizontal principal stress, approximately parallel to the predominant joint orientation of the coal bed, is favorable to the openness of the predominant joints. The minimum horizontal principal stress, with its orientation perpendicular to the predominant joint orientation, tends to induce the closure of the predominant joints. The stress state of No. 5 coal bed is o_v > 0_H > O_h, which is favorable for the openness of subvertical joints and an increase in the permeability. The permeability of No. 5 coal bed increases obviously with increasing effective vertical stress and effective horizontal maximum stress and decreases with increasing effective horizontal minimum stress. Besides, the permeability of No. 5 coal bed exhibits a good exponential relationship with the density of predominant joint set. Therefore, predominant joints with the orientation of 45° mainly contribute to increases in the permeability of the No. 5 coal bed in Linfen block. Multidimensional analysis show good exponential relationships among the permeability, predominant joint density, and effective stress of the No. 5 coal bed.     

The significance of Cenozoic magmatism from the western margin of the eastern syntaxis, southeast Tibet

The major and trace-element geochemistry, Sr–Nd bulk-rock isotopes, U–Pb zircon chronology and Lu–Hf isotopic compositions are described for three granitic bodies which intrude the Nyingchi gneisses (Lhasa terrane) along the western margin of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The Bayi two-mica granite and Lunan granite–granodiorite were intruded at 22 ± 1 and 25.4 ± 0.3 Ma, respectively, whereas the Confluence biotite granite was emplaced at 49.1 ± 0.4 Ma. All share strong depletions in Y and HREE requiring a garnet-bearing source both during and following the Eocene collision of the Indian plate with the Lhasa terrane. The isotope geochemistry of these intrusives (ε _Nd(t) = −3 to −5, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(t) = 0.706–0.707) indicates a crustal source within the Lhasa terrane. Sr–Nd systematics of the garnet-bearing Nyingchi gneisses together with the U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic ratios of detrital zircons recovered from this unit identifies it as a potential melt source. The combined element and isotope geochemistry of the plutons indicate a mixed source; the gneisses provide the older component whereas the Gangdese batholith provides a younger, siliceous component. The involvement of garnet-bearing crustal material in melt sources from the Cretaceous (80 Ma) to the Miocene (20 Ma) is consistent with the presence of a thicker continental crust in the eastern Lhasa terrane, as is the presence of magmatic epidote in several plutons which indicates a regional deepening level of exposure eastwards. Post-collision crustal melting is synchronous with proposed slab break-off during the early Miocene, suggesting advective heating by rising asthenospheric melts.     

南水北调西线第一期工程调水区水压致裂地应力测量及其工程意义

本文介绍了水压致裂地应力测量原理和方法及其在南水北调西线工程中的应用。在调水工程沿线测得主应力大小、方向,并分析了其相互关系和分布规律。结果表明现今地壳应力场水平主应力占主导地位,属逆断层状态,且σ_Hmax/σ_V较大,属于构造影响强烈地区,主压应力方向总体呈NE向,与区域构造线呈锐角相交,是造成区域大多数断裂压扭左行运动的主要动力。进一步分析了深埋隧道发生岩爆灾害的可能性,为南水北调西线工程各引水线路的优化设计和隧道灾害防治提供了可靠资料。      

青藏高原东北缘水压致裂地应力测量

在青藏高原东北缘首次采用水压致裂法进行了地应力测量,结果显示：在测量深度域内,青藏高原东北缘三个主应力之间的关系表现为σＨｍａｘ〉σＨｍｉｎ〉σｖ,水平主应力占主导地位,现今地壳应力场的主压应力方向为ＮＥ－ＮＥＥ,测量结果与地质事实较吻合。     

Lithospheric stress in Mongolia,from earthquake source data

Lithospheric stress in Mongolia has been studied using mechanisms of 84 M_(LH)≥ 4 earthquakes that occurred in the 20 th century and instrumental seismic moments of 17,375 M_(LH)≥2.5 events recorded between 1970 and 2000.The M_(LH)≥ 3.5 earthquakes mostly have strike-slip mechanisms in southern and central Mongolia,with frequent reverse-slip motions in the west and normal slip in the north,especially,in the area of Lake Hovsgol.The principal stresses are,respectively,S_HS_vS_h in the center and in the south;high horizontal compression with S_HS_hS_v in the west;and a heterogeneous stress pattern with S_vS_HS_h in the north.According to seismic moments of M_(LH)=2.5 events,oblique slip generally predominates over the territory,at S_v≈S_HS_h,while frequent strike slip motions in the west record high horizontal compression(S_HS_vS_h).Earthquake mechanisms show the principal horizontal compression S_H to be directed W-E in the east,NE-SW in the central and Gobi-Altay regions,and approximately N-S in the west of Mongolia.The patterns of principal lithospheric stresses in the territory of Mongolia have undergone three events of dramatic change for a few recent decades,and these events were synchronous with three similar events in the Baikal rift system(BRS):in the latest 1960 s,latest 1970 s to earliest 1980 s,and in the latest 1980 s to earliest 1990 s.The seismicity of Mongolia has been controlled by superposition of variable stresses associated with rifting activity pulses in the neighbor BRS on the background of quasi-stationary super-regional compression.     

Recent stress field and neotectonics in the Eastern Jura Mountains,Switzerland

The regional stress field and its local variation were determined for the northern part of central Switzerland (Fig. 1) by using overcoring techniques (doorstopper, triaxial strain cell) and observations of breakouts in deep boreholes. The results are compared with fault plane solutions of earthquakes and with the orientation of horizontal stylolites.In the northern part of central Switzerland the NW-SE-orientation of the maximum horizontal stress (S_H) which is characteristic for Central Europe was observed only in the crystalline basement. In the Folded Jura and south of it in one well the greatest principal horizontal stress above the Triassic decollement horizon is oriented approximately in a N-S to NNE-SSW direction.This direction persists into the western Tabular Jura and the southernmost Rhine Graben. Only in the eastern part of the Tabular Jura the greatest principal horizontal stress shows a NNW-SSE to NW-SE orientation. Comparison of the near surface stress field as determined by in situ stress measurements and borehole breakouts with the directions of horizontal stylolites generated during the evolution of the Folded Jura, indicates that the orientation of the recent stress field near the earth's surface is the same as that which prevailed during the Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene.The central part of northern Switzerland is therefore the first area in Central Europe where it is possible to demonstrate that the near surface stress field is decoupled from that in the crystalline basement. The difference in the orientation of the greatest principal horizontal stress is about 50°.     

贵州东南部榕江加里东褶皱带内的现今地应力分布特征及构造分析

贵州东南部位于盖层极不发育的榕江加里东褶皱带内,为查明该区域内的地应力状态,在贵州省黔南州境内进行了7个钻孔的水压致裂地应力测量工作,同时结合贵州西部已有研究结果和贵州西北部1个钻孔的地应力测量资料,对贵州东南部与西部和西北部的地应力分布差异进行了对比研究,最后结合断层的活动性质以及Byerlee准则探讨了测孔区域断层的稳定性,结果表明:水平主应力在研究区占主导地位,最大水平主应力方向表现为北西向;根据安德森断层理论,三向主应力的相对大小有利于逆断层和走滑断层的活动,这与研究区发育的活动断层性质相对应;最大和最小水平主应力的线性拟合结果表明,研究区水平主应力的梯度大于黔西煤层地区、广西盆地东北部和全国的地应力梯度值,最大水平主应力的值在相近深度上大于黔西、黔西北地区和广西盆地东北部;三都断裂带附近存在较高的构造应力,μ_m值（最大剪应力与平均主应力的比值）较高,表明断层处于摩擦极限平衡状态;而三江-融安断裂两侧的构造作用存在较为明显的差异,西侧的构造作用强于东侧;虽然部分钻孔内的μ_m值都处于高值,但区域应力方向与断层多以较大角度相交,因此断层是稳定的,这与研究区的地震活动性相吻合。      

岩体特性和岩体应力推算的回归分析

岩体的开挖改变了岩体的边界条件,扰动了岩体的原始应力场,并使岩体产生变形。岩体的这种变形综合地反映了岩体的结构和地质构造环境,变形的量值及其变化规律直观地反映了岩体的稳定性。量测分析岩体的变形对监视预测岩体的失稳和不支护安全运营的期限、确定岩体加固处理的方法等都有重要的意义。因此,岩体变形的量测在地下洞室、边坡等岩体工程的勘探、施工和运营中都广泛地开展着。     

Hydraulic Fracturing In Situ Stress Estimations in a Potential Geothermal Site,Seokmo Island,South Korea

We conducted hydraulic fracturing (HF) in situ stress measurements in Seokmo Island, South Korea, to understand the stress state necessary to characterize a potential geothermal reservoir. The minimum horizontal principal stress was determined from shut-in pressures. In order to calculate the maximum horizontal principal stress (S _Hmax) using the classical Hubbert–Willis equation, we carried out hollow cylinder tensile strength tests and Brazilian tests in recovered cores at depths of HF tests. Both tests show a strong pressure rate dependency in tensile strengths, from which we derived a general empirical equation that can be used to convert laboratory determined tensile strength to that suitable for in situ. The determined stress regime (reverse-faulting) and S _Hmax direction (ENE–WSW) at depths below ~300 m agrees with the first order tectonic stress. However the stress direction above ~300 m (NE–SW) appears to be interfered by topography effect due to a nearby ridge. The state of stress in Seokmo Island is in frictional equilibrium constrained by optimally oriented natural fractures and faults. However, a severe fluctuation in determined S _Hmax values suggests that natural fractures with different frictional coefficients seem to control stress condition quite locally, such that S _Hmax is relatively low at depths where natural fractures with low frictional coefficients are abundant, while S _Hmax is relatively high at depths where natural fractures with low frictional coefficients are scarce.