演化晚期恒星中的结晶硅酸盐尘埃

硅酸盐是宇宙尘埃的主要成分之一。20世纪60年代,在演化晚期恒星中就曾发现硅酸盐尘埃的辐射特征,并且与实验室无定形硅酸盐的光谱特征非常吻合。到20世纪90年代,演化晚期恒星中的结晶硅酸盐特征首次在ISO卫星拍摄的光谱中探测到,其后随着更多的红外空间天文台(Spitzer、Herschel等)的发射,发现了大量具有结晶硅酸盐特征的恒星,尤其是演化晚期恒星,几乎涵盖了演化晚期的各个阶段(红巨星、渐近巨星支星、原行星状星云、行星状星云、红超巨星等)。结晶硅酸盐尘埃的特征广泛分布在10～70μm波长范围内,表现为多个丰富的谱带。阐述了演化晚期恒星中结晶硅酸盐尘埃的发现、谱特征、观测特性、结晶度和形成机制。     

行星状星云NGC 2242的红外辐射

被Zwicky等人列为星系的NGC 2242,后来刘继英等人发现它具有发射特征并认为可能是行星状星云。前原英夫等人用有缝光谱肯定了它是一个行星状星云。我们证认它是IRAS06304+4448。根据IRAS Point Source Catalog所提供的25μm和60μm的辐射流量,我们得到了这一行星状星云的尘埃温度T_d=130K,光学厚度τ_(25μm)=1.98×10~(-7)和尘埃的总质量M_d=1.0×10~(-7)到1.8×10~(-6)M_⊙之间。     

行星形成方式的探讨

行星形成的方式,目前主要有两种见解:一种认为,行星是星子集聚而成,另一种认为,行星是由星云物质经过势井聚集为原行星而形成。笔者认为,角动量守恒定律,是认识太阳系起源和行星、卫星形成方式的重要钥匙。某一行星区的星云物质绕太阳转动的角动量总和(A_c)减去该区今日行星轨道角动量(A_p)应当等于该区行星自转角动量(A_r),即A_c-A_p=△A=A_r。但计算结果,A_c-A_p=△A>A_r。这就证明,行星是经过星云环形成的。文中计算了星云环内外边界的位置,即星云环的宽度,并提出一些新的看法,可能为行星形成方式的研究提供一些有益的线索。     

星际红外消光律

该文综述了星际尘埃在红外波段的消光律。现有的观测表明,在0.7μm≤λ≤5μm范围内的星际消光可以近似用幂律函数来拟合,而对5μm≤A≤8μm范围内的星际消光争论比较多,但现在已明确该范围内消光律是随视线方向的变化而变化,这与以往认为在整个0.7μm≤λ≤8μm范围内星际消光为各处一致的结论是相左的。在8μm≤λ≤30μm范围内的消光主要由硅酸盐在9.7μm和18μm处的吸收特征所决定,其中9.7μm处的吸收所引起的消光强度(相对可见光波段消光)在太阳邻近弥漫星云和银心方向上有较大变化,其原因仍有争论;同时,由脂肪族碳氢化合物的C-H键伸缩振动引起的在3.4μm处的谱特征强度也和9.7μm硅酸盐谱特征类似,在太阳邻近弥漫星云和银心方向有较大变化。在λ≥30μm以上的远红外范围,由于观测的限制,人们主要利用尘埃红外辐射理论来间接研究消光率,不同尘埃模型给出的红外辐射明显地不同,对λ≥30μm的红外观测将提高该范围内消光律的准确性。     

CO分子转动谱线的天体物理研究方法和近期进展

ＣＯ的射电转动谱线揭示了光学不可见的冷宇宙、银河系最大天体－巨分子云和恒星形成过程中的一个普遍存在的重要的相－双极外流。ＣＯ在６７～１８６ｕｍ波段的转动谱线是探测动能温度数百度以上的热天体（诸如富碳、富氧演化星包层,行星状星云、年轻星和恒星形成区复合体）物理条件的重要探针。对ＣＯ分子转动谱线的天体物理研究方法和在该领域的近期进展作了简单的评述。     

和原行星状星云成协的致密反射星云

对从IRAS点源表中选择出来的原行星状星云的光学证认和有缝光谱、CCD直接成像观测表明,其中三个与致密的反射星云成协,即PPN No.34=IRAS16559—2957、PPN No.35=IRAS16552—3050和PPN No.38=IRAS17150—3224。本文根据球对称尘埃壳层模型,计算了中心星光度和颜色的变化,反射星云的可见期等。认为近距的原行星状星云在早中期阶段将有致密的反射星云与它成协。     

CO67—186μm谱线在天体物理研究中的作用

采用球型大速度梯度模型,对ＩＲＣ＋ １０２１６ 、ＡＦＧＬ２６８８ 和ＮＧＣ７０２７ 等经ＩＳＯ 发表的首次数据证明有相对强的ＣＯ６７ － １８６ μｍ 发射线的天体作模型计算．统计平衡辐射转移计算共覆盖低于能量４８６３ ｃｍ －１（ｖ ＝ ０ ,Ｊ＝ ０ 能级的能量为０） 的全部能级,即ｖ ＝ ０ 、Ｊ＝ ０ －５０ ,ｖ ＝ １ 、Ｊ＝ ０ － ３７ 和ｖ ＝ ２ 、Ｊ＝ ０ － １７ 的１０７ 个能级．计算表明ＣＯ 谱线的流量相对值对于上能级转动量子数Ｊｕ 的分布函数,是该谱线发射区物理条件的良好探针．ＩＲＣ＋ １０２１６ 的ＣＯ远红外发射线主要由中央星激发形成,而ＡＦＧＬ２６８８ 和ＮＧＣ７０２７ 区则是因温暖和致密的冲击气体所致．对ＩＳＯ 首次数据涉及的其他天体的ＣＯ 谱线激发机制,也作了一些讨论。ＣＯ 的谱线是在６７ － １８６ μｍ 波段探测动能温度数百度以上的热天体,诸如富碳、富氧演化星包层,行星状星云、年轻星和恒星形成区复合体物理条件的重要探针     

寻找AKARI/FIS观测到的长寿命原行星盘

基于日本红外卫星AKARI/FIS的年轻恒星体样本,通过匹配Hipparcos(High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite)的数据库共计得到21个太阳系附近的年轻恒星体,可靠性为90%.恒星的光谱类型从B型到M型星.利用Hipparcos精确的三角视差测量,定出源在赫罗图位置分布,进而与理论的演化轨迹等时线比较估算恒星的年龄.结果发现样本中存在两个年龄大于10 Myr的年轻恒星体.光学至红外能谱分布表明这两个源是II型年轻恒星体,即有原行星盘.通过进一步的能谱拟合表明这两个源的年龄分别为(14.1±4.2)Myr和(16.8±4.4)Myr.长寿命原行星盘与行星形成关系紧密,是理想的原行星诞生地.     

IRAS 19227+1700:富碳星还是富氧星?

IRASl9227 1700作为富碳星列于新版碳星星表中．然而该星在IRAS红外双色图上处于典型的有较厚富氧拱星包层区域中，而不处于硅酸盐碳星通常所处的区域．而且有证据表明该星不但有主线和伴线羟基脉泽发射，还有靠近中心星的水脉泽发射．其IRASLRS谱在9—12μm范围有尘埃发射特征，近红外的观测又证实它确实存在热的拱星包层．因此IRAS19227 1700的拱星包层应该全是富氧性质的，它的中心星是富氧的可能性也极大．     

英仙座软木塞星云M76

行星状星云M76(NGC650及651)因其外貌像两只相对着的软木塞而被称为软木塞星云,但实际上和M27一样也是一个哑铃状的天体。它的赤道坐标为:赤经1时42.4分,赤纬+51°34′;视星等10.1;角直径67″;距离3900光年。梅西叶在1780年10月21日观察它时有这样的记述:这个天体是我的年轻同事梅襄(PjerreMechain)在1780年9月5日首先发现的,它是靠近     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Born–Infeld type phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of Born–Infeld (B–I) phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane, which is defined by the equation of state parameter for the dark energy and its derivative with respect to N (the logarithm of the scale factor a). We find the scalar field equation of motion in ω–ω′ plane, and show mathematically the property of attractor solutions which correspond to ω _φ ∼−1, Ω _φ =1, which avoid the “Big rip” problem and meets the current observations well.      

A Comparison of Several Image Locating Algorithms in Astronomical Instruments

In astronomical observations at optical wavelengths, a fast image tracking system can be adopted to reduce the effects of the atmospheric seeing and telescopic tracking error, and therefore improve the observing efficiency. Aiming at the need of astronomical observations, totally 5 kinds of algorithms in two categories were selected to make a comparative study on their accuracies and stabilities under different noise conditions by both numerical experiment and laboratory test. The results indicate that the normalized cross-correlation method and barycenter method have not only a higher accuracy but also a better reliability against interferences, they will be applied to the high-resolution spectrograph of the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope and the scienti?c instruments of the SONG (Stellar Observations Network Group) project, respectively.     

Shear and vorticity in a combined Einstein-Cartan-Brans-Dicke inflationary lambda-Universe

A combined BCDE (Brans-Dicke and Einstein-Cartan) theory with lambda-term is developed through Raychaudhuri’s equation, for inflationary scenario. It involves a variable cosmological constant, which decreases with time, jointly with energy density, cosmic pressure, shear, vorticity, and Hubble’s parameter, while the scale factor, total spin and scalar field increase exponentially. The post-inflationary fluid resembles a perfect one, though total spin grows, but the angular speed does not (Astrophys. Space Sci. 312: 275, 2007d).