渤海湾北岸海陆风及湍流强度特征分析

利用渤海湾北岸祥云岛岸基站2017—2018年观测数据和两座梯度测风塔2011—2013年观测资料分别分析了当地海陆风和湍流强度特征,并重点对不同天气系统所致大风条件下的湍流强度特点做了剖析。结果表明:渤海湾北岸海陆风特征明显,昼夜风向主要由SSW向ENE转变,夏季昼夜风向转换尤为显著。整体而言,风速和湍流强度随高度增大分别呈增大、减小趋势,且近海面层湍流强度小于近地层湍流强度。湍流强度具有显著的季节性特征,夏季大、冬季小、春秋季变化不明显,且近海面层湍流强度相对近地层变化平缓。近海面层70 m及以下湍流强度在偏东大风条件下反而比近地层湍流强度大,雷雨大风期间近海面层和近地层均出现湍流强度随高度增大而增大、风速随高度增大而减小的特殊情况,台风靠近风塔时各层风速显著增大、湍流强度变化不明显,但台风中心到达时湍流强度迅速增至峰值,二者时间一致并早于风速最小值出现时间约1 h。近海面层和近地层有8%～10%样本的湍流强度超出了IEC-61400设计标准,建议渤海湾北岸风力发电风机抗湍流参数调整至0. 43～0. 49。     

3种海面风场资料在吕宋海峡的比较与评估

利用1990—2014年的ICOADS观测资料,从空间分布、季节变化和不同风速风向特征等角度,对3种海面风场资料(ERA-I、CCMP、CFSR)在吕宋海峡处的风速和风向质量进行了较为全面详细的对比和评估。主要结论如下:(1)3种风场资料在吕宋海峡处风速整体偏小,海峡中部误差较小,南北两端误差较大;均方根误差季节变化显著,6月最小,12月最大;(2)风速误差随不同风速、不同风向而不同,整体呈现高风速时风速较观测偏大,低风速时风速偏小的特点,且低风速段误差较小,高风速段误差随风速增大而增大;(3)3种风场资料在吕宋海峡处风向整体偏右,海峡中部误差较小,南北两端误差较大;季节变化显著,12月最小,5月最大;(4)风向误差随不同风速、不同风向而不同,偏北方向,风向偏右;偏东方向,低风速段风向偏右,高风速段风向偏左;偏南方向,低风速段风向偏左,高风速段风向偏右;偏西方向,风向呈偏左状态。风向误差整体随风速的增大而减小;(5)综合比较,CCMP的风速、风向资料质量均好于其他两种资料。     

0903号台风对我国海上风力发电的影响

基于CCMP(cross-calibrated multi-platform)再分析风场数据,研究了0903号台风经过前后21天对我国东部5个海上风电场的影响。发现:风机的输出功率受其所处台风场的相对位置影响,台风北进过程中前沿(后沿)在2009年6月18—19(27—28)日使得风机输出功率显著增加,而6月22—23日,台风中心进入东海时, 5个站位风机输出功率最低。唐山市海港区S1站单机运营能力最低(64.3%)且额定容量最低(0);嘉兴市平湖县S4站单机运营能力最高(88.1%);南通市如东县S3站单机额定容量最大(13.1%)。0903号台风过境整个过程中,风速未超过风机的切出风速,对我国东部海洋风力发电场,提高了发电量。     

降雨条件下全极化微波辐射计海面风场校正

为提高降雨条件下星载全极化微波辐射计海面风场精度,通过匹配WindSat海面风场和降雨率数据以及美国国家浮标中心浮标观测数据,得到18 996组匹配样本,深入分析了降雨对海面风场反演精度的严重影响,构建了风场校正模型。试验结果表明,降雨导致海面风速被严重高估,风向误差随着降雨率的增大而增大。校正后的风速精度在低风速段提升明显。无论降雨率多大,校正后风速精度均比校正前高。风速均方根误差由原来的2.9 m/s降低到了2.1 m/s,风向均方根误差由原来的26.9°降低到了26.3°。     

HY-2A散射计风场在南海海域的检验和分析

利用南海浮标及海洋观测站的实测资料作为真实值对HY-2A散射计反演的风矢量作多角度对比分析,结果表明:HY-2A散射计风速与浮标(海洋站)实测风速数据具有良好的相关性,散射计观测风速普遍大于浮标(海洋站)实测风速;风速误差符合正态分布,风力≤3级时,风向的平均绝对误差最大;4~5级时风速平均偏差和平均绝对偏差均最小。逐月统计发现:1—3月的风速平均偏差最小,两者基本吻合。7—9月的风速平均偏差最大,12月的风向平均偏差最小。另外,东北向的风速平均偏差最小,西北向风速平均偏差最大;远海站点的风速和风向检验误差均小于近海站点。以上结论表明HY-2A散射计风场资料在南海海域具有可信性,为HY-2A散射计风场在南海的应用和研究提供依据。     

3种海面风场资料在台湾海峡的比较和评估

本文对3种海面风场资料(CCMP、NCEP、ERA)在台湾海峡风场的平面分布和时间变化特征进行了相互比较,并应用2011年浮标观测的风速和风向资料分别对3种风场的误差进行了分析及评估。主要结论如下:(1)3种资料风场的平面分布、季节变化和年际变化特征基本一致,差异主要表现在冬季NCEP资料在海峡中部和南部的风速相对CCMP和ERA资料较大;(2)CCMP资料的风速偏差、风速均方根误差和风向均方根误差分别为-0.62m/s、1.67m/s和31°,NCEP分别为0.15m/s、1.64m/s和31°,ERA分别为-1.36m/s、2.4m/s和33°;NCEP资料的风速整体略偏大、CCMP略偏小、ERA偏小明显,CCMP和NCEP资料比ERA资料更接近观测;(3)在西南季风影响期以及风速较小时(风速不大于10m/s)CCMP资料的风速可信度较高、NCEP资料的风速偏大;在东北季风影响期以及风速较大时(大于10m/s)NCEP资料的风速可信度较高、CCMP资料的风速偏小;(4)3种资料的风向误差接近,均在低风速时(风速小于5m/s)误差较大。本文的结论可以为台湾海峡的海洋和大气科学研究选择合适的海面风场资料提供借鉴和参考。     

海洋二号卫星散射计风场产品真实性检验及分析

利用国际海-气综合数据集(ICOADS)中的海面风场实测数据作为真实值,对海洋二号卫星散射计风场产品进行真实性检验,得到初步结论:(1)在中、低风速条件下,海洋二号散射计风速与ICOADS实测风速具有较好一致性,但在较高风速条件下海洋二号散射计会出现风速低估现象;(2)海洋二号散射计风向与ICOADS实测风向的误差主要集中在-15°—15°范围内,在低风速条件下,海洋二号散射计与ICOADS两者风向存在较大偏差,风向多解也主要发生在低风速时;(3)在2—24 m/s风速条件下,剔除超过3个标准偏差风速样本后,海洋二号与ICOADS两者风速的平均绝对误差为1.36 m/s,均方根误差为1.92 m/s,若忽略风向多解的影响,两者风向的平均绝对误差为14.98°,均方根误差为20.21°。     

用星载微波散射计测量海洋风场的反演方法研究

Seasat-A卫星散射计(SASS)成功地测量了全球海洋上的风矢量场.其技术基础基于微波后向散射对由海表面风产生的海面厘米级波的敏感性.由于后向散射是各向异性的,所以可以从而个或更多的天线方位角的测量中反演出风速、风向由于散射物理模型函数的非线性及信号中噪声的存在,使得风场反演中存在风向多解.本文给出了一种从SASS测量的后向散射强度的数据中反演出大尺度海洋风场的新的方法,计算结果与Petecherych等[5]利用SASS表面风分析的结果比较在风向上是吻合的,在风速上我们得到的结果更接近于表面真实风速.     

浙江近海典型寒潮浪的数值模拟:以2015年3月和2016年1月为例

本文选用第三代海浪模式SWAN(SimulatingWAveNearshore),以CCMP(Cross-CalibratedMultiPlatform)风场作为驱动风场,数值模拟了2015年3月份和2016年1月份影响浙江省的两次典型寒潮,并将模拟结果与实测数据进行了对比,模拟误差均在20%之内,属于可以接受的范围,表明SWAN模型和CCMP风场能够满足此次寒潮浪数值模拟的需要。本文从风场的强度、最值风速、风向、持续时间等方面,对比了两次寒潮期间的寒潮风场;从寒潮浪的强度、最值波高分布、持续时间、涌浪分布区域等方面,对两次典型寒潮期间的寒潮浪时空分布的异同进行了研究。总体而言,2015年3月份寒潮的风场从强度上弱于2016年1月份寒潮, 3月份寒潮风场的主流大风是6～7级风,风向偏正北风;1月份寒潮风场的主流大风是6～8级风,风向偏西北风。2015年3月份的寒潮浪强度上弱于2016年1月份寒潮浪, 3月份寒潮浪波高变化剧烈的区域位于研究区域的东北部, 1月份寒潮浪波高变化剧烈的区域位于研究区域的中部和东部; 3月份寒潮浪的大浪主要是5级浪, 1月份寒潮浪的大浪主要是5、6级浪。当寒潮对研究区域的波浪场影响最为显著时,2015年3月份寒潮期间研究区域的北部多为涌浪,2016年1月份寒潮期间研究区域的南部多为涌浪。     

上海沿岸海域灾害性大风特征研究与预报检验

选取2011-2017年上海沿岸海域5个浮标站点的风场和海浪数据,分析了大风过程的时间和空间特征;对海浪成长过程进行风向分类,运用滑动相关分析统计了8个风向的海浪滞后时间;计算了大风起风时间的预报提前和滞后量,进行了风速风向的误差和准确率检验。结果表明:越往东部海域,大风时数越多,长江口区东部风速较大;大风极值主要出现在8月份台风过程,出现时段都为傍晚到半夜,大浪极值浪向以东北到东南向为主;秋冬季大风时数多,5-6月大风时数最少;大风风向以西北到东北风为主;海浪成长过程风向分布是东南-西北走向,海浪对风的响应滞后时间平均为3~4 h;大风起风时间预报较实况略有滞后,风速预报的准确率总体在70%以上,预报值较实况值偏小,口外浮标偏小最为明显,偏强率都为0;风向预报准确率低,误差大。     

带偏航角串列式两风机复杂尾流场数值模拟

在多风机风电场中,通过主动调节上游风机的偏航角度,抑制上游风机尾流对下游风机的影响,减少风力机机组之间的尾流相互干扰,以达到提高整个风电场效率的目的。采用基于开源平台Open FOAM自主开发的FOWT-UALM-SJTU求解器中风电场求解模块ALMWindFarmFoam,将致动线模型与CFD方法相结合,利用大涡模拟(LES)计算研究当上游风机处于不同偏航角度时,两风机之间的复杂尾流干扰效应。对比分析偏航角度改变时,上下游风机气动功率的输出特性,尾流速度变化以及风机的尾涡结构。数值模拟结果表明:在上下游风机沿流向方向距离保持不变的情况下,随着上游风机偏航角度的变化,上下游风机的尾流干扰现象以及下游风机的入流条件会发生明显改变,并会对下游风机的气动功率输出以及两风机风电场的整体流场产生显著影响。     

基于致动线模型的错列式两风机尾流场数值模拟

风电场中风机之间存在十分复杂尾流相互干扰现象,尾流相互干扰效应对风机的功率输出、叶片载荷等产生十分显著的影响。采用致动线模型以及计算流体力学方法,研究两风机之间的复杂尾流干扰效应。在保持两风机纵向间距一样的情况下,考虑两风机在不同横向间距下,数值模拟两风机的部分尾流相互干扰现象,分析两风机的气动功率输出特性、尾流速度变化特性、风轮平面附近轴向诱导因子分布特性,尾涡结构以及尾流干扰效应。数值模拟结果表明:在上下游风机在沿着流向方向距离保持不变的情况下,随着横向间距的变化,上下游风机的尾流存在十分复杂的尾流相互干扰效应,对下游风机的气动功率输出以及两风机风电场的整体流场产生了显著的影响。     

偏航工况下海上浮式风力机基础运动响应及锚泊载荷影响分析

海上浮式风力机受风、浪、流等外部载荷影响,运营期间经常处于偏航工况,给风力机基础运动响应和锚泊载荷带来重要影响.基于经典叶素动量理论及势流理论,建立海上浮式风力机水—气动力耦合分析模型,对在非定常风、不规则波浪联合作用下,风力机偏航时基础运动响应及锚泊载荷等进行分析.研究发现,额定风速工况下,风力机偏航对平台纵荡和纵摇运动影响较大,偏航30°时纵荡和纵摇平均值比偏航0°时分别下降20.68％和37.36％,垂荡运动响应受风力机偏航影响较小;锚泊载荷变化趋势与平台运动及锚链布置有关,平台纵荡对锚泊载荷影响较大,偏航30°时锚链#1有效张力平均值比偏航0°时下降12.98％.     

Tidal Turbine Array Optimization Based on the Discrete Particle Swarm Algorithm

In consideration of the resource wasted by unreasonable layout scheme of tidal current turbines, which would influence the ratio of cost and power output, particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced and improved in the paper. In order to solve the problem of optimal array of tidal turbines, the discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm has been performed by re-defining the updating strategies of particles’ velocity and position. This paper analyzes the optimization problem of micrositing of tidal current turbines by adjusting each turbine’s position, where the maximum value of total electric power is obtained at the maximum speed in the flood tide and ebb tide. Firstly, the best installed turbine number is generated by maximizing the output energy in the given tidal farm by the Farm/Flux and empirical method. Secondly, considering the wake effect, the reasonable distance between turbines, and the tidal velocities influencing factors in the tidal farm, Jensen wake model and elliptic distribution model are selected for the turbines’ total generating capacity calculation at the maximum speed in the flood tide and ebb tide. Finally, the total generating capacity, regarded as objective function, is calculated in the final simulation, thus the DPSO could guide the individuals to the feasible area and optimal position. The results have been concluded that the optimization algorithm, which increased 6.19% more recourse output than experience method, can be thought as a good tool for engineering design of tidal energy demonstration.     

基于非定常面元法的海上浮式风机气动性能研究

对于海上浮式风机而言,由于受到剪切风、塔影效应、浮式基础运动等因素的共同影响,其气动载荷会更加复杂,因此如何准确快速地对海上风力机的气动性能进行预估显得尤为重要。基于速度势的非定常面元法理论,研究海上浮式风机气动载荷特性,编制了相关的计算程序。以NREL 5 MW风机为例,建立了叶片和尾流的三维数值模型,计算得到了不同风速下风机的输出功率以及叶片表面的压力分布,对比数据结果分析了该方法的可靠性。针对非定常流动,模拟了剪切风和塔影效应的作用,并重点分析了浮式基础运动对风机气动载荷的影响。研究表明,浮式基础的纵荡和纵摇会增加输出功率的波动幅值,艏摇运动会导致单个叶片上的气动载荷产生较大的波动,为浮式风机叶片控制提供了参考。     

Modeling of twin-turbine systems with vertical axis tidal current turbines: Part I—Power output

Recent interest in the tidal current industry has driven development of the prototype from the stand-alone turbine to the twin-turbine system. In this paper, we develop a numerical model to systematically analyze the relationship between the power output and the configuration of a twin-turbine system. First, we present the design principle of the twin-turbine system. We then develop the numerical model for simulating the operation of the system, and validate the model by conducting towing tank experimental tests. We then use the model to predict the power output of the system. The results of this study show that the total power output of a twin-turbine system with optimal layout can be about 25% higher than two times that of a stand-alone turbine. We also discuss the hydrodynamic interaction between the two turbines under different configurations of the system. We conclude that the optimally configured counter-rotating system should be a side-by-side system, and that the optimally configured co-rotating system should have the downstream turbine partially in the wake of the upstream turbine, depending on the detailed configuration of the turbine.     

非均匀风影响下风力机三维气动粘性流场的数值模拟

基于面向对象的开源软件OpenFOAM,选择美国国家新能源实验室(NREL)Phase VI风力机为对象,对以往研究较少的非均匀来流风速作用下风力机三维气动粘性流场进行数值模拟。采用较为接近于真实情况的指数型风剖面,计算了轮毂处风速分别为5、10、15和25 m/s四种工况下的叶片表面压力分布、叶片的推力、尾涡等气动力数据,并与均匀来流风速下的风力机气动力学性能进行详细的对比,探讨非均匀风剖面对风力机流场结构和流动特性影响的物理现象和规律。     

Dynamic Response of Offshore Wind Turbine on 3×3 Barge Array Floating Platform under Extreme Sea Conditions

Offshore wind farm construction is nowadays state of the art in the wind power generation technology.However,deep water areas with huge amount of wind energy require innovative floating platforms to arrange and install wind turbines in order to harness wind energy and generate electricity.The conventional floating offshore wind turbine system is typically in the state of force imbalance due to the unique sway characteristics caused by the unfixed foundation and the high center of gravity of the platform.Therefore,a floating wind farm for 3×3 barge array platforms with shared mooring system is presented here to increase stability for floating platform.The NREL 5 MW wind turbine and ITI Energy barge reference model is taken as a basis for this work.Furthermore,the unsteady aerodynamic load solution model of the floating wind turbine is established considering the tip loss,hub loss and dynamic stall correction based on the blade element momentum(BEM)theory.The second development of AQWA is realized by FORTRAN programming language,and aerodynamic-hydrodynamic-Mooring coupled dynamics model is established to realize the algorithm solution of the model.Finally,the 6 degrees of freedom(DOF)dynamic response of single barge platform and barge array under extreme sea condition considering the coupling effect of wind and wave were observed and investigated in detail.The research results validate the feasibility of establishing barge array floating wind farm,and provide theoretical basis for further research on new floating wind farm.     

Modelling tidal current turbine wakes using a coupled RANS-BEMT approach as a tool for analysing power capture of arrays of turbines

An improved method is developed to couple an inner domain solution of the blade element momentum theory with an outer domain solution of the Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations for evaluating performance of tidal current turbines. A mesh sensitivity study shows that a mesh of at least 6 M cells with at least 40% of these within the turbine wake is required to ensure satisfactory convergence of the velocity deficit. In addition to the usually applied axial momentum source terms, angular momentum and turbulence intensity source terms are shown to be required to model the near wake evolution. Three different lateral turbine spacing of 2, 4 and 6 turbine diameters are used to demonstrate the influence of the effective channel blockage on the velocity distribution in the turbine bypass region, the rate of spread of the wake and the recovery of velocity distribution. A final study shows that for a fixed number of turbines minimising the lateral spacing within each row, with a small number of staggered rows spaced as longitudinally as far apart as practical, is the most effective strategy for energy capture.     

Modeling and Analyzing Dynamic Response for An Offshore Bottom-Fixed Wind Turbine with Individual Pitch Control

The asymmetric or periodically varying blade loads resulted by wind shear become more significant as the blade length is increased to capture more wind power. Additionally, compared with the onshore wind turbines, their offshore counterparts are subjected to additional wave loadings in addition to wind loadings within their lifetime. Therefore, vibration control and fatigue load mitigation are crucial for safe operation of large-scale offshore wind turbines. In view of this, a multi-body model of an offshore bottom-fixed wind turbine including a detailed drivetrain is established in this paper. Then, an individual pitch controller (IPC) is designed using disturbance accommodating control. State feedback is used to add damping in flexible modes of concern, and a state estimator is designed to predict unmeasured signals. Continued, a coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic model is constructed. Based on this coupled model, the load reduction effect of IPC and the dynamic responses of the drivetrain are investigated. The results showed that the designed IPC can effectively reduce the structural loads of the wind turbine while stabilizing the turbine power output. Moreover, it is found that the drivetrain dynamic responses are improved under IPC.